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Basak AJ, Maiti S, Hansda A, Mahata D, Duraivelan K, Kundapura SV, Lee W, Mukherjee G, De S, Samanta D. Structural Insights into N-terminal IgV Domain of BTNL2, a T Cell Inhibitory Molecule, Suggests a Non-canonical Binding Interface for Its Putative Receptors. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5938-5950. [PMID: 32976909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T cell costimulation is mediated by the interaction of a number of receptors and ligands present on the surface of the T cell and antigen-presenting cell, respectively. Stimulatory or inhibitory signals from these receptor-ligand interactions work in tandem to preserve immune homeostasis. BTNL2 is a type-1 membrane protein that provides inhibitory signal to T cells and plays an important role in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, manipulation of the molecular interaction of BTNL2 with its putative receptor could provide strategies to restore immune homeostasis in these diseases. Hence, it is imperative to study the structural characteristics of this molecule, which will provide important insights into its function as well. In this study, the membrane-distal ectodomain of murine BTNL2 was expressed in bacteria as inclusion bodies, refolded in vitro and purified for functional and structural characterization. The domain is monomeric in solution as demonstrated by size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation, and also binds to its putative receptor on naïve B cells and activated T cell subsets. Importantly, for the first time, we report the structure of BTNL2 as determined by solution NMR spectroscopy and also the picosecond-nanosecond timescale backbone dynamics of this domain. The N-terminal ectodomain of BTNL2, which was able to inhibit T cell function as well, exhibits distinctive structural features. The N-terminal ectodomain of BTNL2 has a significantly reduced surface area in the front sheet due to the non-canonical conformation of the CC' loop, which provides important insights into the recognition of its presently unknown binding partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya J Basak
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Snigdha Maiti
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Anita Hansda
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Mahata
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India; School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Shankar V Kundapura
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Woonghee Lee
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, and Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
| | - Soumya De
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
| | - Dibyendu Samanta
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
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Nishimura T, Yamada A, Kinoshita M, Ohara O, Moritake H. BTNL2 germline variants may be involved in the pathogenesis of renal granuloma. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:834-836. [PMID: 31454127 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toyoki Nishimura
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ai Yamada
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mariko Kinoshita
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Genome Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Moritake
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Analysis of the VSX1 gene in sporadic keratoconus patients from China. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:173. [PMID: 28950846 PMCID: PMC5615802 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratoconus normally presents as a sporadic disease. Although different studies have found sequence variants of the visual system homeobox 1 (VSX1) gene associated with keratoconus in humans, no research has detected such variants in sporadic keratoconus patients from China. To investigate the possibility of VSX1 being a candidate susceptibility gene for Chinese patients with sporadic keratoconus, we performed sequence screening of this gene in such patients. Methods Whole DNA was obtained from the leukocytes in the peripheral venous blood of 50 patients with sporadic keratoconus and 50 control subjects without this ocular disorder. Polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct DNA sequencing technology were used to detect sequence variation in the five exons and splicing regions of the introns of the VSX1 gene. The sequencing results were analyzed using DNAstar software. Results One novel missense heterozygous sequence variant (p.Arg131Pro) was found in the first exon of the VSX1 gene in one keratoconus patient. Another heterozygous sequence variant (p.Gly160Val) in the second exon was found in two keratoconus patients. These variants were not detected in the control subjects. In the third intron of the VSX1 gene, c.8326G > A nucleotide substitution (including heterozygous and homozygous change) was also discovered. The frequency of this variation did not differ significantly between patients and controls, it should belong to single-nucleotide polymorphism of the VSX1 gene. Bioinformatic analysis also predicted that one missense sequence variation (p.Arg131Pro) may not cause a pathogenic change. Conclusions In this study, we added one novel missense sequence variation (p.Arg131Pro) in the coding region of the VSX1 gene to the range of VSX1 coding region variations observed in patients with sporadic keratoconus from China. Our work suggests that VSX1 sequence variants might be involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic keratoconus, but their precise role in disease causation requires further investigation.
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Pacheco Y, Calender A, Israël-Biet D, Roy P, Lebecque S, Cottin V, Bouvry D, Nunes H, Sève P, Pérard L, Devouassoux G, Freymond N, Khouatra C, Wallaert B, Lamy R, Elsensohn MH, Bardel C, Valeyre D. Familial vs. sporadic sarcoidosis: BTNL2 polymorphisms, clinical presentations, and outcomes in a French cohort. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:165. [PMID: 27914482 PMCID: PMC5135764 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The occurrence of familial forms of sarcoidosis (OMIM 181100) suggests a genetic predisposition. The involvement of butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) gene (rs2076530 variant) has to be investigated. Results The study performed independent analyses of BTNL2 polymorphism, clinical phenotypes, and outcomes in familial vs. sporadic presentations in 256 sporadic and 207 familial cases from 140 families. The logistic multivariate model showed that a young age at diagnosis and the combination of lung and skin involvement at diagnosis may distinguish sporadic from familial sarcoidosis (p = 0.016 and p = 0.041). We observed also that Sarcoid Clinical Activity Classification (SCAC) profiles were significantly different between familial and sporadic cases (p = 0.0497). Variant rs2076530 was more frequent in patients than in controls (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: [1.32–3.09]) but showed no difference between sporadic and familial cases and no difference according to the clinical phenotype or the outcome. Conclusion Despite a significant difference in BTNL2 polymorphism between sarcoid patients and controls, there was no such difference between familial and sporadic sarcoidosis cases and no correlation between BTNL2 polymorphism and disease severity or outcome. Thus, BTNL2 difference cannot be considered as a key marker for disease classification or patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Pacheco
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, EA-7426, Lyon, France. .,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - EA-7426, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, F-69495, Pierre Benite, France.
| | - Alain Calender
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Plateforme de génétique moléculaire, CR-21076, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Israël-Biet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Compétence des maladies pulmonaires rares, Université René Descartes - Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Roy
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, Lyon, France
| | - Serge Lebecque
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon-Sud, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon1, INSERM U1052 - CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Cottin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, UMR 754, Lyon, France
| | - Diane Bouvry
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Université Paris13, EA2363, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hilario Nunes
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Université Paris13, EA2363, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Sève
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Croix-Rousse, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Pérard
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Devouassoux
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Croix-Rousse, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Freymond
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, EA-7426, Lyon, France
| | - Chahira Khouatra
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, UMR 754, Lyon, France
| | - Benoît Wallaert
- Centre hospitalo-universitaire de Lille, Service de Pneumologie et Immunoallergologie, Centre de Compétence Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Raphaelle Lamy
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Plateforme de génétique moléculaire, CR-21076, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, Lyon, France
| | - Mad-Hélénie Elsensohn
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Bardel
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Valeyre
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Université Paris13, EA2363, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonnecrotizing granulomas in the affected organ are the hallmark of sarcoidosis. This review summarizes most recent genetic findings in sarcoidosis with a focus on genes that might influence granuloma formation or resolution. Specific results in multiple ethnic groups and certain clinical subphenotypes, such as extra-pulmonary organ involvement, are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Associations of genetic variants in antigen-presenting molecules (HLA-DRB1) were shown to confer risk to sarcoidosis and certain disease phenotypes in populations of different ethnic origins. Specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0301 and *0302, appear to confer protection against chronic disease, but in an ethnic-specific manner illustrating the extensive genetic heterogeneity and complexity at this locus. Mechanistic studies of putative sarcoid antigens lend further credence to a role of HLA-DRB1 in disease pathogenesis. With relevance to granuloma formation, genes involved in apoptotic processes and immune cell activation were further confirmed (ANXA11 and BTNL2) in multiple ethnicities; others were newly identified (XAF1). Linking mechanism to clinical application, a TNF variant was shown to correlate with anti-TNF response in sarcoidosis patients. SUMMARY The investigation of known and novel risk variants for sarcoidosis and specific clinical phenotypes in various ethnicities highlights the genetic complexity of the disease. Detailed subanalysis of disease phenotypes revealed the potential for prediction of extra-pulmonary organ involvement and therapy response based on the patient's genotype.
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