Synthesis of carnation-like Ho3+/Co3O4 nanoflowers as a modifier for electrochemical determination of chloramphenicol in eye drop

A molybdenum disulfide/nickel ferrite-modified voltammetric sensing platform for ultra-sensitive determination of clenbuterol under the presence of an external magnetic field†

The electrochemical behavior and sensing performance of an electrode modified with NiFe₂O₄ (NFO), MoS₂, and MoS₂–NFO were thoroughly investigated using CV, EIS, DPV, and CA measurements, respectively. MoS₂–NFO/SPE provided a higher sensing performance towards the detection of clenbuterol (CLB) than other proposed electrodes. After optimization of pH and accumulation time, the current response recorded at MoS₂–NFO/SPE linearly increased with an increase of CLB concentration in the range from 1 to 50 μM, corresponding to a LOD of 0.471 μM. In the presence of an external magnetic field, there were positive impacts not only on mass transfer, ionic/charge diffusion, and absorption capacity but also on the electrocatalytic ability for redox reactions of CLB. As a result, the linear range was widened to 0.5–50 μM and the LOD value was about 0.161 μM. Furthermore, stability, repeatability, and selectivity were assessed, emphasizing their high practical applicability.

The electrochemical behavior and sensing performance of an electrode modified with NiFe₂O₄ (NFO), MoS₂, and MoS₂–NFO were thoroughly investigated using CV, EIS, DPV, and CA measurements, respectively.

A review on nanomaterial-based electrodes for the electrochemical detection of chloramphenicol and furazolidone antibiotics

To grow food for people, antibiotics were used, and these antibiotics can accumulate in the human body through food metabolism, which may have remarkably harmful effects on human health and safety. Therefore, low-cost sensors are needed for the detection of antibiotic residues in food samples. Recently, nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors such as carbon nanoparticles, graphene nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and metal-organic nanostructures have been successfully used as sensing materials for the detection of chloramphenicol (CP) and furazolidone (FZ) antibiotics. However, additional efforts are still needed to fabricate effective multi-functional nanomaterial-based electrodes for the preparation of portable electrochemical sensor devices. The current review focuses on a quick introduction to CP and FZ antibiotics, followed by an outline of the current electrochemical analytical methods. In addition, we have discussed in-depth different nanoparticle supports for the electrochemical detection of CP and FZ in different matrices such as food, environmental, and biological samples. Finally, a summary of the current problems and future perspectives in this area are also highlighted.

Advances of Drugs Electroanalysis Based on Direct Electrochemical Redox on Electrodes: A Review

The strong development of mankind is inseparable from the proper use of drugs, and the electroanalytical research of drugs occupies an important position in the field of analytical chemistry. This review mainly elaborates the research progress of drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox on various electrodes for the recent decade from 2011 to 2021. At first, we summarize some frequently used electrochemical data processing and electrochemical mechanism research derivation methods in the literature. Then, according to the drug therapeutic and application/usage purposes, the research progress of drugs electrochemical analysis is classified and discussed, where we focus on drugs electrochemical reaction mechanism. At the same time, the comparisons of electrochemical sensing performance of the drugs on various electrodes from recent studies are listed, so that readers can more intuitively compare and understand the electroanalytical sensing performance of each modified electrode for each of the drug. Finally, this review discusses the shortcomings and prospects of the drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox research.

Past and Present of Electrochemical Sensors and Methods for Amphenicol Antibiotic Analysis

Amphenicols are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Despite their benefits, they also present toxic effects and therefore their presence in animal-derived food was regulated. Various analytical methods have been reported for their trace analysis in food and environmental samples, as well as in the quality control of pharmaceuticals. Among these methods, the electrochemical ones are simpler, more rapid and cost-effective. The working electrode is the core of any electroanalytical method because the selectivity and sensitivity of the determination depend on its surface activity. Therefore, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the electrochemical sensors and methods along with their performance characteristics for chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol detection, with a focus on those reported in the last five years. Electrode modification procedures and analytical applications of the recently described devices for amphenicol electroanalysis in various matrices (pharmaceuticals, environmental, foods), together with the sample preparation methods were discussed. Therefore, the information and the concepts contained in this review can be a starting point for future new findings in the field of amphenicol electrochemical detection.

Laser-enabled flexible electrochemical sensor on finger for fast food security detection

Today's rampant abuse of antibiotics and lean meat powder disturbs environment and threatens public human health. Therefore, fast in-site detection of antibiotics or lean meat powder residue could avoid potential risks. In this work, flexible graphene electrodes (FGE) were easily and facilely patterned and prepared by CO₂ laser at room environment, which was coupled with a portable electrochemical analyzer for electronic signal transmission. Laser-enabled flexible electrochemical sensor on finger can be used for rapid real-time in-site electrochemical identification of chloramphenicol (CAP), clenbuterol (CLB) and ractopamine (RAC) in meat. The electrochemical response of CAP, CLB and RAC is investigated with the limit of detection of 2.70, 1.29 and 7.81 μM and the linear range of 10-200, 5-80 and 25-250 μM in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) pH 7.0, correspondingly. The minimum detection concentrations of CAP, CLB and RAC were 20, 10 and 30 μM, respectively, in actual samples of pork. And the minimum detection concentrations of CAP, CLB and RAC were 10, 5 and 25 μM in milk, respectively. Such an integrated sensing platform enriches application of sensors on finger in food security and provides information that prevents drug containments from entering food chain.

Green, Cost-Effective Simultaneous Assay of Chloramphenicol, Methylparaben, and Propylparaben in Eye-Drops by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

A green, cost-effective, and simple capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol, methylparaben, and propylparaben in eye-drops. With sodium tetraborate as background electrolyte (BGE), the apparent mobilities of chloramphenicol, methylparaben, and propylparaben increased and analysis time reduced when pH of BGE increased from 8.5 to 10.0 and concentration of BGE decreased from 40 mM to 15 mM, but complete separation of chloramphenicol from other matrix components was achieved only with sodium tetraborate concentration at 30 mM or higher and at pH = 9.3 or lower. The most suitable electrophoretic conditions for the intended application were a 30 mM sodium tetraborate solution, pH 9.3 as BGE, working voltage set at 25 kV, and UV detection at 280 nm at the cathodic extremity of the capillary. The final method was validated and proved to be reliable for assay of chloramphenicol, methylparaben, and propylparaben in eye-drops.