Reduction of long-term irreversible membrane fouling: A comparison of integrated and separated processes of MIEX and UF

How and why does time matter - A comparison of fouling caused by organic substances on membranes over adsorption durations

This study investigated the effect of time on the severity of adsorptive fouling on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane surface. Sodium alginate (SA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and humic acid (HA) were selected as representative membrane foulants. We examined the fouling behavior of these three selected model foulants over different adsorption durations (i.e., ~2300 and ~20,000 s). The fouling experiments were performed under conditions with and without the presence of Ca²⁺. For the SA-Ca²⁺ system, a longer adsorption duration slightly increased adsorption amount of SA but sharply reduced the reversibility (from 86.8 % to 12.9 %). For BSA-Ca²⁺, extended time did not change the deposition amount of BSA on the membrane surface, but led to more residual BSA after cleaning (reversibility decreased from 11.3 % to 4.5 %). Similarly, in the HA-Ca²⁺ system, adsorption duration barely influenced the adsorption amount of HA, while reduced its reversibility from 39.4 to 32.2 %. Therefore, time duration significantly influenced the amount and reversibility of membrane fouling depending on their chemical property. Corresponding results can be well reflected by a selected mathematical model. Further investigation on relevant mechanisms was conducted, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements indicated that longer adsorption duration resulted in more compacted fouling layer and stronger foulant-membrane interaction force. Our results suggest that time (adsorption duration) plays an important role in determining the reversibility of membrane fouling, while the severity is related to the inherent characteristics of foulants.