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Liu Y, Tian X, Gui L, Wang F, Zhang G. Molecular and functional characterization of an antenna-enriched glutathione S-transferase BminGSTd3 involved in undecanol degradation in the citrus fruit fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera Tephritidae). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128514. [PMID: 38040156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera minax is a disastrous pest of citrus crops in China. Numerous studies focused on the molecular mechanism of odorant perception of B. minax, but the molecular mechanism of odorant degradation remains unclear. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are considered as a class of odorant-degrading enzymes involved in degrading odorant molecules in insects' olfactory system. Here, we identified a delta-class GST gene, BminGSTd3, from B. minax. It was predominantly expressed in adult's olfactory organ antennae. The bacterially expressed recombinant BminGSTd3 was able to catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (CDNB). Spectrophotometric analysis showed that undecanol can inhibit catalytic activities of BminGSTd3. Metabolic assays exhibited that undecanol can be depleted by BminGSTd3. Undecanol is believed to be an important B. minax sex pheromone component. The other components of the pheromone remain unclear. To understand how BminGSTd3 specifically recognizes undecanol, a 3D model of BminGSTd3 was constructed by homology modeling. Molecular docking based on this model revealed that E64 and S65 are the key amino acids recognizing undecanol, and this was proven by site-directed mutagenesis and intrinsic fluorescence assays. We suggest that BminGSTd3 is an undecanol metabolizing GST in B.minax, and E64 and S65 may serve as the key binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Lianyou Gui
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Fulian Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
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2
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Pathour Rajendra S, Rani AT, Devi SR, Meshram NM. Morphological Characterization of the Antennal Sensilla of the Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1822-1836. [PMID: 37639835 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) is an important lepidopteran pest of legumes in the tropics and subtropics. Here, we studied the ultrastructural organization of its antennal sense organs using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of both sexes of M. vitrata were filiform with the number of flagellar segments varying from 72 to 84. Nine major morphological types of sensilla were observed on male and female antennae: sensilla trichodea (ST), sensilla basiconica (SB), sensilla auricillica (SA), sensilla chaetica (SCh), sensilla coeloconica (SCoe), sensilla cylindrica (SCy), sensilla squamiformia (SSq), sensilla styloconica (SSt), and Böhm sensilla (BS). Three of these sensilla types (SB, SSq, and BS) are newly reported for M. vitrata. Morphological observations revealed that four types are multiporous (ST, SB, SA, and SCoe), two types are uniporous (SCh and SCy), and three types are aporous (SSq, SSt, and BS). The average length of male ST was longer than that of the female. Sensilla cylindrica were observed only on male antennae, indicating sexual dimorphism. This study aims to provide some basic evidence for further studies on the mechanism of insect-plant chemical communication and future semiochemical-based management strategies of the major legume pest M. vitrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Pathour Rajendra
- National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Abalavadi Thammaiah Rani
- Entomology Laboratory, ICAR-IIHR-Central Horticultural Experiment Station, Kodagu, Karnataka 571248, India
| | - Salam Rita Devi
- Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Government of Manipur, Imphal 795001, India
| | - Naresh Manohar Meshram
- Entomology, Division of Citrus Protection, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440033, India
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3
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Yuvaraj JK, Jordan MD, Zhang DD, Andersson MN, Löfstedt C, Newcomb RD, Corcoran JA. Sex pheromone receptors of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, support a second major pheromone receptor clade within the Lepidoptera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 141:103708. [PMID: 34973420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sex pheromones facilitate species-specific sex communication within the Lepidoptera. They are detected by specialised pheromone receptors (PRs), most of which to date fall into a single monophyletic receptor lineage (frequently referred to as "the PR clade") within the odorant receptor (OR) family. Here we investigated PRs of the invasive horticultural pest, Epiphyas postvittana, commonly known as the light brown apple moth. Ten candidate PRs were selected, based on their male-biased expression in antennae or their relationship to the PR clade, for functional assessment in both HEK293 cells and Xenopus oocytes. Of these, six ORs responded to compounds that include components of the E. postvittana ('Epos') sex pheromone blend or compounds that antagonise sex pheromone attraction. In phylogenies, four of the characterised receptors (EposOR1, 6, 7 and 45) fall within the PR clade and two other male-biased receptors (EposOR30 and 34) group together well outside the PR clade. This new clade of pheromone receptors includes the receptor for (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (EposOR30), which is the main component of the sex pheromone blend for this species. Interestingly, receptors of the two clades do not segregate by preference for compounds associated with behavioural response (agonist or antagonist), isomer type (E or Z) or functional group (alcohol or acetate), with examples of each scattered across both clades. Phylogenetic comparison with PRs from other species supports the existence of a second major clade of lepidopteran ORs including, EposOR30 and 34, that has been co-opted into sex pheromone detection in the Lepidoptera. This second clade of sex pheromone receptors has an origin that likely predates the split between the major lepidopteran families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa D Jordan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Richard D Newcomb
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jacob A Corcoran
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Abalavadi Thammaiah R, Pathour S, Meshram N, Kammar V, Majumder S, Srivastava C, Pandey K, Singh J. Morphological characterization and distribution of antennal sensilla of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1371-1391. [PMID: 34843138 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious polyphagous pest of various field and horticultural crops. A complete knowledge on the morphological features of antennal sensory structures is essential for efficient semiochemical-based control methods. The external structure and distribution of antennal sensilla in male and female adults of H. armigera were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Eight distinct morphological types of sensilla were identified in both sexes: sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla coeloconica (multiporous), sensilla chaetica (uniporous), sensilla styloconica, sensilla squamiformia, and Böhm sensilla (aporous) in varying numbers and distribution along the length of the antennae. Of these sensilla, the most widespread are sensilla trichodea and sensilla basiconica on the antennae of both sexes. Female antennae have comparatively greater number of sensilla trichodea than male antennae. Among eight types of sensilla, sensilla basiconica, auricillica, styloconica type II, squamiformia, and Böhm sensilla were identified and reported for the first time in H. armigera. Sexual dimorphism in H. armigera was mainly detected as the variations in sensilla shape, numbers, and distribution of each type of sensilla. The sexual difference was observed in the numbers of sensilla coeloconica, chaetica, styloconica, and squamiformia per flagellomere. The possible functions of these sensilla were discussed in view of previously reported lepidopteran insects. The findings provide fundamental information on the morphology and distribution of antennal sensory structures in H. armigera. It would be useful for further detailed studies on physiological and behavioral function of each sensillum type and helpful for formulating related pest control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shashank Pathour
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Meshram
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vasudev Kammar
- Department of Entomology, GKVK, UAS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sujan Majumder
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chitra Srivastava
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Koshlendra Pandey
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdish Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hu GL, Zhang CM, Wang ZQ, Chen QX, Lu JQ. Sensilla of the antenna and proboscis of Athetis lepigone (Möschler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Morphol 2021; 282:733-745. [PMID: 33644867 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sensory structures on the antennae and mouthparts of insects are associated with various activities, such as host location, feeding, attracting a mate, and identifying a suitable oviposition site. Athetis lepigone (Möschler) is an important polyphagous Eurasian pest with more than 30 species of host plants. The larvae target bud leaves, prop roots, and tender stems of many agricultural crops, but the feeding habits of the adults remain poorly known. Aiming to understand the feeding behavior of the species, we investigated the fine morphology of its antennae and proboscis using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of both sexes are filiform, and bear eight types of sensilla: Böhm's bristles, sensilla squamiformia, trichodea, chaetica, basiconica, coeloconica, styloconica, and auricillica. Sensilla trichodea are the most abundant among these sensillum types. The proboscis consists of two elongated, interlocked maxillary galeae that enclose the food canal by dorsal and ventral legulae. The external galeal surface is covered with numerous triangular microtrichia on Zone 1 and abundant blunt microbumps on Zone 2. The surface of the food canal bears closely connected and smooth semicircular ridges, gradually tapering toward the proboscis tip. Three types of sensilla are noticeable on the proboscis: sensilla trichodea, basiconica, and styloconica. We briefly discuss the putative functional significance of the antennal and proboscis sensilla and, based on the specific structural modifications of the proboscis, predict a flower-visiting habit for A. lepigone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Lin Hu
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Min Zhang
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing-Xiao Chen
- Forestry College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ji-Qi Lu
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Rani AT, Shashank PR, Meshram NM, Sagar D, Srivastava C, Pandey KK, Singh J. Morphological characterization of antennal sensilla of Earias vittella (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae). Micron 2020; 140:102957. [PMID: 33120164 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella Fab. (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) is an important and most devastating insect pest on okra and cotton. The pest mainly responsible for causing significant direct damage to tender shoots and fruits of okra, flowers and green bolls of cotton causing net yield loss in both crops. Many non-chemical control strategies have been developed under the insect pest management program, A complete knowledge on the antennal morphology of E. vitella is essential for future electrophysiological and behavioural studies. In the present study, the antennal morphology and types of sensilla on the antennae of both sexes of E. vitella were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Nine distinct types of sensilla were identified on the antennae of both sexes: sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla auricillica (multiporous), sensilla chaetica, uniporous peg sensilla (uniporous), sensilla styloconica, sensilla squamiformia and bohm bristles (aporous). Among all sensilla, the most widespread are multiporous sensilla trichodea with 42.90 ± 1.77/flagellomere in male and 37.38 ± 1.38/flagellomere in female. Sensilla basiconica were the second most common sensillum type in male antennae with 15.67 ± 1.92/flagellomere. Other multiporous sensilla such as auricillica (11.90 ± 0.99) and coeloconica (4.57 ± 0.25) were significantly more abundant in female than in male antennae. Results of the study provide morphological evidence that E. vitella antennae possess microscopic cuticular structures that can play a role in perception of pheromones, plant odours and other chemical stimulants. This will open up opportunities to assess the possibility of using pheromones and plant-derived compounds for the monitoring or management of E. vittella moths in the agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Rani
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305, UP, India
| | - P R Shashank
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Naresh M Meshram
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - D Sagar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Chitra Srivastava
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - K K Pandey
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305, UP, India
| | - Jagdish Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305, UP, India
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Godoy R, Aburto C, Lizana P, Venthur H, Palma-Millanao R, Méndez L, Panichini M, Moraga F, Bardehle L, Quiroz A, Mutis A. Antennal Morphology and Localization of a Pheromone-Binding Protein of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:422-432. [PMID: 30414018 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the sensory system of insects, olfactory sensilla constitute important functional elements for discriminating odors. Therefore, we used light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the morphology and distribution of sensilla in the antennae of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller). In addition, we studied the expression of the gene encoding for pheromone-binding protein 1 (LbotPBP1) by in situ hybridization. Lobesia botrana antennae are filiform and are subdivided into three segments: scape, pedicel, and flagellum. The number of flagellum and their overall length were significantly higher and longer in males than in females. Six morphological types of sensilla (trichodea, chaetica, coeloconica, auricillica, basiconica, and styloconica) were identified on the antennae of both sexes. Trichodea sensilla were the most abundant on the antennae of L. botrana, and three subtypes, discerned by their lengths, were observed. However, sensilla trichodea subtype III was only present in male antennae. Moreover, LbotPBP1 expression was restricted to this type of sensilla, thus confirming its olfactory role, specifically under the context of sexual pheromone perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Godoy
- Carrera de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, La Araucanía, 4811230, Temuco, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - C Aburto
- Carrera de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, La Araucanía, 4811230, Temuco, Chile
| | - P Lizana
- Carrera de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, La Araucanía, 4811230, Temuco, Chile
| | - H Venthur
- Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Araucanía, Temuco, Chile
| | - R Palma-Millanao
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - L Méndez
- Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - M Panichini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA Quilamapu), Chillán, Chile
| | - F Moraga
- Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - L Bardehle
- Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Araucanía, Temuco, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - A Quiroz
- Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Araucanía, Temuco, Chile
| | - A Mutis
- Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Araucanía, Temuco, Chile.
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Li GW, Chen XL, Xu XL, Wu JX. Degradation of sex pheromone and plant volatile components by an antennal glutathione S-transferase in the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 99:e21512. [PMID: 30387866 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect antennae have a primary function of perceiving and discerning odorant molecules including sex pheromones and host plant volatiles. The assumption that genes highly expressed in the antennae may have an olfactory-related role associated with signal transduction. Here, one delta subfamily glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene (GmolGSTD1) was obtained from an antennal transcriptome of Grapholita molesta. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that GmolGSTD1 was mainly expressed in antennae and the expression levels were significantly higher in female antennae than in male antennae. The recombinant GmolGSTD1 (rGmolGSTD1) showed glutathione-conjugating activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrates. The pH range for optimal rGmolGSTD1 enzyme activity was 6.0-6.5, and rGmolGSTD1 enzyme activity had maximal peaks at 35-40°C. Spectrophotometric analysis indicated that insecticides had weak inhibitory effects on the activity of rGmolGSTD1 with the inhibitory rates of 28.82% for chlorpyrifos, 22.27% for lambda-cyhalothrin, 18.07% for bifenthrin, 20.42% for acetamiprid, 17.57% for thiamethoxam, 25.67% for metaflumizone, 27.43% for abamectin, and 7.24% for chlorbenzuron. rGmolGSTD1 exhibited high degradation activity to the sex pheromone component (Z)-8-dodecenyl alcohol and the host plant volatile butyl hexanoate with the degradation efficiency of 75.01% and 48.54%, respectively. We speculate that GmolGSTD1 works in inactivating odorant molecules and maintaining sensitivity to olfactory communication of G. molesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wei Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management (Northwest A&F University), Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
| | - Xiu-Lin Chen
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management (Northwest A&F University), Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
| | - Xiang-Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management (Northwest A&F University), Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management (Northwest A&F University), Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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