Immunofluorescence and molecular diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza virus in the naturally infected young cattle and buffaloes from India

Molecular Characterisation and Antibody Response to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Vaccinated and Infected Cattle in Turkey

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of cattle. In this study, frequency of infection, analysis of variants, and the immune status of vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle were studied. Blood (n = 162) and nasal/oropharyngeal (n = 277) swabs were collected from 62 cattle herds in Turkey. Lung samples (n = 37) were also taken from dead animals and abattoirs. Antibodies to BRSV were detected in 76 (46%) out of 162 sera. The antibody levels in the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were statistically significant. Among 277 nasal/oropharyngeal swabs and 37 lungs, ten nasal/oropharyngeal and four lung samples were positive for BRSV-RNA. BRSV-G gene sequences of 5 out of 14 RT-PCR positive samples showed that all viruses clustered as Group-III in phylogenetic analysis with 88-100% homology. Similarity with previous Turkish BRSVs was 89-98%, and that with BRSVs detected in the USA and Czechia was 89.47-93.12%. BRSV continues to circulate in Turkish cattle, and vaccination seems beneficial in preventing BRSV. The diversity of the BRSVs found in this study needs be considered in vaccination strategies.

Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Virus Detection Methods and Prevalence in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI3V) is an important respiratory pathogen in cattle, contributing to syndromes in the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Despite its significance, the understanding of its prevalence remains fragmented, especially within the larger framework of BRDC. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the global prevalence of BPI3V in cattle using varied detection methods and to highlight associated risk factors. Of 2187 initially retrieved articles, 71 were selected for analysis, covering 32 countries. Depending on the detection method employed, the meta-analysis revealed significant variations in BPI3V prevalence. In the general cattle population, the highest prevalence was observed using the antibody detection method, with a proportion of 0.64. In contrast, in cattle with BRDC, a prevalence of 0.75 was observed. For the antigen detection method, a prevalence of 0.15 was observed, exclusively in cattle with BRDC. In nucleic acid detection, a prevalence of 0.05 or 0.10 was observed in the general and BRDC cattle populations, respectively. In virus isolation methods, a prevalence of 0.05 or 0.04 was observed in the general and BRDC cattle populations, respectively. These findings highlight the differences in the detection ability of different methods in identifying BPI3V. Other factors, such as country, study year, coinfections, farm size, the presence of respiratory signs, sex, and body weight, may also affect the prevalence. Most studies were anchored within broader BRDC investigations or aimed at detecting other diseases, indicating a potential under-representation of focused BPI3V research. BPI3V plays an important role in BRDC, with its prevalence varying significantly based on the detection methodology. To further understand its unique role within BRDC and pave the way for targeted interventions, there is an evident need for independent, dedicated research on BPI3V.

A Review of UK-Registered and Candidate Vaccines for Bovine Respiratory Disease

Vaccination is widely regarded as a cornerstone in animal or herd health and infectious disease management. Nineteen vaccines against the major pathogens implicated in bovine respiratory disease are registered for use in the UK by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). However, despite annual prophylactic vaccination, bovine respiratory disease is still conservatively estimated to cost the UK economy approximately £80 million per annum. This review examines the vaccine types available, discusses the surrounding literature and scientific rationale of the limitations and assesses the potential of novel vaccine technologies.

Pathological study and detection of Bovine parainfluenza 3 virus in pneumonic sheep lungs using direct immunofluorescence antibody technique

Bovine parainfluenza 3 virus is a common virus that causes respiratory tract infection in cattle, sheep, and goats worldwide. The objective of this study is to identify macroscopic and histopathological lung lesions in slaughtered sheep during the period from December 2018 to December 2019 and to determine the presence of Bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPI3V) in frozen sheep pneumonic lung using a direct immunofluorescence antibody technique (DFAT). The overall prevalence of lung affection was 11% (1440/13084). The gross lesions were acute bronchopneumonia (58.12%), interstitial pneumonia (07.15%), fibrinous bronchopneumonia (10.70%), suppurative bronchopneumonia (03.47%), verminous pneumonia (13.75%), and ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (06.81%). There was a significant difference in the rate of pulmonary lesions according to the seasons of the study. The lesions were more frequently observed in autumn and winter with a rate of 34.17% and 28.05%, respectively. The DFAT was carried out only on 107 pneumonic samples with interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous bronchopneumonia, and acute bronchopneumonia. The BPI3V antigens were detected in 12 samples (11.21%). This is the first study that revealed the presence of the BPI3V in pneumonic sheep lungs in Batna region using the direct immunofluorescence antibody technique. The latter may be used for definite diagnosis when histopathological modifications in pneumonic sheep caused by this virus are difficult to distinguish from those caused by other respiratory viruses.