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Calderón IL, Barros MJ, Fernández-Navarro N, Acuña LG. Detection of Nucleic Acids of the Fish Pathogen Yersinia ruckeri from Planktonic and Biofilm Samples with a CRISPR/Cas13a-Based Assay. Microorganisms 2024; 12:283. [PMID: 38399687 PMCID: PMC10892712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is the cause of hemorrhagic septicemia, known as enteric redmouth disease, in salmonid fish species. This bacterial pathogen can form biofilms on abiotic surfaces of aquaculture settings or even on the surfaces of the fish themselves, contributing to their persistence in the aquatic environment. Detection methods for this and other fish pathogens can be time-consuming and lack specificity and sensitivity, limiting timely monitoring, the treatment of microbial infections, and effective control of their transmission in aquaculture settings. Rapid and sensitive detection methods for nucleic acids can be crucial for an appropriate surveillance of bacterial pathogens, and the CRISPR/Cas-based assays have emerged as a good alternative since it has been proven to be a useful tool for the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of viruses and some bacteria. In this study, we explored the capability of the CRISPR/Cas13a system (SHERLOCK) to specifically detect both DNA and RNA (gene transcripts) from planktonic and biofilm samples of the bacterial fish pathogen Y. ruckeri. The assay was designed to detect the gyrA gene and the small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) MicA and RprA from planktonic cultures and biofilm samples prepared in marine broth. The specific crRNA designed for these gene targets included a 28 nt specific gene sequence, and a scaffold sequence necessary for Cas13-binding. For all the assays, the nucleic acids obtained from samples were previously subjected to isothermal amplification with the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method and the subsequent T7 transcription of the RPA amplicons. Finally, the detection of nucleic acids of Y. ruckeri was by means of a reporter signal released by the Cas13a collateral RNA cleavage triggered upon target recognition, measured by fluorescence- or lateral-flow-based readouts. This CRISPR/Cas13a-based assay was able to specifically detect both DNA and sRNAs from the Y. ruckeri samples, and the sensitivity was comparable to that obtained with qPCR analysis, highlighting the potential applicability of this CRISPR/Cas13a-based assay for fish pathogen surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván L. Calderón
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (M.J.B.); (N.F.-N.)
| | | | | | - Lillian G. Acuña
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (M.J.B.); (N.F.-N.)
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Dayana Senthamarai M, Rajan MR, Bharathi PV. Current risks of microbial infections in fish and their prevention methods: A review. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106400. [PMID: 37863271 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
A fast-expanding sector of agriculture worldwide is aquaculture. The production of fish internationally accounts for around 44 % of the total. Even though the aquaculture environment presents several difficulties, the current development in aquaculture production comes with an increase in infectious diseases, which significantly impacts the production, profitability, and sustainability of the worldwide aquaculture business. Many infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are causative agents for fish infections. Most infectious diseases found in all types of fish like marine water, freshwater and ornamental fishes are caused by bacteria, with many of them serving as secondary opportunistic invaders that attack sick animals by affecting their natural host immunity. To overcome this, addressing health issues based on methods that have been scientifically verified and advised will help lessen the effects of fish disease. This review aims to highlight some of the common microbial-infecting agents of fish in all types of aquatic systems and their effective methods for preventing infections in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugeswaran Dayana Senthamarai
- Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul (Dt)-624 302, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Muthuswami Ruby Rajan
- Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul (Dt)-624 302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palanichamy Vidhya Bharathi
- Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul (Dt)-624 302, Tamilnadu, India
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Jaworska K, Konarska J, Gomza P, Rożen P, Nieckarz M, Krawczyk-Balska A, Brzostek K, Raczkowska A. Interplay between the RNA Chaperone Hfq, Small RNAs and Transcriptional Regulator OmpR Modulates Iron Homeostasis in the Enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11157. [PMID: 37446335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is both essential for and potentially toxic to bacteria, so the precise maintenance of iron homeostasis is necessary for their survival. Our previous study indicated that in the human enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica, the regulator OmpR directly controls the transcription of the fur, fecA and fepA genes, encoding the ferric uptake repressor and two transporters of ferric siderophores, respectively. This study was undertaken to determine the significance of the RNA chaperone Hfq and the small RNAs OmrA and RyhB1 in the post-transcriptional control of the expression of these OmpR targets. We show that Hfq silences fur, fecA and fepA expression post-transcriptionally and negatively affects the production of FLAG-tagged Fur, FecA and FepA proteins. In addition, we found that the fur gene is under the negative control of the sRNA RyhB1, while fecA and fepA are negatively regulated by the sRNA OmrA. Finally, our data revealed that the role of OmrA results from a complex interplay of transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects in the feedback circuit between the regulator OmpR and the sRNA OmrA. Thus, the expression of fur, fecA and fepA is subject to complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in order to maintain iron homeostasis in Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jaworska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Konarska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Gomza
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Rożen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Nieckarz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Krawczyk-Balska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Brzostek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Raczkowska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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Irshath AA, Rajan AP, Vimal S, Prabhakaran VS, Ganesan R. Bacterial Pathogenesis in Various Fish Diseases: Recent Advances and Specific Challenges in Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020470. [PMID: 36851346 PMCID: PMC9968037 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is a fast-growing food sector but is plagued by a plethora of bacterial pathogens that infect fish. The rearing of fish at high population densities in aquaculture facilities makes them highly susceptible to disease outbreaks, which can cause significant economic loss. Thus, immunity development in fish through vaccination against various pathogens of economically important aquaculture species has been extensively studied and has been largely accepted as a reliable method for preventing infections. Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species. In this review, we explore the multitude of studies on fish bacterial pathogens undertaken in the last decade as well as the recent advances in vaccine development for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Ahmed Irshath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Prem Rajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Sugumar Vimal
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 600 077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vasantha-Srinivasan Prabhakaran
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (R.G.)
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Fuentes DE, Acuña LG, Calderón IL. Stress response and virulence factors in bacterial pathogens relevant for Chilean aquaculture: current status and outlook of our knowledge. Biol Res 2022; 55:21. [PMID: 35642071 PMCID: PMC9153119 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the stress responses in bacteria has given us a wealth of information regarding the mechanisms employed by these bacteria in aggressive or even non-optimal living conditions. This information has been applied by several researchers to identify molecular targets related to pathogeny, virulence, and survival, among others, and to design new prophylactic or therapeutic strategies against them. In this study, our knowledge of these mechanisms has been summarized with emphasis on some aquatic pathogenic bacteria of relevance to the health and productive aspects of Chilean salmon farming (Piscirickettsia salmonis, Tenacibaculum spp., Renibacterium salmoninarum, and Yersinia ruckeri). This study will aid further investigations aimed at shedding more light on possible lines of action for these pathogens in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derie E Fuentes
- Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems, Center For Systems Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Chile Research, Santiago, Chile. .,Environmental Sustainability, Center for Systems Biotechnology (CSB-UNAB), Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Lillian G Acuña
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván L Calderón
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Wu Y, Chu W, Yang J, Xu Y, Shen Q, Yang H, Xu F, Liu Y, Lu P, Jiang K, Zhao H. Metabolic Engineering of Enterobacter aerogenes for Improved 2,3-Butanediol Production by Manipulating NADH Levels and Overexpressing the Small RNA RyhB. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:754306. [PMID: 34691005 PMCID: PMC8531500 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.754306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotechnological production of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD), a versatile platform bio-chemical and a potential biofuel, is limited due to by-product toxicity. In this study, we aimed to redirect the metabolic flux toward 2,3-BD in Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) by increasing the intracellular NADH pool. Increasing the NADH/NAD+ ratio by knocking out the NADH dehydrogenase genes (nuoC/nuoD) enhanced 2,3-BD production by up to 67% compared with wild-type E. aerogenes. When lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) was knocked out, the yield of 2,3-BD was increased by 71.2% compared to the wild type. Metabolic flux analysis revealed that upregulated expression of the sRNA RyhB led to a noteworthy shift in metabolism. The 2,3-BD titer of the best mutant Ea-2 was almost seven times higher than that of the parent strain in a 5-L fermenter. In this study, an effective metabolic engineering strategy for improved 2,3-BD production was implemented by increasing the NADH/NAD+ ratio and blocking competing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by Ministry of Agriculture of China, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Chu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayao Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yudong Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoning Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, China
| | - Fangxu Xu
- Experimental Teaching Center, College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yefei Liu
- Experimental Teaching Center, College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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The RNA Chaperone Hfq Participates in Persistence to Multiple Antibiotics in the Fish Pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071404. [PMID: 34209738 PMCID: PMC8308036 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri causes outbreaks of enteric redmouth disease in salmon aquaculture all over the world. The transient antibiotic tolerance exhibited by bacterial persisters is commonly thought to be responsible for outbreaks; however, the molecular factors underlying this behavior have not been explored in Y. ruckeri. In this study, we investigated the participation of the RNA chaperone Hfq from Y. ruckeri in antibiotic persistence. Cultures of the hfq-knockout mutant (Δhfq) exhibited faster replication, increased ATP levels and a more reductive environment than the wild type. The growth curves of bacteria exposed to sublethal concentrations of ampicillin, oxolinic acid, ciprofloxacin and polymyxin B revealed a greater susceptibility for the Δhfq strain. The time-kill curves of bacteria treated with the antibiotics mentioned above and florfenicol, using inoculums from exponential, stationary and biofilm cultures, demonstrated that the Δhfq strain has significant defects in persister cells production. To shed more light on the role of Hfq in antibiotic persistence, we analyzed its dependence on the (p)ppGpp synthetase RelA by determining the persister cells production in the absence of the relA gene. The ΔrelA and ΔrelAΔhfq strains displayed similar defects in persister cells formation, but higher than Δhfq strain. Similarly, stationary cultures of the ΔrelA and ΔrelAΔhfq strains exhibited comparable levels of ATP but higher than that of the Δhfq strain, indicating that relA is epistatic over hfq. Taken together, our findings provide valuable information on antibiotic persistence in Y. ruckeri, shedding light on the participation of Hfq in the persistence phenomenon.
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Peñaloza D, Acuña LG, Barros MJ, Núñez P, Montt F, Gil F, Fuentes JA, Calderón IL. The Small RNA RyhB Homologs from Salmonella Typhimurium Restrain the Intracellular Growth and Modulate the SPI-1 Gene Expression within RAW264.7 Macrophages. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030635. [PMID: 33803635 PMCID: PMC8002944 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) play important regulatory roles during bacterial infection. In Salmonella Typhimurium, several sRNAs are strongly up-regulated within macrophages, but little is known about their role during the infection process. Among these sRNAs, the well-characterized paralogs RyhB-1 and RyhB-2 are two regulators of gene expression mainly related with the response to iron availability. To investigate the role of the sRNAs RyhB-1 and RyhB-2 from S. Typhimurium in the infection of RAW264.7 macrophages, we analyzed several phenotypic traits from intracellular mutant strains lacking one and both sRNAs. Deletion of RyhB-1 and/or RyhB-2 resulted in increased intracellular survival and faster replication within macrophages. The bacterial metabolic status inside macrophages was also analyzed, revealing that all the mutant strains exhibited higher intracellular levels of ATP and lower NAD+/NADH ratios than the wild type. Expression analyses from bacteria infecting macrophages showed that RyhB-1 and RyhB-2 affect the intra-macrophage expression of bacterial genes associated with the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and the type III secretion system (T3SS). With a two-plasmid system and compensatory mutations, we confirmed that RyhB-1 and RyhB-2 directly interact with the mRNAs of the invasion chaperone SicA and the regulatory protein RtsB. Altogether, these results indicate that the RyhB homologs contribute to the S. Typhimurium virulence modulation inside macrophages by reducing the intracellular growth and down-regulating the SPI-1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Peñaloza
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; (D.P.); (L.G.A.); (M.J.B.); (P.N.); (F.M.)
| | - Lillian G. Acuña
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; (D.P.); (L.G.A.); (M.J.B.); (P.N.); (F.M.)
| | - M. José Barros
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; (D.P.); (L.G.A.); (M.J.B.); (P.N.); (F.M.)
| | - Paula Núñez
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; (D.P.); (L.G.A.); (M.J.B.); (P.N.); (F.M.)
| | - Fernanda Montt
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; (D.P.); (L.G.A.); (M.J.B.); (P.N.); (F.M.)
| | - Fernando Gil
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (J.A.F.); (I.L.C.); Tel.: +56-2-2770-3065 (F.G.); +56-2-2661-8373 (J.A.F.); +56-2-2770-3422 (I.L.C.)
| | - Juan A. Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (J.A.F.); (I.L.C.); Tel.: +56-2-2770-3065 (F.G.); +56-2-2661-8373 (J.A.F.); +56-2-2770-3422 (I.L.C.)
| | - Iván L. Calderón
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; (D.P.); (L.G.A.); (M.J.B.); (P.N.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (J.A.F.); (I.L.C.); Tel.: +56-2-2770-3065 (F.G.); +56-2-2661-8373 (J.A.F.); +56-2-2770-3422 (I.L.C.)
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