1
|
Veneranda M, Costantini I, Prieto-Taboada N, Larrañaga A, Castro K, Arana G, Averna A, Rescigno C, Madariaga JM. Spectroscopic-assisted archaeometric studies to determine the production technology of the VI BC Zeus Enthroned statue (Paestum, Italy) and Pre-Roman technology transfer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119294. [PMID: 33360059 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work summarizes the spectroscopic-assisted archaeometric study of the most important terracotta statue of Poseidonia-Paestum (Italy), the so-called Zeus Enthroned (VI sec. BC). The selected analytical strategy combines the mineralogical and molecular information provided by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis with the elemental data obtained from X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM/EDS). To shed light on the raw materials used to create and decorate this unique artwork, the analytical results gathered in this study helped disclosing the applied production technology. As suggested by the detected mineral assemblages, the body was prepared in two steps, using calcareous clay (CC) rich in Mg- and Fe- minerals as raw materials. The inner core and the outer depurated layers were both fired in oxidizing conditions but reaching different temperatures (≥900 °C and 850-900 °C respectively). The statue was decorated by firing manganese- (jacobsite MnFe2O4) and iron- (hematite Fe2O3) oxides in oxidizing conditions. Knowing that the decoration techniques based on the use of Mn-oxides were mastered by Etruscans rather than by Ancient Greeks, the obtained results suggest a transfer of production technology across borders, thus providing an additional clue about the flourishing commercial and cultural exchanges occurred between Greek colonies and Italic pre-Roman societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Veneranda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography and Mineralogy, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Ilaria Costantini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Nagore Prieto-Taboada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitor Larrañaga
- General Research Services (SGIker), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Kepa Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Gorka Arana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Andrea Averna
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Rescigno
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Unesco Chair on Cultural Landscape and Heritage, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria‑Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ikeoka RA, Appoloni CR, Rizzutto MA, Bandeira AM. Computed Radiography, PIXE and XRF analysis of pre-colonial pottery from Maranhão, Brazil. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|