Impact of osmotic and thermal isolation barrier on concentration and temperature polarization and energy efficiency in a novel FO-MD integrated module

Enhancing water desalination efficiency through integrated photovoltaic thermal systems with phase change materials

This study investigates the effectiveness of chemically modified composite phase change materials in photovoltaic thermal solar energy systems and hybrid desalination systems in two municipalities, comparing their efficacy using different draw solutions for thorough comparison. The effect of non-composite Paraffin PCMs, Paraffin/CNTs Composite PCMs, and Nitrogen-doped graphene Composite PCMs on system efficiency over 96 h is investigated. The simulation under natural conditions looks at two scenarios: brackish water desalination in Irbid with tetraethylammonium bromide and seawater desalination in Aqaba with sodium chloride as a draw solution. When evaluated after 96 h of operation, non-composite Paraffin PCMs produced the most desalinated water compared to the two chemically modified materials, with 909.45 L and 760.43 L in the Irbid and Aqaba scenarios, respectively. In contrast, using Nitrogen-doped graphene Composite PCMs material produced the most desalinated water during night hours when compared to non-composite Paraffin PCMs; the difference was 37.36 L and 37.77 L in the Irbid and Aqaba scenarios, respectively. Electrically, using Nitrogen-doped graphene Composite PCMs material resulted in a significant improvement; the difference between using non-composite Paraffin PCMs and Nitrogen-doped graphene Composite PCMs material was 119.17 W/the first day of operation in Irbid and 107.16 W/the first day of operation in Aqaba. In the Irbid scenario, the difference in evaporation efficiency and specific thermal energy consumption at 4 a.m. between Nitrogen-doped graphene Composite PCMs and non-composite Paraffin PCMs was 6.26% and 334.47 kWh/m3, respectively. In contrast, it was 7.12% and 439.57 kWh/m3 in the Aqaba scenario, with Nitrogen-doped graphene Composite PCMs being the best option.

Toward a universal framework for evaluating transport resistances and driving forces in membrane-based desalination processes

Desalination technologies using salt-rejecting membranes are a highly efficient tool to provide fresh water and augment existing water supplies. In recent years, numerous studies have worked to advance a variety of membrane processes with different membrane types and driving forces, but direct quantitative comparisons of these different technologies have led to confusing and contradictory conclusions in the literature. In this Review, we critically assess different membrane-based desalination technologies and provide a universal framework for comparing various driving forces and membrane types. To accomplish this, we first quantify the thermodynamic driving forces resulting from pressure, concentration, and temperature gradients. We then examine the resistances experienced by water molecules as they traverse liquid- and air-filled membranes. Last, we quantify water fluxes in each process for differing desalination scenarios. We conclude by synthesizing results from the literature and our quantitative analyses to compare desalination processes, identifying specific scenarios where each process has fundamental advantages.

Towards sustainable circular brine reclamation using seawater reverse osmosis, membrane distillation and forward osmosis hybrids: An experimental investigation

Desalination and wastewater treatment technologies require an effective solution for brine management to ensure environmental sustainability, which is closely linked with efficient process operations, reduction of chemical dosages, and valorization of brines. Within the scope of desalination brine reclamation, a circular system consisting of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), membrane distillation (MD), and forward osmosis (FO) three-process hybrid is investigated. The proposed design increases water recovery from SWRO brine (by MD) and dilutes concentrated brine to seawater level (by FO) for SWRO feed. It ultimately reduces SWRO process brine disposal and improves crystallization efficiency for a zero-liquid discharge application. The operating range of the hybrid system is indicated by a seawater volumetric concentration factor (VCF) ranging from 1.0 to 2.2, which covers practical and sustainable operation in full-scale applications. Within the proposed VCF range, different operating conditions of the MD and FO processes were evaluated in series with concentrated seawater as well as real SWRO brine from a full-scale desalination plant. Water quality and membrane surface were analyzed before and after experiments to assess the impact of the SWRO brine. Despite their low concentration (0.13 mg/L as phosphorous), antiscalants present in SWRO brine alleviated the flux decline in MD operations by 68.3% compared to operations using seawater concentrate, while no significant influence was observed on the FO process. A full spectrum of water quality analysis of real SWRO brine and Red Sea water is made available for future SWRO brine reclamation studies. The operating conditions and experimental results have shown the potential of the SWRO-MD-FO hybrid system for a circular brine reclamation.

Investigation of flux stability and fouling mechanism during simultaneous treatment of different produced water streams using forward osmosis and membrane distillation

Forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrids were recently found suitable for produced water treatment. Exclusion of synthetic chemical draw solutions, typically used for FO, can reduce FO-MD operational costs and ease its onsite application. This study experimentally validates a novel concept for the simultaneous treatment of different produced water streams available at the same industrial site using an FO-MD hybrid system. The water oil separator outlet (WO) stream was selected as FO draw solution and it generated average fluxes ranging between 8.30 LMH and 26.78 LMH with four different feed streams. FO fluxes were found to be governed by the complex composition of the feed streams. On the other hand, with WO stream as MD feed, an average flux of 14.41 LMH was achieved. Calcium ions were found as a main reason for MD flux decline in the form of CaSO₄ scaling and stimulating the interaction between the membrane and humic acid molecules to form scale layer causing reduction in heat transfer and decline in MD flux (6%). Emulsified oil solution was responsible for partial pore clogging resulting in further 2% flux decline. Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA) was able to mask a portion of calcium ions and resulted in a complete recovery of the original MD flux. Under hybrid FO-MD experiments MD fluxes between 5.62 LMH and 11.12 LMH were achieved. Therefore, the novel concept is validated to produce fairly stable FO and MD fluxes, with few streams, without severe fouling and producing excellent product water quality.