Nickel catalyzed hydrosilane reduction of (het)arenecarboxylic acids into aldehydes

Ring Opening Reduction of Cyclic Anhydrides Catalyzed by Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane Using Hydrosilanes as a Hydride Source

Hydrosilanes are widely used as reducing agents in the reduction of carbonyl groups, and various catalysts have been developed for the activation of hydrosilanes, the majority of them being transition metal-based. A main-group-based Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) has gained increasing attention due to its Lewis acidity and versatility, along with being nonmetal. Herein, we describe the BCF-catalyzed ring opening reduction of cyclic anhydrides using hydrosilanes as a source of hydrides. The reduction affords unsymmetrical bis(silyl) protected hydroxy acids, leading to an efficient way for the synthesis of silyl ester functionalities. The capability of forming protected hydroxy acids under mild conditions with high yields in one step is also advantageous. A range of hydrosilanes and cyclic anhydrides can be employed with quantitative conversion, high yields, relatively fast reaction time, and mild reaction conditions. NMR spectroscopy is used in the characterization of the products, along with gaining insight into the potential mechanism.

Partial reductions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives to aldehydes

Recent advances in partial reductions of inert carboxylic acids and their derivatives to active aldehydes are reviewed.