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Zanetti A, Ferreira RC, Serrano MG, Takata CSA, Campaner M, Attias M, de Souza W, Teixeira MMG, Camargo EP. Phytomonas (Euglenozoa: Trypanosomatidae): Phylogenetic analyses support infrageneric lineages and a new species transmitted to Solanaceae fruits by a pentatomid hemipteran. Eur J Protistol 2016; 56:232-249. [PMID: 27771468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The genus Phytomonas includes trypanosomatids transmitted to the fruits, latex, and phloem of vascular plants by hemipterans. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of plant and insect isolates assigned to the previously defined genetic groups A-F and H of Phytomonas, particularly those from groups A, C and E comprising flagellates of Solanaceae fruits. Phylogenetic analyses using glycosomal Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and Small Subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) genes strongly supported the monophyly of the genus Phytomonas and its division into seven main infrageneric phylogenetic lineages (Phy clades). Isolates from fruit or latex do not constitute monophyletic assemblages but disperse through more than one lineages. In this study, fruit flagellates were distributed in three clades: PhyA, formed by isolates from Solanaceae and phytophagous hemipterans; PhyC comprising flagellates from four plant families; and PhyE, which contains 15 fruit isolates from seven species of Solanaceae. The flagellates of PhyE are described as Phytomonas dolleti n. sp. according to their positioning in phylogenetic trees, complemented by data about their life cycle, and developmental and morphological characteristics in cultures, fruits of Solanum spp., and salivary glands of the vector, the phytophagous hemipteran Arvelius albopunctatus (Pentatomidae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andernice Zanetti
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson C Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Myrna G Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Carmen S A Takata
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Attias
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Porcel BM, Denoeud F, Opperdoes F, Noel B, Madoui MA, Hammarton TC, Field MC, Da Silva C, Couloux A, Poulain J, Katinka M, Jabbari K, Aury JM, Campbell DA, Cintron R, Dickens NJ, Docampo R, Sturm NR, Koumandou VL, Fabre S, Flegontov P, Lukeš J, Michaeli S, Mottram JC, Szöőr B, Zilberstein D, Bringaud F, Wincker P, Dollet M. The streamlined genome of Phytomonas spp. relative to human pathogenic kinetoplastids reveals a parasite tailored for plants. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004007. [PMID: 24516393 PMCID: PMC3916237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Trypanosomatidae infect many organisms, including animals, plants and humans. Plant-infecting trypanosomes are grouped under the single genus Phytomonas, failing to reflect the wide biological and pathological diversity of these protists. While some Phytomonas spp. multiply in the latex of plants, or in fruit or seeds without apparent pathogenicity, others colonize the phloem sap and afflict plants of substantial economic value, including the coffee tree, coconut and oil palms. Plant trypanosomes have not been studied extensively at the genome level, a major gap in understanding and controlling pathogenesis. We describe the genome sequences of two plant trypanosomatids, one pathogenic isolate from a Guianan coconut and one non-symptomatic isolate from Euphorbia collected in France. Although these parasites have extremely distinct pathogenic impacts, very few genes are unique to either, with the vast majority of genes shared by both isolates. Significantly, both Phytomonas spp. genomes consist essentially of single copy genes for the bulk of their metabolic enzymes, whereas other trypanosomatids e.g. Leishmania and Trypanosoma possess multiple paralogous genes or families. Indeed, comparison with other trypanosomatid genomes revealed a highly streamlined genome, encoding for a minimized metabolic system while conserving the major pathways, and with retention of a full complement of endomembrane organelles, but with no evidence for functional complexity. Identification of the metabolic genes of Phytomonas provides opportunities for establishing in vitro culturing of these fastidious parasites and new tools for the control of agricultural plant disease. Some plant trypanosomes, single-celled organisms living in phloem sap, are responsible for important palm diseases, inducing frequent expensive and toxic insecticide treatments against their insect vectors. Other trypanosomes multiply in latex tubes without detriment to their host. Despite the wide range of behaviors and impacts, these trypanosomes have been rather unceremoniously lumped into a single genus: Phytomonas. A battery of molecular probes has been used for their characterization but no clear phylogeny or classification has been established. We have sequenced the genomes of a pathogenic phloem-specific Phytomonas from a diseased South American coconut palm and a latex-specific isolate collected from an apparently healthy wild euphorb in the south of France. Upon comparison with each other and with human pathogenic trypanosomes, both Phytomonas revealed distinctive compact genomes, consisting essentially of single-copy genes, with the vast majority of genes shared by both isolates irrespective of their effect on the host. A strong cohort of enzymes in the sugar metabolism pathways was consistent with the nutritional environments found in plants. The genetic nuances may reveal the basis for the behavioral differences between these two unique plant parasites, and indicate the direction of our future studies in search of effective treatment of the crop disease parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina M. Porcel
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
- Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, Evry, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, Evry, France
- * E-mail: (BMP); (MD)
| | - France Denoeud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
- Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, Evry, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, Evry, France
| | - Fred Opperdoes
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Noel
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - Mohammed-Amine Madoui
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - Tansy C. Hammarton
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Field
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - Arnaud Couloux
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - Michael Katinka
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - Kamel Jabbari
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
- Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, Evry, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - David A. Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roxana Cintron
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Dickens
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nancy R. Sturm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Sandrine Fabre
- CIRAD, TA A-98/F, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Pavel Flegontov
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Shulamit Michaeli
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Balázs Szöőr
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Zilberstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, Evry, France
- Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, Evry, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, Evry, France
| | - Michel Dollet
- CIRAD, TA A-98/F, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (BMP); (MD)
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Ienne S, Pappas G, Benabdellah K, González A, Zingales B. Horizontal gene transfer confers fermentative metabolism in the respiratory-deficient plant trypanosomatid Phytomonas serpens. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:539-48. [PMID: 22293462 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among trypanosomatids, the genus Phytomonas is the only one specifically adapted to infect plants. These hosts provide a particular habitat with a plentiful supply of carbohydrates. Phytomonas sp. lacks a cytochrome-mediated respiratory chain and Krebs cycle, and ATP production relies predominantly on glycolysis. We have characterised the complete gene encoding a putative pyruvate/indolepyruvate decarboxylase (PDC/IPDC) (548 amino acids) of P. serpens, that displays high amino acid sequence similarity with phytobacteria and Leishmania enzymes. No orthologous PDC/IPDC genes were found in Trypanosoma cruzi or T. brucei. Conservation of the PDC/IPDC gene sequence was verified in 14 Phytomonas isolates. A phylogenetic analysis shows that Phytomonas protein is robustly monophyletic with Leishmania spp. and C. fasciculata enzymes. In the trees this clade appears as a sister group of indolepyruvate decarboxylases of γ-proteobacteria. This supports the proposition that a horizontal gene transfer event from a donor phytobacteria to a recipient ancestral trypanosome has occurred prior to the separation between Phytomonas, Leishmania and Crithidia. We have measured the PDC activity in P. serpens cell extracts. The enzyme has a Km value for pyruvate of 1.4mM. The acquisition of a PDC, a key enzyme in alcoholic fermentation, explains earlier observations that ethanol is one of the major end-products of glucose catabolism under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This represents an alternative and necessary route to reoxidise part of the NADH produced in the highly demanding glycolytic pathway and highlights the importance of this type of event in metabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ienne
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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