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Rastgar M, Moradi K, Burroughs C, Hemmati A, Hoek E, Sadrzadeh M. Harvesting Blue Energy Based on Salinity and Temperature Gradient: Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10156-10205. [PMID: 37523591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with power generation from fossil fuel combustion account for 25% of global emissions and, thus, contribute greatly to climate change. Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar, have reached a mature stage, with costs aligning with those of fossil fuel-derived power but suffer from the challenge of intermittency due to the variability of wind and sunlight. This study aims to explore the viability of salinity gradient power, or "blue energy", as a clean, renewable source of uninterrupted, base-load power generation. Harnessing the salinity gradient energy from river estuaries worldwide could meet a substantial portion of the global electricity demand (approximately 7%). Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) are more prominent technologies for blue energy harvesting, whereas thermo-osmotic energy conversion (TOEC) is emerging with new promise. This review scrutinizes the obstacles encountered in developing osmotic power generation using membrane-based methods and presents potential solutions to overcome challenges in practical applications. While certain strategies have shown promise in addressing some of these obstacles, further research is still required to enhance the energy efficiency and feasibility of membrane-based processes, enabling their large-scale implementation in osmotic energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Rastgar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kazem Moradi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Cassie Burroughs
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 12-263 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Arman Hemmati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Eric Hoek
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095-1593, United States
- Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohtada Sadrzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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2
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Veerman J, Gómez-Coma L, Ortiz A, Ortiz I. Resistance of Ion Exchange Membranes in Aqueous Mixtures of Monovalent and Divalent Ions and the Effect on Reverse Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:322. [PMID: 36984709 PMCID: PMC10056131 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinity gradient energy has gained attention in recent years as a renewable energy source, especially employing reverse electrodialysis technology (RED), which is based on the role of ion exchange membranes. In this context, many efforts have been developed by researchers from all over the world to advance the knowledge of this green source of energy. However, the influence of divalent ions on the performance of the technology has not been deeply studied. Basically, divalent ions are responsible for an increased membrane resistance and, therefore, for a decrease in voltage. This work focuses on the estimation of the resistance of the RED membrane working with water flows containing divalent ions, both theoretically by combining the one-thread model with the Donnan exclusion theory for the gel phase, as well as the experimental evaluation with Fumatech membranes FAS-50, FKS-50, FAS-PET-75, and FKS-PET-75. Furthermore, simulated results have been compared to data recently reported with different membranes. Besides, the influence of membrane resistance on the overall performance of reverse electrodialysis technology is evaluated to understand the impact of divalent ions in energy generation. Results reflect a minor effect of sulfate on the gross power in comparison to the effect of calcium and magnesium ions. Thus, this work takes a step forward in the knowledge of reverse electrodialysis technology and the extraction of salinity gradient energy by advancing the influence of divalent ions on energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Veerman
- REDstack BV, Graaf Adolfstraat 35-G, 8606 BT Sneek, The Netherlands
| | - Lucía Gómez-Coma
- Departmento de Ingenierías Químicas y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Alfredo Ortiz
- Departmento de Ingenierías Químicas y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departmento de Ingenierías Químicas y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
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Wu N, Brahmi Y, Colin A. Fluidics for energy harvesting: from nano to milli scales. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1034-1065. [PMID: 36625144 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00946c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of untapped energy sources surrounds us. In this review, we summarize recent works of water-based energy harvesting systems with operation scales ranging from miniature systems to large scale attempts. We focus particularly on the triboelectric energy, which is produced when a liquid and a solid come into contact, and on the osmotic energy, which is released when salt water and fresh water are mixed. For both techniques we display the state of the art understanding (including electrical charge separation, electro-osmotic currents and induced currents) and the developed devices. A critical discussion of present works confirms the significant progress of these water-based energy harvesting systems in all scales. However, further efforts in efficiency and performance amelioration are expected for these technologies to accelerate the industrialization and commercialization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Youcef Brahmi
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Annie Colin
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Chen C, Dai Z, Li Y, Zeng Q, Yu Y, Wang X, Zhang C, Han L. Fouling-free membrane stripping for ammonia recovery from real biogas slurry. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119453. [PMID: 36509033 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic gas permeable membranes (GPMs) exhibit great potential in stripping or recovering ammonia from wastewater, but they also suffer from severe fouling issues due to the complex water matrix, since the related process is often operated under highly alkaline conditions (pH > 11). In this study, we proposed a novel membrane stripping process by integrating a cation exchange membrane (CEM) in alkali-driven Donnan dialysis prior to GPM for efficient and robust ammonia recovery from real biogas slurry. During the conventional stripping for diluted biogas slurry, the ammonia removal across GPM finally decreased by 15% over 6 consecutive batches, likely due to the obvious deposition of inorganic species and penetration of organic compounds (rejection of 90% only). In contrast, a constant ammonia removal of 80% and organic matter rejection of more than 99%, as well as negligible fouling of both membranes, were found for the proposed novel stripping process operated over 120 h. Our results demonstrated that additional divalent cations clearly aggravated the fouling of GPM in conventional stripping, where only weak competition across CEM was found in the CEM-GPM hybrid mode. Then, for raw biogas slurry, the new stripping achieved a stable ammonia removal up to 65%, and no fouling occurrence was found, superior to that in the control (declined removal from 87% to 55%). The antifouling mechanism by integrating CEM prior to GPM involves size exclusion and charge repulsion towards varying foulants. This work highlighted that the novel membrane stripping process of hybrid CEM-GPM significantly mitigated membrane fouling and can be regarded as a potential alternative for ammonia recovery from high-strength complex streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Zhinan Dai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Yifan Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Changyong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Le Han
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
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Veerman J. Concepts and Misconceptions Concerning the Influence of Divalent Ions on the Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis Using Natural Waters. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:69. [PMID: 36676877 PMCID: PMC9863958 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Divalent ions have a negative effect on the obtained power and efficiency of the reverse electrodialysis (RED) process when using natural waters. These effects can largely be attributed to the interaction between the various ions and the membranes, resulting in a decreased membrane voltage, an increased membrane resistance, and uphill transport of divalent ions. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of these differences and, if possible, to find underlying causes. The approach mainly followed that in literature articles that specifically focused on the effect of divalent ions on RED. It transpired that seven publications were useful because the methodology was well described and sufficient data was published. I found two widely shared misconceptions. The first concerns the role of the stack voltage in uphill transport of divalent ions; itis often thought that the open circuit voltage (OCV) must be taken into account, but it is plausible that the voltage under working conditions is the critical factor. The second debatable point concerns the methodology used to make a series of solutions to study the effect of divalent ions. Typically, solutions with a constant number of moles of salt are used; however, it is better to make a series with a constant ratio of equivalents of those salts. Moreover, it is plausible that the decreased voltage can be explained by the inherently lower Donnan potential of multi-charged ions and that increased resistance is caused by the fact that divalent ions-with a lower mobility there than the monovalent ions-occupy relatively much of the available space in the gel phase of the membrane. While both resistance and voltage play a decisive role in RED and probably also in other membrane processes like electrodialysis (ED), it is remarkable that there are so few publications that focus on measurements on individual membranes. The implications of these results is that research on the effect of divalent ions in RED, ED and similar processes needs to be more structured in the future. Relatively simple procedures can be developed for the determination of membrane resistance in solutions of mixtures of mono- and divalent salts. The same applies to determining the membrane potential. The challenge is to arrive at a standard method for equipment, methodology, and the composition of the test solutions.
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Kaya TZ, Altıok E, Güler E, Kabay N. Effect of Co-Existing Ions on Salinity Gradient Power Generation by Reverse Electrodialysis Using Different Ion Exchange Membrane Pairs. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1240. [PMID: 36557147 PMCID: PMC9782584 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of co-existing ions on the salinity gradient power generation performance of the reverse electrodialysis (RED) using three different commercial ion exchange membrane pairs. The feed solutions, including the mixture of two different salts, were prepared with 90 wt.% of NaCl and 10 wt.% of LiCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 or Na2SO4 by keeping the salt ratio between high concentrate solution and low concentrate solution constant as 1:30 (g/g) at various flow velocities (50, 125 and 200 mL/min). It was observed that the divalent ions exhibited a negative impact on the performance of the RED system due to their high valence and low ionic mobility depending on their high hydrated radius and low diffusion coefficients compared to those of the monovalent ions. On the other hand, the effect of the monovalent ions differed according to the properties of ion exchange membranes used in the RED stack. When the power generation performances of ion exchange membrane pairs employed in the RED stack were compared, it was considered that Neosepta AMX and CMX membranes provided the highest power density due to their low membrane thicknesses, low electrical resistances, and relatively high ion exchange capacities compared to other two commercial ion exchange membrane pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Zeynep Kaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Altıok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Enver Güler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nalan Kabay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
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Sugimoto Y, Ujike R, Higa M, Kakihana Y, Higa M. Power Generation Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) Using Various Ion Exchange Membranes and Power Output Prediction for a Large RED Stack. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12111141. [PMID: 36422133 PMCID: PMC9697558 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) power generation using seawater (SW) and river water is expected to be a promising environmentally friendly power generation system. Experiments with large RED stacks are needed for the practical application of RED power generation, but only a few experimental results exist because of the need for large facilities and a large area of ion-exchange membranes (IEMs). In this study, to predict the power output of a large RED stack, the power generation performances of a lab-scale RED stack (40 membrane pairs and 7040 cm2 total effective membrane area) with several IEMs were evaluated. The results were converted to the power output of a pilot-scale RED stack (299 membrane pairs and 179.4 m2 total effective membrane area) via the reference IEMs. The use of low-area-resistance IEMs resulted in lower internal resistance and higher power density. The power density was 2.3 times higher than that of the reference IEMs when natural SW was used. The net power output was expected to be approximately 230 W with a pilot-scale RED stack using low-area-resistance IEMs and natural SW. This value is one of the indicators of the output of a large RED stack and is a target to be exceeded with further improvements in the RED system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Ryo Ujike
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Minato Higa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kakihana
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
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Huang Z, Fang M, Tu B, Yang J, Yan Z, Alemayehu HG, Tang Z, Li L. Essence of the Enhanced Osmotic Energy Conversion in a Covalent Organic Framework Monolayer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17149-17156. [PMID: 36165566 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Low membrane conductivity originated from a high membrane thickness has long been the "Achilles heel" of the conventional polymeric membrane, greatly hampering the improvement of the output power density in osmotic power generation. Herein, we demonstrate a molecularly-thin two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic framework (COF) monolayer membrane, featured with ultimate thickness, high pore density, and tight pore size distribution, which performs as a highly efficient osmotic power generator. Despite the large pore size up to 3.8 nm and relatively low surface charge density of 2.2 mC m-2, the monolayer COF membrane exhibits a high osmotic current density of 16.7 kA m-2 and an output power density of 102 W m-2 under 50 times the NaCl salinity gradient (0.5 M/0.01 M). This superior power density could be further improved to 170 W m-2 in the real seawater/river water gradient system. When the large pore size and low surface charge density are considered, this superior performance is not expected. Computational studies further reveal that the ultimate membrane permeability originated from the high membrane porosity, rather than ion selectivity, plays a dominant role in the production of high current density, especially under high salinity. This work provides an alternative strategy to realize improved output power density in ultrapermeable membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Munan Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jinlei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haftu Gebrekiros Alemayehu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lianshan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Ying J, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Jin Y, Li X, She Q, Matsuyama H, Yu J. Mechanistic insights into the degradation of monovalent selective ion exchange membrane towards long-term application of real salt lake brines. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Reverse electrodialysis for power production with ion-permselective spacers and its optimization. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Butylskii DY, Pismenskaya N, Apel PY, Sabbatovskiy K, Nikonenko V. Highly selective separation of singly charged cations by countercurrent electromigration with a track-etched membrane. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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YAMADA Y, SOWA K, KITAZUMI Y, SHIRAI O. Improvement in the Power Output of a Reverse Electrodialysis System by the Addition of Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke YAMADA
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Keisei SOWA
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki KITAZUMI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Osamu SHIRAI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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13
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Principles of reverse electrodialysis and development of integrated-based system for power generation and water treatment: a review. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is among the evolving membrane-based processes available for energy harvesting by mixing water with different salinities. The chemical potential difference causes the movement of cations and anions in opposite directions that can then be transformed into the electrical current at the electrodes by redox reactions. Although several works have shown the possibilities of achieving high power densities through the RED system, the transformation to the industrial-scale stacks remains a challenge particularly in understanding the correlation between ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and the operating conditions. This work provides an overview of the RED system including its development and modifications of IEM utilized in the RED system. The effects of modified membranes particularly on the psychochemical properties of the membranes and the effects of numerous operating variables are discussed. The prospects of combining the RED system with other technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, heat engine, microbial fuel cell), and flow battery have been summarized based on open-loop and closed-loop configurations. This review attempts to explain the development and prospect of RED technology for salinity gradient power production and further elucidate the integrated RED system as a promising way to harvest energy while reducing the impact of liquid waste disposal on the environment.
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14
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Current progress in membranes for fuel cells and reverse electrodialysis. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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Wormser EM, Nir O, Edri E. Low-resistance monovalent-selective cation exchange membranes prepared using molecular layer deposition for energy-efficient ion separations. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2427-2436. [PMID: 35747215 PMCID: PMC9134019 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The desalination of brackish water provides water to tens of millions of people around the world, but current technologies deplete much needed nutrients from the water, which is determinantal to both public health and agriculture. A selective method for brackish water desalination, which retains the needed nutrients, is electrodialysis (ED) using monovalent-selective cation exchange membranes (MVS-CEMs). However, due to the trade-off between membrane selectivity and resistance, most MVS-CEMs demonstrate either high transport resistance or low selectivity, which increase energy consumption and hinder the use of such membranes for brackish water desalination by ED. Here, we introduce a new method for fabrication of MVS-CEMs, using molecular layer deposition (MLD) to coat CEMs with ultrathin, hybrid organic-inorganic, positively charged layers of alucone. Using MLD enabled us to precisely control and minimize the selective layer thickness, while the flexibility and nanoporosity of the alucone prevent cracking and delamination. Under conditions simulating brackish water desalination, the modified CEMs provides monovalent selectivity with negligible added resistance-thereby alleviating the selectivity-resistance trade-off. Addressing the water-energy nexus, MLD-coating enables selective brackish water desalination with minimal increase in energy consumption and opens a new path for tailoring membranes' surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Merary Wormser
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus 8499000 Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Oded Nir
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus 8499000 Israel
| | - Eran Edri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
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Power Generation Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis Using Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11010027. [PMID: 33401447 PMCID: PMC7823906 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a promising process for harvesting energy from the salinity gradient between two solutions without environmental impacts. Seawater (SW) and river water (RW) are considered the main RED feed solutions because of their good availability. In Okinawa Island (Japan), SW desalination via the reverse osmosis (RO) can be integrated with the RED process due to the production of a large amount of RO brine (concentrated SW, containing ~1 mol/dm3 of NaCl), which is usually discharged directly into the sea. In this study, a pilot-scale RED stack, with 299 cell pairs and 179.4 m2 of effective membrane area, was installed in the SW desalination plant. For the first time, asymmetric monovalent selective membranes with monovalent selective layer just at the side of the membranes were used as the ion exchange membranes (IEMs) inside the RED stack. Natural and model RO brines, as well as SW, were used as the high-concentrate feed solutions. RW, which was in fact surface water in this study and close to the desalination plant, was utilized as the low-concentrate feed solution. The power generation performance investigated by the current-voltage (I-V) test showed the maximum gross power density of 0.96 and 1.46 W/m2 respectively, when the natural and model RO brine/RW were used. These are a 50-60% improvement of the maximum gross power of 0.62 and 0.97 W/m2 generated from the natural and model SW, respectively. The approximate 50% more power generated from the model feed solutions can be assigned to the suppression of concentration polarization of the RED stack due to the absence of multivalent ions.
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17
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Moya A. Uphill transport in improved reverse electrodialysis by removal of divalent cations in the dilute solution: A Nernst-Planck based study. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Besha AT, Tsehaye MT, Aili D, Zhang W, Tufa RA. Design of Monovalent Ion Selective Membranes for Reducing the Impacts of Multivalent Ions in Reverse Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2019; 10:membranes10010007. [PMID: 31906203 PMCID: PMC7022468 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) represents one of the most promising membrane-based technologies for clean and renewable energy production from mixing water solutions. However, the presence of multivalent ions in natural water drastically reduces system performance, in particular, the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and the output power. This effect is largely described by the “uphill transport” phenomenon, in which multivalent ions are transported against the concentration gradient. In this work, recent advances in the investigation of the impact of multivalent ions on power generation by RED are systematically reviewed along with possible strategies to overcome this challenge. In particular, the use of monovalent ion-selective membranes represents a promising alternative to reduce the negative impact of multivalent ions given the availability of low-cost materials and an easy route of membrane synthesis. A thorough assessment of the materials and methodologies used to prepare monovalent selective ion exchange membranes (both cation and anion exchange membranes) for applications in (reverse) electrodialysis is performed. Moreover, transport mechanisms under conditions of extreme salinity gradient are analyzed and compared for a better understanding of the design criteria. The ultimate goal of the present work is to propose a prospective research direction on the development of new membrane materials for effective implementation of RED under natural feed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abreham Tesfaye Besha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia;
| | - Misgina Tilahun Tsehaye
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38 000 Grenoble, France;
| | - David Aili
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Building 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Ramato Ashu Tufa
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Building 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
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Gómez-Coma L, Ortiz-Martínez VM, Carmona J, Palacio L, Prádanos P, Fallanza M, Ortiz A, Ibañez R, Ortiz I. Modeling the influence of divalent ions on membrane resistance and electric power in reverse electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Han JH, Jeong N, Kim CS, Hwang KS, Kim H, Nam JY, Jwa E, Yang S, Choi J. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) using a bipolar membrane to suppress inorganic fouling around the cathode. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 166:115078. [PMID: 31542547 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When operating reverse electrodialysis (RED) with several hundreds of cell pairs, a large stack voltage of more than 10 V facilitates water electrolysis, even when redox couples are employed for the electrode reaction. Upon feeding natural water containing multivalent ions, ion crossover through a shielding membrane causes inorganic scaling around the cathode and the interior of the membrane stack, due to the combination with the hydroxide ions produced via water reduction. In this work, we introduce a bipolar membrane (BPM) as a shielding membrane at the cathode to suppress inorganic precipitation. Water splitting in the bilayer structure of the BPM can block the ions diffusing from the catholyte and the feed solution, maintaining the current density. To evaluate the effect of the BPM on the inorganic precipitates, diluted sea salt solution is allowed to flow through the outermost feed channel near the cathode, in order to maintain as large a stack voltage as possible, which is important to induce water splitting in the BPM when incorporated into an RED stack of 100 cell pairs. We measure the electric power of the RED according to the arrangement of the BPM and compare it with that of conventional RED. The degree of inorganic scaling is also compared according to the kind of shielding membrane used (anion exchange membrane, cation exchange membrane, and BPM (Neosepta or Fumasep)). The BPM (Neosepta) shows the best performance for suppressing the formation of precipitates. It can hence be used to design a highly stable electrode system for long-term operation of a large-scale RED feeding natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyung Han
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea.
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Chan-Soo Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Kyo Sik Hwang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Hanki Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Nam
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Jwa
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - SeungCheol Yang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 51140, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
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21
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Mercer E, Davey C, Azzini D, Eusebi A, Tierney R, Williams L, Jiang Y, Parker A, Kolios A, Tyrrel S, Cartmell E, Pidou M, McAdam E. Hybrid membrane distillation reverse electrodialysis configuration for water and energy recovery from human urine: An opportunity for off-grid decentralised sanitation. J Memb Sci 2019; 584:343-352. [PMID: 31423048 PMCID: PMC6558964 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The integration of membrane distillation with reverse electrodialysis has been investigated as a sustainable sanitation solution to provide clean water and electrical power from urine and waste heat. Reverse electrodialysis was integrated to provide the partial remixing of the concentrate (urine) and diluate (permeate) produced from the membrane distillation of urine. Broadly comparable power densities to those of a model salt solution (sodium chloride) were determined during evaluation of the individual and combined contribution of the various monovalent and multivalent inorganic and organic salt constituents in urine. Power densities were improved through raising feed-side temperature and increasing concentration in the concentrate, without observation of limiting behaviour imposed by non-ideal salt and water transport. A further unique contribution of this application is the limited volume of salt concentrate available, which demanded brine recycling to maximise energy recovery analogous to a battery, operating in a 'state of charge'. During recycle, around 47% of the Gibbs free energy was recoverable with up to 80% of the energy extractable before the concentration difference between the two solutions was halfway towards equilibrium which implies that energy recovery can be optimised with limited effect on permeate quality. This study has provided the first successful demonstration of an integrated MD-RED system for energy recovery from a limited resource, and evidences that the recovered power is sufficient to operate a range of low current fluid pumping technologies that could help deliver off-grid sanitation and clean water recovery at single household scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mercer
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - C.J. Davey
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - D. Azzini
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Piazza Roma, Ancona, Italy
| | - A.L. Eusebi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Piazza Roma, Ancona, Italy
| | - R. Tierney
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - L. Williams
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Y. Jiang
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - A. Parker
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - A. Kolios
- Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - S. Tyrrel
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E. Cartmell
- Scottish Water, Castle House, Carnegie Campus, Dunfermline, UK
| | - M. Pidou
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E.J. McAdam
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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22
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Mehdizadeh S, Yasukawa M, Abo T, Kuno M, Noguchi Y, Higa M. The Effect of Feed Solution Temperature on the Power Output Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) System with Different Intermediate Distance. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9060073. [PMID: 31216734 PMCID: PMC6630688 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9060073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-based reverse electrodialysis (RED) can convert the salinity gradient energy between two solutions into electric power without any environmental impact. Regarding the practical application of the RED process using natural seawater and river water, the RED performance depends on the climate (temperature). In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the feed solution temperature on the resulting RED performance using two types of pilot-scale RED stacks consisting of 200 cell pairs having a total effective membrane area of 40 m2 with different intermediate distances (200 µm and 600 µm). The temperature dependence of the resistance of the solution compartment and membrane, open circuit voltage (OCV), maximum gross power output, pumping energy, and subsequent net power output of the system was individually evaluated. Increasing the temperature shows a positive influence on all the factors studied, and interesting linear relationships were obtained in all the cases, which allowed us to provide simple empirical equations to predict the resulting performance. Furthermore, the temperature dependence was strongly affected by the experimental conditions, such as the flow rate and type of stack, especially in the case of the pilot-scale stack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Mehdizadeh
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Yasukawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Takakazu Abo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Masaya Kuno
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Yuki Noguchi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Higa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
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23
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Effect of ions (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and SO42−) and temperature on energy generation performance of reverse electrodialysis stack. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Rijnaarts T, Shenkute NT, Wood JA, de Vos WM, Nijmeijer K. Divalent Cation Removal by Donnan Dialysis for Improved Reverse Electrodialysis. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:7035-7041. [PMID: 29755894 PMCID: PMC5942602 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Divalent cations in feedwater can cause significant decreases in efficiencies for membrane processes, such as reverse electrodialysis (RED). In RED, power is harvested from the mixing of river and seawater, and the obtainable voltage is reduced and the resistance is increased if divalent cations are present. The power density of the RED process can be improved by removing divalent cations from the fresh water. Here, we study divalent cation removal from fresh water using seawater as draw solution in a Donnan dialysis (DD) process. In this way, a membrane system with neither chemicals nor electrodes but only natural salinity gradients can be used to exchange divalent cations. For DD, the permselectivity of the cation exchange membrane is found to be crucial as it determines the ability to block salt leakage (also referred to as co-ion transport). Operating DD using a membrane stack achieved a 76% reduction in the divalent cation content in natural fresh water with residence times of just a few seconds. DD pretreated fresh water was then used in a RED process, which showed improved gross and net power densities of 9.0 and 6.3%, respectively. This improvement is caused by a lower fresh water resistance (at similar open circuit voltages), due to exchange of divalent for monovalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Rijnaarts
- Membrane
Science & Technology, University of
Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Drienerlolaan 5, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathnael T. Shenkute
- Membrane
Science & Technology, University of
Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Drienerlolaan 5, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffery A. Wood
- Soft
Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, University
of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Drienerlolaan 5, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M. de Vos
- Membrane
Science & Technology, University of
Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Drienerlolaan 5, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Kitty Nijmeijer. E-mail:
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