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Blum K, Madigan MA, Fried L, Braverman ER, Giordano J, Badgaiyan RD. Coupling Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) and Pro Dopamine Regulation (KB220) to Combat Substance Use Disorder (SUD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 29399668 DOI: 10.19080/gjarm.2017.01.555556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, USA.,Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, USA.,Department of Neurogenetics, Igene, USA.,National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, USA.,Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation NY, USA.,Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, USA.,Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Europe.,Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, US.,Division of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, Nupathways, Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA
| | | | - Lyle Fried
- Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, USA
| | | | - John Giordano
- National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, US
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Downs BW, Chen ALC, Chen TJH, Waite RL, Braverman ER, Kerner M, Braverman D, Rhoades P, Prihoda TJ, Palomo T, Oscar-Berman M, Reinking J, Blum SH, DiNubile NA, Liu HH, Blum K. Nutrigenomic targeting of carbohydrate craving behavior: can we manage obesity and aberrant craving behaviors with neurochemical pathway manipulation by Immunological Compatible Substances (nutrients) using a Genetic Positioning System (GPS) Map? Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:427-34. [PMID: 19450935 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mediated physiological processes that rely on both pharmacological and nutritional principles hold great promise for the successful therapeutic targeting of reduced carbohydrate craving, body-friendly fat loss, healthy body recomposition, and overall wellness. By integrating an assembly of scientific knowledge on inheritable characteristics and environmental mediators of gene expression, we review the relationship of genes, hormones, neurotransmitters, and nutrients as they correct unwanted weight gain coupled with unhappiness. In contrast to a simple one-locus, one-mechanism focus on pharmaceuticals alone, we hypothesize that the use of nutrigenomic treatment targeting multi-physiological neurological, immunological, and metabolic pathways will enable clinicians to intercede in the process of lipogenesis by promoting lipolysis while attenuating aberrant glucose cravings. In turn, this approach will enhance wellness in a safe and predictable manner through the use of a Genetic Positioning System (GPS) Map. The GPS Map, while presently incomplete, ultimately will serve not only as a blueprint for personalized medicine in the treatment of obesity, but also for the development of strategies for reducing many harmful addictive behaviors and promoting optimal health by using substances compatible with the body's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B William Downs
- Department of Nutrigenomics and Personalized Medicine, LifeGen, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
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Blum K, Chen ALC, Braverman ER, Comings DE, Chen TJH, Arcuri V, Blum SH, Downs BW, Waite RL, Notaro A, Lubar J, Williams L, Prihoda TJ, Palomo T, Oscar-Berman M. Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:893-918. [PMID: 19183781 PMCID: PMC2626918 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetic studies have identified several genes that may mediate susceptibility to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A consensus of the literature suggests that when there is a dysfunction in the "brain reward cascade," especially in the dopamine system, causing a low or hypo-dopaminergic trait, the brain may require dopamine for individuals to avoid unpleasant feelings. This high-risk genetic trait leads to multiple drug-seeking behaviors, because the drugs activate release of dopamine, which can diminish abnormal cravings. Moreover, this genetic trait is due in part to a form of a gene (DRD(2) A1 allele) that prevents the expression of the normal laying down of dopamine receptors in brain reward sites. This gene, and others involved in neurophysiological processing of specific neurotransmitters, have been associated with deficient functions and predispose individuals to have a high risk for addictive, impulsive, and compulsive behavioral propensities. It has been proposed that genetic variants of dopaminergic genes and other "reward genes" are important common determinants of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), which we hypothesize includes ADHD as a behavioral subtype. We further hypothesize that early diagnosis through genetic polymorphic identification in combination with DNA-based customized nutraceutical administration to young children may attenuate behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD. Moreover, it is concluded that dopamine and serotonin releasers might be useful therapeutic adjuncts for the treatment of other RDS behavioral subtypes, including addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Chen TJH, Blum K, Waite RL, Meshkin B, Schoolfield J, Downs BW, Braverman EE, Arcuri V, Varshavskiy M, Blum SH, Mengucci J, Reuben C, Palomo T. Gene \Narcotic Attenuation Program attenuates substance use disorder, a clinical subtype of reward deficiency syndrome. Adv Ther 2007; 24:402-14. [PMID: 17565932 DOI: 10.1007/bf02849910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of a putative activator of brain reward circuitry on outcomes in a 1-y prospective comprehensive outpatient clinical program. As part of the Gene Narcotic Attenuation Program, Haveos (Synaptamine)(TM) was administered for the treatment of substance use disorder. Seventy-six patients (45 males and 31 females; mean age, 33 y [standard deviation, 7.0]) who had been given a diagnosis of serious substance use disorder were recruited. After exclusion of 15 patients who dropped out before the end of the study, self-reported craving decreased from program entrance to 12 wk (visual analog scale whereby 0 represents no craving and 5, the strongest craving) for 61 compliant patients (mean decrease, 2.85, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.65, 3.05); this improvement was significant (P<.001). Building up to relapse scores (each of 5 individual items and summary value) showed similar improvement after 1 y of treatment; the mean decrease in scores was significant for stress (t=3.3; P=.002), depression (t=4.0; P<.001), anger (t=4.4; P<.001), anxiety (t=4.5, P<.001), drug craving (t=5.4, P<.001), and summary building up to relapse (t=4.1; P<.001). Also, recovery score measures of energy level (t=8.4; P<.001) and ability to refrain from drug-seeking behavior (t=7.4; P<.001) showed significant mean increases from entry to 1 y. During the study, the alcoholic dropout rate was only 7% (4 of 57), which was significantly (Fisher's exact test, P<.001) lower than the 73% (11 of 15) dropout rate reported for psychostimulant users. Although these results are significant, any interpretation must await the performance of rigorous double-blind studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J H Chen
- Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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. KB, . TJC, . BD, . BM, . SHB, . MMP, . JFM, . RLW, . VA, . MV, . ERB. Synaptamine (SG8839),TM An Amino-Acid Enkephalinase Inhibition Nutraceutical Improves Recovery of Alcoholics, A Subtype of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/tasr.2007.132.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Blum K, Chen TJH, Meshkin B, Downs BW, Gordon CA, Blum S, Mengucci JF, Braverman ER, Arcuri V, Varshavskiy M, Deutsch R, Martinez-Pons M. Reward deficiency syndrome in obesity: a preliminary cross-sectional trial with a Genotrim variant. Adv Ther 2006; 23:1040-51. [PMID: 17276971 DOI: 10.1007/bf02850224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the second largest preventable cause of death in the United States. Even though it was classified as a disease in 1985, traditionally, obesity has been treated primarily as a behavioral problem that requires only modifications in diet and exercise. Similar to research on obesity, clinical studies have elucidated the role of biologic and genetic factors in alcoholism and other conditions previously classified as behavioral. These studies showed that behavioral adjustments alone may not address underlying genetic causes. We hypothesize that biologic and genetic factors must be addressed synergistically while behavioral modifications are implemented to adequately treat obese patients. We hypothesize that a predisposition to glucose craving and obesity is due to inadequate dopaminergic activity in the reward center of the brain. This defect drives individuals to engage in activities of behavioral excess, which, in turn, enhance brain dopamine function. Consumption of large quantities of alcohol or carbohydrates (carbohydrate bingeing) stimulates production and usage of dopamine within the brain; the term reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) may be used to categorize such biologic influences on behavior. We propose that a novel approach to nutritional supplementation may be required to target the role of RDS in obesity. In this regard, GenoTrim, a DNA-customized nutritional solution, has been developed and is currently under investigation in several clinical studies. Through its mechanism of action, GenoTrim addresses the genetic influence of RDS on obesity. In this cross-sectional study, 24 subjects were studied after they had completed a case report format questionnaire. For this assessment, we used a novel assessment tool-a path analysis. This statistical regression model is used to (1) examine the effectual relationships between various systems within a multisystem matrix, and (2) measure the contributory roles of those relationships in obesity, enabling the development of targeted and effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, USA
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Genotrim, a DNA-customized nutrigenomic product, targets genetic factors of obesity: hypothesizing a dopamine-glucose correlation demonstrating reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:844-52. [PMID: 17071010 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the second largest cause of preventable death in the United States. Historically, obesity was considered a behavioral problem that could be simply addressed with behavioral modifications in diet and exercise. As scientific advancements have demonstrated in other neurological healthcare conditions such as alcoholism, there are important biological and genetic components that limit the efficacy of behavioral adjustments alone. In light of data suggesting frequent co-morbidities to obesity, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and potentially others, we hypothesize that the biologic and genetic factors, synergistically with behavioral modifications, must be addressed to adequately treat this disease. We hypothesize that one such genetic factor that influences behavior and thus obesity is a predisposition to glucose craving and the overall effect of dopaminergic activity in the reward center of the brain. This defect drives individuals to engage in activities of behavioral excess, which will increase brain dopamine function, for which we have created the term reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) to categorize such biological influences on behavior. Consuming large quantities of alcohol or carbohydrates (carbohydrate bingeing) stimulates the brain's production of and utilization of dopamine. So too does the intake of crack/cocaine and the abuse of nicotine. We are proposing that a novel approach to nutritional supplementation may be required to target the RDS role in obesity. In this regard, Genotrim, a DNA based customized nutraceutical has been designed and is currently under investigation in several clinical studies. This is the first hypothesis paper whereby this new paradigm shift in thinking about obesity is presented.
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