1
|
Qian H, Xu G, Yang S, Ang EH, Chen Q, Lin C, Liao J, Shen J. Advancing Lithium-Magnesium Separation: Pioneering Swelling-Embedded Cation Exchange Membranes Based on Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18019-18029. [PMID: 38546167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
With the continuous advancement of electrodialysis (ED) technology, there arises a demand for improved monovalent cation exchange membranes (CEMs). However, limitations in membrane materials and structures have resulted in the low selectivity of monovalent CEMs, posing challenges in the separation of Li+ and Mg2+. In this investigation, a designed CEM with a swelling-embedded structure was created by integrating a polyelectrolyte containing N-oxide Zwitterion into a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane, leveraging the notable solubility characteristic of SPEEK. The membranes were prepared by using N-oxide zwitterionic polyethylenimine (ZPEI) and 1,3,5-benzenetrlcarbonyl trichloride (TMC). The as-prepared membranes underwent systematic characterization and testing, evaluating their structural, physicochemical, electrochemical, and selective ED properties. During ED, the modified membranes demonstrated notable permeability selectivity for Li+ ions in binary (Li+/Mg2+) systems. Notably, at a constant current density of 2.5 mA cm-2, the modified membrane PEI-TMC/SPEEK exhibited significant permeability selectivity ( P Mg 2 + Li + = 5.63 ) in the Li+/Mg2+ system, while ZPEI-TMC/SPEEK outperformed, displaying remarkable permeability selectivity ( P Mg 2 + Li + = 12.43 ) in the Li+/Mg2+ system, surpassing commercial monovalent cation-selective membrane commercial monovalent cation-selective membrane (CIMS). Furthermore, in the Li+/Mg2+ binary system, Li+ flux reached 9.78 × 10-9 mol cm-2 s-1 for ZPEI-TMC/SPEEK, while its Mg2+ flux only reached 2.7 × 10-9 mol cm-2 s-1, showing potential for lithium-magnesium separation. In addition, ZPEI-TMC/SPEEK was tested for performance and stability at high current densities. This work offers a straightforward preparation process and an innovative structural approach, presenting methodological insights for the advancement of lithium and magnesium separation techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Geting Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Edison Huixiang Ang
- Nature Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chenfei Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junbin Liao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Loza N, Falina I, Kutenko N, Shkirskaya S, Loza J, Kononenko N. Bilayer Heterogeneous Cation Exchange Membrane with Polyaniline Modified Homogeneous Layer: Preparation and Electrotransport Properties. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:829. [PMID: 37888001 PMCID: PMC10608705 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A bilayer membrane based on a heterogenous cation exchange membrane with a homogeneous cation exchange layer and a polyaniline on its surface is prepared. The intercalation of polyaniline into the membrane with a homogeneous cation exchange layer is performed by oxidative polymerization of aniline. The influence of the homogeneous cation exchange layer and the polyaniline on the structure, conductivity, diffusion permeability, selectivity, and current-voltage curve of the heterogeneous cation exchange membrane is established. Membrane properties are studied in the HCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 solutions. The homogeneous cation exchange layer has a negligible effect on the transport properties of the initial heterogeneous membrane. The polyaniline synthesis leads to a decrease in the macropore volume in the membrane structure, conductivity, and diffusion permeability. The counterion transport number in the bilayer membrane is significantly reduced in a solution of calcium chloride and practically does not change in sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid. In addition, the asymmetry of the diffusion permeability and shape of current-voltage curve depending on the orientation of the membrane surface to the flux of electrolyte or counterion are found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Falina
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.L.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (J.L.); (N.K.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao X, Liu L, Zhang X, Cheng X, Sun J, Pan J. Preparation of High-Performance Semihomogeneous Cation Exchange Membranes for Electrodialysis via Solvent-Free Polyethylene Particle-Confined Monomer Polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
4
|
Zheng Y, Jin Y, Zhang N, Wang D, Yang Y, Zhang M, Wang G, Qu W, Wu Y. Preparation and characterization of Ti3C2TX MXene/PVDF cation exchange membrane for electrodialysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
5
|
Deng C, Liu Q, Zhang S, Wang Z, Chen Y, Jian X. Preparation and Properties of Sulfonated Poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) Membranes for Electrodialysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091723. [PMID: 35566892 PMCID: PMC9105782 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketones) (SPPEK) with ion exchange capacities from 0.77 to 1.82 mmol·g−1 are synthesized via an electrophilic substitution reaction. Nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared absorption spectroscopy are used to characterize the chemical structure of the obtained polymers for confirming the successful introduction of sulfonic groups. SPPEKs show excellent thermal stability; their temperature required to achieve 5% weight loss is about 360 °C. Accordingly, the obtained membranes possess high ion perm-selectivity, proton conductivity, and low area resistance. Regarding the electrodialysis-related performance of the membranes, the SPPEK-4 membrane has the highest limiting current density (39.8 mA·cm2), resulting from its high content of sulfonic groups. In a desalination test of standard solution, SPPEK-3 and SPPEK-4 membranes exhibit both better salt removal rate and acceptable energy consumption than commercial membrane. Additionally, SPPEK-3 membrane shows outstanding performance in terms of high concentration rate and low energy consumption during saline water treatment, which indicates the feasibility of novel membranes in electrodialysis application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.D.); (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.D.); (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (X.J.)
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, High Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shouhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.D.); (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (X.J.)
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, High Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian 116024, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-411-8498-6107
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.D.); (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (X.J.)
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, High Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.D.); (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Xigao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.D.); (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (X.J.)
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, High Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rajput A, Sharma J, Raj SK, Kulshrestha V. Dehydrofluorinated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) based crosslinked cation exchange membrane for brackish water desalination via electrodialysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
7
|
Pan J, Liu L, Tao Y, Zhao L, Yu X, Wu B, Zhao X, Liu L. Green Fabrication of Tertrabutylammonium Styrene Sulfonate Cation-Exchange Membranes via a Solvent-Free Photopolymerization Strategy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yanyao Tao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Lifen Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao J, Chen Q, Ren L, Wang J. Fabrication of hydrophilic cation exchange membrane with improved stability for electrodialysis: An excellent anti-scaling performance. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Zhao J, Ren L, Chen QB, Li P, Wang J. Fabrication of cation exchange membrane with excellent stabilities for electrodialysis: A study of effective sulfonation degree in ion transport mechanism. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
10
|
Chen QB, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Li P. Novel energy-efficient electrodialysis system for continuous brackish water desalination: Innovative stack configurations and optimal inflow modes. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 179:115847. [PMID: 32408183 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) is a well-established brackish water (BW) desalination technology that has been commercially applied for decades. However, the energy efficiency of BWED cannot approach optimization because of the low salt concentration of BW. In this study, a novel two hydraulic-stage ED desalination system was presented to enhance mass transfer and reduce energy consumption. In terms of energy-efficient strategies, it involved not only innovative membrane stack configurations (resin-filled electrode cells and asymmetric cell pairs design) but also optimizing inflow modes (electrolytes parallel flow and dilute/concentrate counter flow). Results showed that thin resin-filled (1 mm) electrode cells, asymmetric cell pair design (cell pairs ratio of 1st and 2nd-hydraulic stages, 1.2), and optimizations of general inflow mode were beneficial for savings 10-30% of energy consumption at the same salt removal ratio (SR). The synergistic effects of these strategies indicated that this novel ED system could save ∼40% of the energy consumption at the same SR, compared with conventional two hydraulic-stage ED system (CED). Three stage continuous BWED performance tests, compared with a CED, showed that a 36.9% total energy saving could be achieved using the novel ED system when the BW concentration decreased from 3500 mg/L to the quality requirement of drinking water (∼450 mg/L). It was therefore possible to open the way for saving energy in BWED systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bai Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianyou Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jinli Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ahmad M, Qaiser AA, Huda NU, Saeed A. Heterogeneous ion exchange membranes based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU): effect of PSS/DVB resin on morphology and electrodialysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:3029-3039. [PMID: 35497712 PMCID: PMC9048409 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, novel heterogeneous cation exchange membranes based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) have been prepared by the solution casting technique. The effects of incorporation level of sulfonated polystyrene divinyl-benzene (PSS/DVB) resin on water uptake, ion exchange capacity, membrane potential and salt extraction have been elucidated. Morphological and water uptake studies suggested a two-phase heterogeneous membrane morphology owing to the presence of hard and soft segments in the TPU backbone and swelling of PSS/DVB particles. This morphology was shifted to a semi-gelled morphology throughout the membrane bulk when resin loading exceeded 50 wt%. The physically cross-linked hard segments in the TPU backbone ensured a compact membrane morphology and prevented the formation of water channels. The membrane potential showed that increasing the resin content increased the membrane transport number (max. 0.95) up to 50 wt% resin loading and beyond this, the transport number started decreasing showing a pronounced effect of voids and water flow channels developing on excessive swelling. The permselectivity reached a maximum (up to 0.92) and salt extraction values also increased (by varying voltage) up to 50 wt% loading and started decreasing beyond this optimum content. This study shows successful development of low-cost heterogeneous cation exchange membranes based on TPU with acceptable electrochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan +92 306 3798 108
| | - Asif Ali Qaiser
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan +92 306 3798 108
| | - Noor Ul Huda
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan +92 306 3798 108
| | - Anem Saeed
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore 54890 Pakistan +92 306 3798 108
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prikhno IA, Yaroslavtsev AB, Golubenko DV. Effect of Modification with Cesium Acid Salt of Phosphotungstic Acid on the Properties of Membranes Based on Grafted Sulfonated Polystyrene. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751619060040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|