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Johansson BB, Fjeld K, El Jellas K, Gravdal A, Dalva M, Tjora E, Ræder H, Kulkarni RN, Johansson S, Njølstad PR, Molven A. The role of the carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) gene in pancreatic disease. Pancreatology 2018; 18:12-19. [PMID: 29233499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), also known as bile salt-dependent or -stimulated lipase (BSDL, BSSL), hydrolyzes dietary fat, cholesteryl esters and fat-soluble vitamins in the duodenum. CEL is mainly expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and lactating mammary glands. The human CEL gene resides on chromosome 9q34.3 and contains a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region that encodes a mucin-like protein tail. Although the number of normal repeats does not appear to significantly influence the risk for pancreatic disease, single-base pair deletions in the first VNTR repeat cause a syndrome of endocrine and exocrine dysfunction denoted MODY8. Hallmarks are low fecal elastase levels and pancreatic lipomatosis manifesting before the age of twenty, followed by development of diabetes and pancreatic cysts later in life. The mutant protein forms intracellular and extracellular aggregates, suggesting that MODY8 is a protein misfolding disease. Recently, a recombined allele between CEL and its pseudogene CELP was discovered. This allele (CEL-HYB) encodes a chimeric protein with impaired secretion increasing five-fold the risk for chronic pancreatitis. The CEL gene has proven to be exceptionally polymorphic due to copy number variants of the CEL-CELP locus and alterations involving the VNTR. Genome-wide association studies or deep sequencing cannot easily pick up this wealth of genetic variation. CEL is therefore an attractive candidate gene for further exploration of links to pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente B Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karianne Fjeld
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Khadija El Jellas
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anny Gravdal
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Monica Dalva
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erling Tjora
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Ræder
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Ræder H, Vesterhus M, El Ouaamari A, Paulo JA, McAllister FE, Liew CW, Hu J, Kawamori D, Molven A, Gygi SP, Njølstad PR, Kahn CR, Kulkarni RN. Absence of diabetes and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in a transgenic model of carboxyl-ester lipase-MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of the young). PLoS One 2013; 8:e60229. [PMID: 23565203 PMCID: PMC3615023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CEL-MODY is a monogenic form of diabetes with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by mutations in CARBOXYL-ESTER LIPASE (CEL). The pathogenic processes underlying CEL-MODY are poorly understood, and the global knockout mouse model of the CEL gene (CELKO) did not recapitulate the disease. We therefore aimed to create and phenotype a mouse model specifically over-expressing mutated CEL in the pancreas. Methods We established a monotransgenic floxed (flanking LOX sequences) mouse line carrying the human CEL mutation c.1686delT and crossed it with an elastase-Cre mouse to derive a bitransgenic mouse line with pancreas-specific over-expression of CEL carrying this disease-associated mutation (TgCEL). Following confirmation of murine pancreatic expression of the human transgene by real-time quantitative PCR, we phenotyped the mouse model fed a normal chow and compared it with mice fed a 60% high fat diet (HFD) as well as the effects of short-term and long-term cerulein exposure. Results Pancreatic exocrine function was normal in TgCEL mice on normal chow as assessed by serum lipid and lipid-soluble vitamin levels, fecal elastase and fecal fat absorption, and the normoglycemic mice exhibited normal pancreatic morphology. On 60% HFD, the mice gained weight to the same extent as controls, had normal pancreatic exocrine function and comparable glucose tolerance even after resuming normal diet and follow up up to 22 months of age. The cerulein-exposed TgCEL mice gained weight and remained glucose tolerant, and there were no detectable mutation-specific differences in serum amylase, islet hormones or the extent of pancreatic tissue inflammation. Conclusions In this murine model of human CEL-MODY diabetes, we did not detect mutation-specific endocrine or exocrine pancreatic phenotypes, in response to altered diets or exposure to cerulein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Ræder
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Burchardt P, Zurawski J, Zuchowski B, Kubacki T, Murawa D, Wiktorowicz K, Wysocki H. Low-density lipoprotein, its susceptibility to oxidation and the role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and carboxyl ester lipase lipases in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9:151-8. [PMID: 23515030 PMCID: PMC3598136 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.33176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a very well established risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD). Unoxidized LDL is an inert transport vehicle of cholesterol and other lipids in the body and is thought to be atherogenic. Recently it has been appreciated that oxidized products of LDL are responsible for plaque formation properties previously attributed to the intact particle. The goal of this article is to review the recent understanding of the LDL oxidation pathway. The role of oxidized products and key enzymes (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and carboxyl ester lipase) are also extensively discussed in the context of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Burchardt
- Division of Cardiology-Intensive Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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