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Ejaz M, Syed MA, Jackson CR, Sharif M, Faryal R. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Non-Susceptible to Vancomycin in South Asia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:972. [PMID: 37370291 PMCID: PMC10295507 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens among which multidrug resistance has emerged. Resistance to methicillin has resulted in clinicians using the antibiotic of last resort, vancomycin, to treat infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). However, excessive use and misuse of vancomycin are major causes of resistance among S. aureus strains. South Asia encompasses ~25% of the world's population, and countries in South Asia are often characterized as low- and middle-income with poor healthcare infrastructure that may contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Here, we briefly highlight the mechanism of vancomycin resistance, its emergence in S. aureus, and the molecular epidemiology of non-susceptible S. aureus to vancomycin in the South Asian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz
- Department of Microbiology, Government Postgraduate College Mandian Abbottabad, Abbottabad 22044, Pakistan;
- Department of Microbiology, Qauid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (M.S.); (R.F.)
| | - Muhammad Ali Syed
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan;
| | - Charlene R. Jackson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Mehmoona Sharif
- Department of Microbiology, Qauid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (M.S.); (R.F.)
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Qauid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (M.S.); (R.F.)
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Shoaib M, Aqib AI, Muzammil I, Majeed N, Bhutta ZA, Kulyar MFEA, Fatima M, Zaheer CNF, Muneer A, Murtaza M, Kashif M, Shafqat F, Pu W. MRSA compendium of epidemiology, transmission, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention within one health framework. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1067284. [PMID: 36704547 PMCID: PMC9871788 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1067284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is recognized as commensal as well as opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals. Methicillin resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major pathogen in hospitals, community and veterinary settings that compromises the public health and livestock production. MRSA basically emerged from MSSA after acquiring SCCmec element through gene transfer containing mecA gene responsible for encoding PBP-2α. This protein renders the MRSA resistant to most of the β-lactam antibiotics. Due to the continuous increasing prevalence and transmission of MRSA in hospitals, community and veterinary settings posing a major threat to public health. Furthermore, high pathogenicity of MRSA due to a number of virulence factors produced by S. aureus along with antibiotic resistance help to breach the immunity of host and responsible for causing severe infections in humans and animals. The clinical manifestations of MRSA consist of skin and soft tissues infection to bacteremia, septicemia, toxic shock, and scalded skin syndrome. Moreover, due to the increasing resistance of MRSA to number of antibiotics, there is need to approach alternatives ways to overcome economic as well as human losses. This review is going to discuss various aspects of MRSA starting from emergence, transmission, epidemiology, pathophysiology, disease patterns in hosts, novel treatment, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Muzammil
- Department of Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Majeed
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mahreen Fatima
- Faculty of Biosciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Afshan Muneer
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Furqan Shafqat
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Wanxia Pu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang Z, Liu P, Wang W, Wang S, Li B, Li J, Yang B, Li M, Li Q, Yang H, Huang Z, Liu L. Epidemiology and Drug Resistance of Fracture-Related Infection of the Long Bones of the Extremities: A Retrospective Study at the Largest Trauma Center in Southwest China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:923735. [PMID: 35903480 PMCID: PMC9315197 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.923735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the demographic characteristics, risk factors, and bacterial resistance of fracture-related infection (FRI) of the long bones of the extremities. Materials and Methods This single-center study retrospectively evaluated patients with FRI of the long bones of the extremities at West China Hospital between January 2012 and December 2017, and analyzed the demographic characteristics, risk factors, distribution of pathogenic bacteria, and bacterial drug resistance. Results Among 9,900 patients, 535 patients (5.4%) were diagnosed with FRI. The most common site of FRI was tibiofibular (298, 55.7%), with 424 cases (79.2%) of open fractures, and 282 cases (52.7%) due to traffic injuries. The 41–50 years age group had the highest incidence of FRI with 157 (29.3%) cases. Overall, 546 strains of 52 types of bacteria were detected in FRI patients, with 105 strains of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (48, 8.8%) and extended-spectrum-β-lactamase Escherichia coli (32, 5.8%) accounted for the largest proportion. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.813; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.071∼3.070; P = 0.027) and fracture type (OR 3.128; 95% CI, 1.683∼5.815; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for monomicrobial infection (MI). Female sex (OR 4.190; 95% CI, 1.212∼14.486; P = 0.024) was an independent risk factor for polymicrobial infection (PI). Conclusion This study clarified the infection rates, changes in the bacterial spectrum, and drug resistance characteristics, and risk factors of FRI of the long bones of the extremities in the largest trauma center in southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengdong Zhang,
| | - Pan Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanxi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bohua Li
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Banyin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeyu Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Zeyu Huang,
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Lei Liu,
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Pimentel-Filho NDJ, Fuchs S, Baracat-Pereira MC, Mantovani HC, Riedel K, Vanetti MCD. Protein expression profiling of Staphylococcus aureus in response to the bacteriocin bovicin HC5. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7857-7869. [PMID: 34554273 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alternative strategies to antibiotic treatment are required to inhibit pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteriocins, such as the lantibiotic bovicin HC5, have shown potential to control pathogens. This study aims to evaluate the stress response of S. aureus to bovicin HC5 using a proteomic approach. Sublethal concentrations of the bacteriocin repressed the synthesis of 62 cytoplasmic proteins, whereas 42 proteins were induced in S. aureus COL. Specifically, synthesis of several proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis, mainly products of ilv-leu operon, and DNA metabolism, such as DNA polymerase I, decreased following bovicin treatment while proteins involved in catabolism, mainly tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism, and chaperones were over-expressed. The levels of CodY and CcpA, important regulators involved in the stationary phase adaptation and catabolite repression, respectively, also increased in the presence of the bacteriocin. These results indicate that stress caused by the sublethal concentration of bovicin HC5 in the cell membrane results in growth reduction, reduced protein synthesis, and, at the same time, enhanced the levels of chaperones and enzymes involved in energy-efficient catabolism in an attempt to restore energy and cell homeostasis. These results bring relevant information to amplify the knowledge concerning the bacterial physiological changes in response to the stress caused by the cell exposition to bovicin HC5. New potential targets for controlling this pathogen can also be determined from the new protein expression pattern presented. KEY POINTS: • Bovicin HC5 changed the synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins of S. aureus. • Bovicin HC5 interfered in the synthesis of proteins of amino acids biosynthesis. • Synthesis of chaperones enhanced in the presence of sublethal dosage of bovicin HC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan de Jesus Pimentel-Filho
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.,Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.,Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12 - SP 189, Buri, SP, 18290-000, Brazil
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Cristina Baracat-Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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