Polyurethane gas separation membranes with ethereal bonds in the hard segments

Recent advancements in polyurethane-based membranes for gas separation

Gas separation membranes are critical in a variety of environmental research and industrial applications. These membranes are designed to selectively allow some gases to flow while blocking others, allowing for the separation and purification of gases for a variety of applications. Therefore, the demand for fast and energy-efficient gas separation techniques is of central interest for many chemical and energy production diligences due to the intensified levels of greenhouse and industrial gases. This encourages the researchers to innovate techniques for capturing and separating these gases, including membrane separation techniques. Polymeric membranes play a significant role in gas separations by capturing gases from the fuel combustion process, purifying chemical raw material used for plastic production, and isolating pure and noncombustible gases. Polyurethane-based membrane technology offers an excellent knack for gas separation applications and has also been considered more energy-efficient than conventional phase change separation methodologies. This review article reveals a thorough delineation of the current developments and efforts made for PU membranes. It further explains its uses for the separation of valuable gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), or a mixture of gases from a variety of gas spillages. Polyurethane (PU) is an excellent choice of material and a leading candidate for producing gas-separating membranes because of its outstanding chemical chemistry, good mechanical abilities, higher permeability, and variable microstructure. The presence of PU improves several characteristics of gas-separating membranes. Selectivity and separation efficiency of PU-centered membranes are enhanced through modifications such as blending with other polymers, use of nanoparticles (silica, metal oxides, alumina, zeolite), and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) formation. This manuscript critically analyzes the various gas transport methods and selection criteria for the fabrication of PU membranes. It also covers the challenges facing the development of PU-membrane-based separation procedures.

Carbonic Anhydrase-Mimicking Supramolecular Nanoassemblies for Developing Carbon Capture Membranes

As a ubiquitous family of enzymes with high performance in converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) into bicarbonate, carbonic anhydrases (CAs) sparked enormous attention for carbon capture. Nevertheless, the high cost and operational instability of CAs hamper their practical relevance, and the utility of CAs is mainly limited to aqueous applications where CO₂-to-bicarbonate conversion is possible. Taking advantage of the chemical motif that endows CA-like active sites (metal-coordinated histidine), here we introduce a new line of high-performance gas separation membranes with CO₂-philic behavior. We first self-assembled a histidine-based bolaamphiphile (His-Bola) molecule in the aqueous phase and coordinated the resulting entities with divalent zinc. Optimizing the supramolecular synthesis conditions ensured that the resultant nanoparticles (His-NPs) exhibit high CO₂ affinity and catalytic activity. We then exploited the His-NPs as nanofillers to enhance the separation performance of Pebax MH 1657. The hydrogen-bonding interactions allowed the dispersion of His-NPs within the polymer matrix uniformly, as confirmed by microscopic, spectroscopic, and thermal analyses. The imidazole and amine functionalities of His-NPs enhanced the solubility of CO₂ molecules in the polymer matrix. The CA-mimic active sites of His-NPs nanozymes, on the other hand, catalyzed the reversible hydration of CO₂ molecules in humid conditions, facilitating their transport across the membranes. The resulting nanocomposite membranes displayed excellent CO₂ separation performance, with a high level of stability. At a filling ratio as low as 3 wt %, we achieved a CO₂ permeability of >145 Barrer and a CO₂/N₂ selectivity of >95 with retained performance under humid continuous gas feeds. The bio-inspired approach presented in this work offers a promising platform for designing durable and highly selective CO₂ capture membranes.

Gas Permeability and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane-Based Membranes for Blood Oxygenators

The production of medical devices follows strict guidelines where bio- and hemocompatibility, mechanical strength, and tear resistance are important features. Segmented polyurethanes (PUs) are an important class of polymers that fulfill many of these requirements, thus justifying the investigation of novel derivatives with enhanced properties, such as modulated carbon dioxide and oxygen permeability. In this work, three segmented polyurethane-based membranes, containing blocks of hard segments (HSs) dispersed in a matrix of soft segment (SS) blocks, were prepared by reacting a PU prepolymer (PUR) with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), Congo red (CR) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD), rendering PU/TRIS, PU/CR and PU/MBCD membranes. The pure (control) PU membrane exhibited the highest degree of phase segregation between HSs and SSs followed by PU/TRIS and PU/MBCD membranes, and the PU/CR membrane displayed the highest degree of mixing. Pure PU and PU/CR membranes exhibited the highest and lowest values of Young's modulus, tangent moduli and ultimate tensile strength, respectively, suggesting that the introduction of CR increases molecular mobility, thus reducing stiffness. The CO₂ permeability was highest for the PU/CR membrane, 347 Barrer, and lowest for the pure PU membrane, 278 Barrer, suggesting that a higher degree of mixing between HSs and SSs leads to higher CO₂ permeation rates. The permeability of O₂ was similar for all membranes, but ca. 10-fold lower than the CO₂ permeability.

The structure of CO2 and CH4 at the interface of a poly(urethane urea) oligomer model from the microscopic point of view

The world desperately needs new technologies and solutions for gas capture and separation. To make this possible, molecular modeling is applied here to investigate the structural, thermodynamic, and dynamical properties of a model for the poly(urethane urea) (PUU) oligomer model to selectively capture CO₂ in the presence of CH₄. In this work, we applied a well-known approach to derive atomic partial charges for atoms in a polymer chain based on self-consistent sampling using quantum chemistry and stochastic dynamics. The interactions of the gases with the PUU model were studied in a pure gas based system as well as in a gas mixture. A detailed structure characterization revealed high interaction of CO₂ molecules with the hard segments of the PUU. Therefore, the structural and energy properties explain the reasons for the greater CO₂ sorption than CH₄. We find that the CO₂ sorption is higher than the CH₄ with a selectivity of 7.5 at 298 K for the gas mixture. We characterized the Gibbs dividing surface for each system, and the CO₂ is confined for a long time at the gas-oligomer model interface. The simulated oligomer model showed performance above the 2008 Robeson's upper bound and may be a potential material for CO₂/CH₄ separation. Further computational and experimental studies are needed to evaluate the material.

Influence of microstructural variations on morphology and separation properties of polybutadiene-based polyurethanes

Polybutadiene-based polyurethanes with different cis/trans/1,2-vinyl microstructure contents are synthesized. The phase morphology and physical properties of the polymers are investigated using spectroscopic analysis (FTIR and Raman), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray scattering (WAXD and SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, their gas transport properties are determined for different gases at 4 bar and 25 °C. Thermodynamic incompatibility and steric hindrance of pendant groups are the dominant factors affecting the morphology and properties of the PUs. FTIR spectra, DSC, and SAXS analysis reveal a higher extent of phase mixing in high vinyl-content PUs. Moreover, the SAXS analysis and AFM phase images indicate smaller microdomains by increasing the vinyl content. Smaller permeable soft domains as well as the lower phase separation of the PUs with higher vinyl content create more tortuous pathways for gas molecules and deteriorate the gas permeability of the membranes.

Enhancement in the selectivity of O2/N2 via ZIF-8/CA mixed-matrix membranes and the development of a thermodynamic model to predict the permeability of gases

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) has a sodalite topology. ZIF-8 is composed of zinc ion coordinated by four imidazolate rings. The pore aperture of ZIF-8 is 3.4 Å, which readily retains large gas molecules like N₂. In this work, mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) have been fabricated by utilizing ZIF-8 and pristine cellulose acetate (CA) for O₂/N₂ separation. Membranes of pristine CA and MMMs of ZIF-8/CA at various ZIF-8 concentrations were prepared in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Permeation results of the fabricated membranes revealed increasing selectivity for O₂/N₂ with increasing pressure as well as ZIF-8/CA concentration up to 5% (w/w). The selectivity of O₂/N₂ increased 4 times for MMMs containing 5% (w/w) of ZIF-8/CA as compared with the pristine CA membrane. A thermodynamic model has also been developed to predict the permeability of gases through polymeric membranes. The results were compared with literature data as well as the pristine CA membrane produced in this work for model validation.

Influence of Blend Composition and Silica Nanoparticles on the Morphology and Gas Separation Performance of PU/PVA Blend Membranes

Polymer blending and mixed-matrix membranes are well-known modification techniques for tuning the gas separation properties of polymer membranes. Here, we studied the gas separation performance of mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) based on the polyurethane/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PU/PVA) blend containing silica nanoparticles. Pure (CO₂, CH₄, N₂, O₂) and mixed-gas (CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄) permeability experiments were carried out at 10 bar and 35 °C. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with a molecular weight of 200 kDa (PVA200) was blended with polyurethane (PU) to increase the CO₂ solubility, while the addition of silica particles to the PU/PVA blend membranes augmented the CO₂ separation performance. The SEM images of the membranes showed that the miscibility of the blend improved by increasing the PVA contents. The membrane containing 10 wt % of PVA200 (PU/PVA200–10) exhibited the highest CO₂/N₂~32.6 and CO₂/CH₄~9.5 selectivities among other blend compositions, which increased to 45.1 and 15.2 by incorporating 20 wt % nano-silica particles.

Electrospun Water-Borne Polyurethane Nanofibrous Membrane as a Barrier for Preventing Postoperative Peritendinous Adhesion

Peritendinous adhesion is a major complication after tendon injury and the subsequent repairs or reconstructions. The degree of adhesion can be reduced by the interposition of a membranous barrier between the traumatized tendon and the surrounding tissue. In the present study, electrospun water-borne polyurethane (WPU) nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) were created for use after the reparation or reconstruction of tendons to reduce adhesion. In the electrospinning process, water was employed as the solvent for WPU, and this solvent was ecofriendly and nontoxic. The nanofibrous architecture and pore size of the WPU NFMs were analyzed. Their microporosity (0.78⁻1.05 µm) blocked the penetration of fibroblasts, which could result in adhesion and scarring around the tendon during healing. The release of WPU mimicked the lubrication effect of the synovial fluid produced by the synovium around the tendon. In vitro cell studies revealed that the WPU NFMs effectively reduced the number of fibroblasts that became attached and that there was no significant cytotoxicity. In vivo studies with the rabbit flexor tendon repair model revealed that WPU NFMs reduced the degree of peritendinous adhesion, as determined using a gross examination; a histological cross section evaluation; and measurements of the range of motion of interphalangeal joints (97.1 ± 14.7 and 79.0 ± 12.4 degrees in proximal and distal interphalangeal joints respectively), of the length of tendon excursion (11.6 ± 1.9 cm), and of the biomechanical properties.

Synthesis and Study of Gas Transport Properties of Polymers Based on Macroinitiators and 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate

Nowadays, block copolymers hold great promise for the design of novel membranes to be applied for the membrane gas separation. In this regard, microporous block copolymers based on a macroinitiator with an anionic nature, such as potassium-substituted block copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide (PPEG) and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), were obtained and investigated as effective gas separation membranes. The key element of the macromolecular structure that determines the supramolecular organization of the studied polymers is the coplanar blocks of polyisocyanates with an acetal nature (O-polyisocyanate). In the present research, the influence of the content of peripheral polyoxyethylene (POE) blocks in PPEG on the supramolecular structure processes and gas transport characteristics of the obtained polymers based on PPEG and TDI was investigated. According to the study of polymers if the POE block content is 15 wt %, the polyoxypropylene segments are located in the internal cavity of voids formed by O-polyisocyanate blocks. When the POE block content is 30 wt %, the flexible chain component forms its own microphase outside the segregation zone of the rigid O-polyisocyanate blocks. The permeability for polar molecules, such as ammonia or hydrogen sulfide, significantly exceeds the permeability values obtained for non-polar molecules He, N₂ and CH₄. A relatively high permeability is also observed for carbon dioxide. At the same time, the content of POE blocks has a small effect on the permeability for all studied gases. The diffusion coefficient increases with an increase in the POE block content in PPEG for all studied gases.

Tuning the Gas Selectivity of Tröger's Base Polyimide Membranes by Using Carboxylic Acid and Tertiary Base Interactions

Polyimide-based materials provide attractive chemistries for the development of gas-separation membranes. Modification of inter- and intra-chain interactions is a route to improve the separation performance. In this work, copolyimides with Tröger's base (TB) monomers are designed and synthesized. In particular, a series of copolyimides is synthesized with different contents of carboxylic acid groups (0-50 wt %) to alter the inter- and intra-chain interactions and enhance the basicity of the TB-polyimides. A detailed thermal and structural analysis is provided for the new copolyimides. Gas permeation data reveal a tunable trend in separation performance with increasing carboxylic acid group content. Importantly, this is one of the few examples of copolyimide membranes materials that show enhanced plasticization resistance to high-pressure gas feeds through physical cross-linking.

Pentiptycene-Based Polyurethane with Enhanced Mechanical Properties and CO2-Plasticization Resistance for Thin Film Gas Separation Membranes

The development of thin film composite (TFC) membranes offers an opportunity to achieve the permeability/selectivity requirements for optimum CO₂ separation performance. However, the durability and performance of thin film gas separation membranes are mostly challenged by weak mechanical properties and high CO₂ plasticization. Here, we designed new polyurethane (PU) structures with bulky aromatic chain extenders that afford preferred mechanical properties for ultra-thin-film formation. An improvement of about 1500% in Young's modulus and 600% in hardness was observed for pentiptycene-based PUs compared to the typical PU membranes. Single (CO₂, H₂, CH₄, and N₂) and mixed (CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄) gas permeability tests were performed on the PU membranes. The resulting TFC membranes showed a high CO₂ permeance up to 1400 GPU (10^-6 cm³(STP) cm^-2 s^-1 cmHg^-1) and the CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/H₂ selectivities of about 22 and 2.1, respectively. The enhanced mechanical properties of pentiptycene-based PUs result in high-performance thin membranes with the similar selectivity of the bulk polymer. The thin film membranes prepared from pentiptycene-based PUs also showed a twofold enhanced plasticization resistance compared to non-pentiptycene-containing PU membranes.

A facile synthesis of contorted spirobisindane-diamine and its microporous polyimides for gas separation

Microporous polyimides (PIM-PIs, KAUST-PIs) and polymers containing Tröger's base (TB) derivatives with improved permeability and selectivity have great importance for separation of environmental gas pairs. Despite the tremendous progress in this field, facile synthesis of microporous polymers at the industrial scale via designing new monomers is still lacking. In this study, a new potential approach for large scale synthesis of spirobisindane diamine (DAS) (3) has been reported from commercially available 5,5′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobisindane (TTSBI) and 3,4-difluoronitrobenzene. A series of DAS diamine based microporous polyimides were also synthesized. The resulting polymer membranes showed high mechanical and thermal properties with tunable gas separation performance.

Contorted diamine monomers are the attractive precursors for the synthesis of novel microporous polyimides with high gas separation performance.

High-performance anionic waterborne polyurethane/Ag nanocomposites with excellent antibacterial property via in situ synthesis of Ag nanoparticles

High-performance anionic waterborne polyurethane/Ag nanocomposites synthesizedvia in situreduction.