Listeriolysin S may inhibit the anti-listerial properties of Lactobacillus plantarum

Listeria monocytogenes gut interactions and listeriosis: Gut modulation and pathogenicity

Following ingestion via contaminated food, Listeria monocytogenes faces multiple hurdles through the human digestive system, thereby influencing its capacity to cause infection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted mechanisms employed by L. monocytogenes to overcome gastrointestinal hurdles and interact with the host's microbiota, facing chemical and physical barriers such as saliva, stomach acidity, bile salts and mechanical clearance. Proposed evasion strategies will be highlighted, exploring the bacteriocins produced by L. monocytogenes, such as the well-described bacteriocin Listeriolysin S (LLS), a bacteriocin that inhibits inflammogenic species - Lmo2776, and a phage tail-like bacteriocin, monocin. The competitive dynamic interactions within the gut microbiota, as well as the modulation of microbiota composition and immune responses, will also be explored. Finally, the adhesion and invasion of the intestinal epithelium by L. monocytogenes is described, exploring the mechanism of pathogenesis, biofilm and aggregation capacities and other virulence factors. Unlike previous reviews that may focus on individual aspects of L. monocytogenes pathogenicity, this review offers a holistic perspective on the bacterium's ability to persist and cause infection, integrating information about survival strategies, including bacteriocin production, immune modulation, and virulence factors. By connecting recent findings on microbial interactions and infection dynamics, this review incorporates recent developments in the field and connects various lines of research that explore both host and microbial factors influencing infection outcomes.

Investigating the Antimicrobial Effects of a Novel Peptide Derived From Listeriolysin S on S aureus, E coli, and L plantarum: An In Silico and In Vitro Study

Aims

The emergence of antibiotic resistance is one of the most significant issues today. Modifying antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can improve their effects. In this study, the active region of Listeriolysin S (LLS) as a peptidic toxin has been recognized, and its antibacterial properties have been evaluated by modifying that region.

Methods

After extracting the sequence, the structure of LLS was predicted by PEP-FOLD3. AntiBP and AMPA servers identified its antimicrobial active site. It was modified by adding arginine residue to its 3- and N-terminal regions. Its antimicrobial properties on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Lactobacillus Plantarum were estimated.

Findings

The results of AntiBP and AntiBP servers demonstrated that a region of 15 amino acids has the most antimicrobial properties (score = 1.696). After adding arginine to the chosen region, the physicochemical evaluation and antimicrobial properties revealed that the designed peptide is a stable AMP with a positive charge of 4, which is not toxic to human erythrocyte cells and has antigenic properties. The results of in vitro and colony counting indicated that at different hours, it caused a significant reduction in the count of S aureus, E coli, and L Plantarum compared with the control sample.

Conclusions

Upcoming research implies that identifying and enhancing the active sites of natural peptides can help combat bacteria.

The mobilome of Lactobacillus crispatus M247 includes two novel genetic elements: Tn7088 coding for a putative bacteriocin and the siphovirus prophage ΦM247

Lactobacillus crispatus is a member of the vaginal and gastrointestinal human microbiota. Here we determined the complete genome sequence of the probiotic strain M247 combining Nanopore and Illumina technologies. The M247 genome is organized in one circular chromosome of 2 336 109 bp, with a GC content of 37.04 % and 2303 ORFs, of which 1962 could be annotated. Analysis of the M247 mobilome, which accounts for 14 % of the whole genome, revealed the presence of: (i) Tn7088, a novel 14 105 bp long integrative and mobilizable element (IME) containing 16 ORFs; (ii) ΦM247, a novel 42 510 bp long siphovirus prophage containing 52 ORFs; (iii) three clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs); and (iv) 226 insertion sequences (ISs) belonging to 14 different families. Tn7088 has a modular organization including a mobilization module encoding FtsK homologous proteins and a relaxase, an integration/excision module coding for an integrase and an excisionase, and an adaptation module coding for a class I bacteriocin and homologous to the listeriolysin S (lls) locus of Listeria monocytogenes. Genome-wide homology search analysis showed the presence of Tn7088-like elements in 12 out of 23 L. crispatus complete public genomes. Mobilization and integration/excision modules are essentially conserved, while the adaptation module is variable since it is the target site for the integration of different ISs. Prophage ΦM247 contains genes for phage structural proteins, DNA replication and packaging, lysogenic and lytic cycles. ΦM247-like prophages are present in seven L. crispatus complete genomes, with sequence variability mainly due to the integration of ISs. PCR and sequencing showed that the Tn7088 IME excises from the M247 chromosome producing a circular form at a concentration of 4.32×10-5 copies per chromosome, and reconstitution of the Tn7088 chromosomal target site occurred at 6.65×10-4 copies per chromosome. The ΦM247 prophage produces an excised form and a reconstituted target site at a level of 3.90×10-5 and 2.48×10-5 copies per chromosome, respectively. This study identified two novel genetic elements in L. crispatus. Tn7088 represents the first example of an IME carrying a biosynthetic gene cluster for a class I bacteriocin in L. crispatus.

Investigating the effect of the inhibitory peptide on L.monocytogenes cell invasion: an in silico and in vitro study

AIMS

L.monocytogenes monocytogenes is an omnipresent bacterium that causes a fatal food-borne illness, listeriosis. The connection of this bacterium to E-cadherin through internalin A plays a significant role in the internalization of the bacteria. In this study, this interaction has been investigated for the design of an inhibitory peptide.

METHODS

The interaction of the proteins involved in the entry of bacteria was evaluated by molecular docking. According to their interactions, an inhibitory peptide was designed to bind to internalin A by server peptiderive. Its effects on L.monocytogenes invasion on the Caco-2 cell line and biofilm formation were also assessed.

FINDINGS

Docking results showed that the peptide has a high affinity for binding to Internalin A. The synthesized peptide at a concentration of 64 µg/ml inhibited 80% of the invasion of L.monocytogenes into the Caco-2 cell line. Furthermore, the studied peptide at the highest concentration had a slight inhibitory effect on biofilm formation.

CONCLUSION

These results reveal that short polypeptides can impede the invasion of target cells by L. monocytogenes in vitro and could be advantageous as restoring agents in vivo.

Genomic and pathogenicity islands of Listeria monocytogenes-overview of selected aspects

Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, a disease characterized by a high mortality rate (up to 30%). Since the pathogen is highly tolerant to changing conditions (high and low temperature, wide pH range, low availability of nutrients), it is widespread in the environment, e.g., water, soil, or food. L. monocytogenes possess a number of genes that determine its high virulence potential, i.e., genes involved in the intracellular cycle (e.g., prfA, hly, plcA, plcB, inlA, inlB), response to stress conditions (e.g., sigB, gadA, caspD, clpB, lmo1138), biofilm formation (e.g., agr, luxS), or resistance to disinfectants (e.g., emrELm, bcrABC, mdrL). Some genes are organized into genomic and pathogenicity islands. The islands LIPI-1 and LIPI-3 contain genes related to the infectious life cycle and survival in the food processing environment, while LGI-1 and LGI-2 potentially ensure survival and durability in the production environment. Researchers constantly have been searching for new genes determining the virulence of L. monocytogenes. Understanding the virulence potential of L. monocytogenes is an important element of public health protection, as highly pathogenic strains may be associated with outbreaks and the severity of listeriosis. This review summarizes the selected aspects of L. monocytogenes genomic and pathogenicity islands, and the importance of whole genome sequencing for epidemiological purposes.

Combination of Antibiotics-Nisin Reduces the Formation of Persister Cell in Listeria monocytogenes

Persister cells are a subpopulation of bacteria with the ability of survival when exposed to lethal doses of antibiotics, and are responsible for antibiotic therapy failure and infection recurrences. In this study, we investigated persister cell formation and the role of nisin in combination with antibiotics in reducing persistence in Listeria monocytogenes. We also examined the expression of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems in persister cells of L. monocytogenes to gain a better understanding of the effect of TA systems on persister cell formation. To induce persistence, L. monocytogenes were exposed to high doses of different antibiotics over a period of 24 hr, and the expression levels of TA system was genes were measured 5 hr after the addition of antibiotics by the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. To investigate the effect of nisin, L. monocytogenes was exposed to a combination of nisin and antibiotics. According to our results, L. monocytogenes was highly capable of persister cell formation, and the combination of nisin and antibiotics resulted in reduced persistence. qRT-PCR results showed a significant increase in GNAT/RHH expression among the studied systems. Overall, our results demonstrated the potential of the combination of nisin and antibiotics in reducing persister cell formation, and emphasized the role of the GNAT/RHH system in bacterial persistence.