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Javed A, Palafox Gonzalez P, Thangadurai V. A Critical Review of Electrolytes for Advanced Low- and High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37326582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the 21st century, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) represent a promising source of power generation due to their high efficiency compared with coal combustion engines and eco-friendly design. Proton exchange membranes (PEMs), being the critical component of PEMFCs, determine their overall performance. Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) based Nafion and nonfluorinated-based polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes are commonly used for low- and high-temperature PEMFCs, respectively. However, these membranes have some drawbacks such as high cost, fuel crossover, and reduction in proton conductivity at high temperatures for commercialization. Here, we report the requirements of functional properties of PEMs for PEMFCs, the proton conduction mechanism, and the challenges which hinder their commercial adaptation. Recent research efforts have been focused on the modifications of PEMs by composite materials to overcome their drawbacks such as stability and proton conductivity. We discuss some current developments in membranes for PEMFCs with special emphasis on hybrid membranes based on Nafion, PBI, and other nonfluorinated proton conducting membranes prepared through the incorporation of different inorganic, organic, and hybrid fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroosa Javed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Shanmugam S, Ketpang K, Aziz MA, Oh K, Lee K, Son B, Chanunpanich N. Composite polymer electrolyte membrane decorated with porous titanium oxide nanotubes for fuel cell operating under low relative humidity. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Adenosine triphosphate@graphene oxide proton channels for proton exchange membranes constructed via electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Fayemi OE, Baskar R, Adekunle AS, Sherif EM, Ebenso EE. SPEEK/ZnO Nanocomposite Modified Gold Electrode for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omolola E. Fayemi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - R. Baskar
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - El‐Sayed M. Sherif
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering King Saud University P.O.Box800 Al-Riyadh 11421 SaudiArabia
- Electrochemistry and Corrosion Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry National Research Centre El-Buhouth St., Dokki 12622 Cairo Egypt
| | - Eno E. Ebenso
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Florida, Roodepoort South Africa 1710
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Sun X, Zhu F, Liu X, Ren H, Xia M, Yang M, Feng Y, Ding H. Acid–base core–shell microspheres are incorporated into proton exchange membranes to effectively alleviate the rapid decline in proton conductivity at low humidity. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320957407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) that can avoid rapid decay of proton conductivity under low humidity is of great significance for the practical application of PEMFC. In this study, acid–base core–shell microspheres (PCSMs-MA@TAC) with a carboxylic acid core and a triazine shell were synthesized by distillation-precipitation polymerization using cross-linked carboxylic acid microspheres (PMAA) as seeds. These PCSMs were then incorporated into a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) matrix to make hybrid membranes. Incorporation of PCSMs microspheres can not only strengthen the vehicle mechanism by increasing the water uptake of the membrane, but also the acid–base pairs formed at the SPEEK/PCSMs interface provide a new low-energy barrier pathway for proton hopping, thereby enhancing the proton conduction of the Grotthuss mechanism. The results show that when the content is 10 wt%, the proton conductivity of the SPEEK/PCSMs-MA@TAC composite membrane can reach 0.161 S cm−1 at 80°C and 100% RH, which is 19.3% higher than the SPEEK control membrane (0.135 S cm−1). In particular, even at 60% RH, the proton conductivity of the SPEEK/PCSMs-MA@TAC-10 composite membrane is still 67 mS cm−1, which is 3.16 times higher than that of the SPEEK membrane. Therefore, the SPEEK/PCSMs-MA@TAC composite membrane can maintain superior performance even under high temperature and low humidity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongqian Ren
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minglong Xia
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Feng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huili Ding
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Sulfonated polybenzimidazole/amine functionalized titanium dioxide (sPBI/AFT) composite electrolyte membranes for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells usage. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sriruangrungkamol A, Chonkaew W. Modification of nanocellulose membrane by impregnation method with sulfosuccinic acid for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Raja K, Raja Pugalenthi M, Ramesh Prabhu M. The effect of incorporation of ferrous titanate nanoparticles in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/poly (amide imide) acid-base polymer for cations exchange membrane fuel cells. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Wang S, Shi L, Zhang S, Wang H, Cheng B, Zhuang X, Li Z. Proton-conducting amino acid-modified chitosan nanofibers for nanocomposite proton exchange membranes. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Esmaeili N, Gray EM, Webb CJ. Non-Fluorinated Polymer Composite Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications - A Review. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2016-2053. [PMID: 31334917 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The critical component of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system is the proton exchange membrane (PEM). Perfluorosulfonic acid membranes such as Nafion are currently used for PEMFCs in industry, despite suffering from reduced proton conductivity due to dehydration at higher temperatures. However, operating at temperatures below 100 °C leads to cathode flooding, catalyst poisoning by CO, and complex system design with higher cost. Research has concentrated on the membrane material and on preparation methods to achieve high proton conductivity, thermal, mechanical and chemical stability, low fuel crossover and lower cost at high temperatures. Non-fluorinated polymers are a promising alternative. However, improving the efficiency at higher temperatures has necessitated modifications and the inclusion of inorganic materials in a polymer matrix to form a composite membrane can be an approach to reach the target performance, while still reducing costs. This review focuses on recent research in composite PEMs based on non-fluorinated polymers. Various inorganic fillers incorporated in the PEM structure are reviewed in terms of their properties and the effect on PEM fuel cell performance. The most reliable polymers and fillers with potential for high temperature proton exchange membranes (HTPEMs) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Esmaeili
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evan MacA Gray
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colin J Webb
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Brisbane, Australia
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Wang H, Zhuang X, Wang X, Li C, Li Z, Kang W, Yin Y, Guiver MD, Cheng B. Proton-Conducting Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Nanofiber Embedded Sulfonated Poly(ether sulfone) for Proton Exchange Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21865-21873. [PMID: 31185563 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Development and fabrication of novel proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with excellent performance have a great significance to the commercial application of PEM fuel cell. Inspired from the proton-conducting mechanism, γ-poly(glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) nanofibers (NFs) are first fabricated by solution blowing with the help of polylactic acid (PLA) and designed to form amino acid arrays as efficient proton channels for PEMs. The NFs with 50% γ-PGA exhibit a high proton conductivity of 0.572 S cm-1 at 80 °C/50% relative humidity (RH), and 1.28 S cm-1 at 40 °C/90% RH. Density functional theory is carried out to explain the mechanisms of proton hopping in γ-PGA, and the activation energy barriers from NH to COO- for trans and cis conformations under anhydrous conditions are only 0.64 and 0.62 eV, respectively. Then the γ-PGA/PLA NFs are incorporated into sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) to prepare PEMs, which show remarkable performance compared with the Nafion membrane. The composite membrane with 30 wt % NFs exhibits the highest proton conductivity (0.261 S cm-1 at 80 °C/100% RH). The direct methanol fuel cells with this membrane show a maximum power density (202.3 mW cm-2) among all of the PEMs, showing great application potential in the field of PEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Congju Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | | | | | - Yan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Engines , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
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Dhanapal D, Xiao M, Wang S, Meng Y. A Review on Sulfonated Polymer Composite/Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Membranes to Address Methanol Barrier Issue for Methanol Fuel Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9050668. [PMID: 31035423 PMCID: PMC6566683 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on a literature analysis and review of sulfonated polymer (s-Poly) composites, sulfonated organic, inorganic, and organic-inorganic hybrid membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM) systems, particularly for methanol fuel cell applications. In this review, we focused mainly on the detailed analysis of the distinct segment of s-Poly composites/organic-inorganic hybrid membranes, the relationship between composite/organic- inorganic materials, structure, and performance. The ion exchange membrane, their size distribution and interfacial adhesion between the s-Poly composites, nanofillers, and functionalized nanofillers are also discussed. The paper emphasizes the enhancement of the s-Poly composites/organic-inorganic hybrid membrane properties such as low electronic conductivity, high proton conductivity, high mechanical properties, thermal stability, and water uptake are evaluated and compared with commercially available Nafion® membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraibabu Dhanapal
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Min Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Shuanjin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yuezhong Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Wang H, Li X, feng X, Liu Y, Kang W, Xu X, Zhuang X, Cheng B. Novel proton-conductive nanochannel membranes with modified SiO2 nanospheres for direct methanol fuel cells. J Solid State Electrochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-4057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Wang H, Ma Y, Cheng B, Kang W, Li X, Shi L, Cai Z, Zhuang X. Solution blown biofunctionalized poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers for application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Evaluation of sulfonated polysulfone/zirconium hydrogen phosphate composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Mohanapriya S, Rambabu G, Bhat SD, Raj V. Hybrid membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells operating under various relative humidity values. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Zhang B, Cao Y, Li Z, Wu H, Yin Y, Cao L, He X, Jiang Z. Proton exchange nanohybrid membranes with high phosphotungstic acid loading within metal-organic frameworks for PEMFC applications. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Nanocomposite Based on Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) Membranes: Synthesis and Characterization. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10030258. [PMID: 28772619 PMCID: PMC5503356 DOI: 10.3390/ma10030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles, capped by 3-mercapto propane sulfonate (Au-3MPS), were synthesized inside a swollen sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane (sPEEK). The formation of the Au-3MPS nanoparticles in the swollen sPEEK membrane was observed by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The nanocomposite containing the gold nanoparticles grown in the sPEEK membrane, showed the plasmon resonance λmax at about 520 nm, which remained stable over a testing period of three months. The size distribution of the nanoparticles was assessed, and the sPEEK membrane roughness, both before and after the synthesis of nanoparticles, was studied by AFM. The XPS measurements confirm Au-3MPS formation in the sPEEK membrane. Moreover, AFM experiments recorded in fluid allowed the production of images of the Au-3MPS@sPEEK composite in water at different pH levels, achieving a better understanding of the membrane behavior in a water environment; the dynamic hydration process of the Au-3MPS@sPEEK membrane was investigated. These preliminary results suggest that the newly developed nanocomposite membranes could be promising materials for fuel cell applications.
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Li J, Xiong J, Ma L, Xu G, Jiang Y, Luo X, Cai W. An in-situ Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Methanol-Permeation resistant PEM with Great Mechanical Stability Retention Capacity. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry; China University of Geosciences (Wuhan); 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry; China University of Geosciences (Wuhan); 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Liying Ma
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry; China University of Geosciences (Wuhan); 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Guoxiao Xu
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry; China University of Geosciences (Wuhan); 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry; China University of Geosciences (Wuhan); 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Xingying Luo
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry; China University of Geosciences (Wuhan); 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry; China University of Geosciences (Wuhan); 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 PR China
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Li Y, Wang H, Wu Q, Xu X, Lu S, Xiang Y. A poly(vinyl alcohol)-based composite membrane with immobilized phosphotungstic acid molecules for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vinothkannan M, Kannan R, Kim AR, Kumar GG, Nahm KS, Yoo DJ. Facile enhancement in proton conductivity of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) using functionalized graphene oxide—synthesis, characterization, and application towards proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Colloid Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-016-3877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liu X, He S, Song G, Jia H, Shi Z, Liu S, Zhang L, Lin J, Nazarenko S. Proton conductivity improvement of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) nanocomposite membranes with sulfonated halloysite nanotubes prepared via dopamine-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Embedding sulfonated lithium ion-sieves into polyelectrolyte membrane to construct efficient proton conduction pathways. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beauger C, Lainé G, Burr A, Taguet A, Otazaghine B. Improvement of Nafion®-sepiolite composite membranes for PEMFC with sulfo-fluorinated sepiolite. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Efficient water management of composite membranes operated in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells under low relative humidity. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ketpang K, Son B, Lee D, Shanmugam S. Porous zirconium oxide nanotube modified Nafion composite membrane for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells operated under dry conditions. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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SPEES/PEI-based highly selective polymer electrolyte membranes for DMFC application. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Jalal TA, Charry Prada ID, Tayouo R, Giannelis EP, Nunes SP. Reactive phase inversion for manufacture of asymmetric poly (ether imide sulfone) membranes. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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