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Dudka W, Salo VT, Mahamid J. Zooming into lipid droplet biology through the lens of electron microscopy. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1127-1142. [PMID: 38726814 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM), in its various flavors, has significantly contributed to our understanding of lipid droplets (LD) as central organelles in cellular metabolism. For example, EM has illuminated that LDs, in contrast to all other cellular organelles, are uniquely enclosed by a single phospholipid monolayer, revealed the architecture of LD contact sites with different organelles, and provided near-atomic resolution maps of key enzymes that regulate neutral lipid biosynthesis and LD biogenesis. In this review, we first provide a brief history of pivotal findings in LD biology unveiled through the lens of an electron microscope. We describe the main EM techniques used in the context of LD research and discuss their current capabilities and limitations, thereby providing a foundation for utilizing suitable EM methodology to address LD-related questions with sufficient level of structural preservation, detail, and resolution. Finally, we highlight examples where EM has recently been and is expected to be instrumental in expanding the frontiers of LD biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Dudka
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veijo T Salo
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Mahamid
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Cleaver L, Garnett JA. How to study biofilms: technological advancements in clinical biofilm research. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1335389. [PMID: 38156318 PMCID: PMC10753778 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1335389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is an important survival strategy commonly used by bacteria and fungi, which are embedded in a protective extracellular matrix of organic polymers. They are ubiquitous in nature, including humans and other animals, and they can be surface- and non-surface-associated, making them capable of growing in and on many different parts of the body. Biofilms are also complex, forming polymicrobial communities that are difficult to eradicate due to their unique growth dynamics, and clinical infections associated with biofilms are a huge burden in the healthcare setting, as they are often difficult to diagnose and to treat. Our understanding of biofilm formation and development is a fast-paced and important research focus. This review aims to describe the advancements in clinical biofilm research, including both in vitro and in vivo biofilm models, imaging techniques and techniques to analyse the biological functions of the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Cleaver
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Garnett
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Application of the Luminescent luxCDABE Gene for the Rapid Screening of Antibacterial Substances Targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020392. [PMID: 36673482 PMCID: PMC9857705 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a typical Gram-negative bacterium that can cause the spoilage of catered food products. Using a luminescent reporter gene (luxCDABE), this study sought to construct a cell-based biosensor (PAO1-CE) to rapidly screen antibacterial substances against P. aeruginosa. A total of six antibiotics belonging to five categories were used as the model test substances. The results of the bioluminescence detection method were verified using traditional antibacterial research assessments. The correlation coefficient of the regression equation fitting the data generated using this method was greater than 0.98, supporting the credibility of this approach. Additionally, the EC50 of each of the antibiotics assessed in this study was lower than the 1/2 MIC determined by conventional means. All six of the antibiotics caused varying degrees of damage to the cell membrane and cell wall of P. aeruginosa. Importantly, this novel method helped shorten the time necessary for active-compound detection and could be used for high-throughput detection, which would also help improve the detection efficiency. The application of this method towards the discovery of novel antibacterial compounds targeting P. aeruginosa holds substantial promise for greatly improving the efficiency of compound discovery.
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High throughput bioanalytical techniques for elucidation of Candida albicans biofilm architecture and metabolome. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Meixner K, Daffert C, Dalnodar D, Mrázová K, Hrubanová K, Krzyzanek V, Nebesarova J, Samek O, Šedrlová Z, Slaninova E, Sedláček P, Obruča S, Fritz I. Glycogen, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and pigment accumulation in three Synechocystis strains when exposed to a stepwise increasing salt stress. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2022; 34:1227-1241. [PMID: 35673609 PMCID: PMC9165259 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-022-02693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial genus Synechocystis is of particular interest to science and industry because of its efficient phototrophic metabolism, its accumulation of the polymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and its ability to withstand or adapt to adverse growing conditions. One such condition is the increased salinity that can be caused by recycled or brackish water used in cultivation. While overall reduced growth is expected in response to salt stress, other metabolic responses relevant to the efficiency of phototrophic production of biomass or PHB (or both) have been experimentally observed in three Synechocystis strains at stepwise increasing salt concentrations. In response to recent reports on metabolic strategies to increase stress tolerance of heterotrophic and phototrophic bacteria, we focused particularly on the stress-induced response of Synechocystis strains in terms of PHB, glycogen and photoactive pigment dynamics. Of the three strains studied, the strain Synechocystis cf. salina CCALA192 proved to be the most tolerant to salt stress. In addition, this strain showed the highest PHB accumulation. All the three strains accumulated more PHB with increasing salinity, to the point where their photosystems were strongly inhibited and they could no longer produce enough energy to synthesize more PHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Meixner
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- BEST Bioenergy and Sustainable Technologies GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21b, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Daffert
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - D. Dalnodar
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - K. Mrázová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K. Hrubanová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V. Krzyzanek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J. Nebesarova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - O. Samek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Z. Šedrlová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E. Slaninova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P. Sedláček
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S. Obruča
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - I. Fritz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Relucenti M, Familiari G, Donfrancesco O, Taurino M, Li X, Chen R, Artini M, Papa R, Selan L. Microscopy Methods for Biofilm Imaging: Focus on SEM and VP-SEM Pros and Cons. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010051. [PMID: 33445707 PMCID: PMC7828176 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacterial biofilms cause infections that are often resistant to antibiotic treatments. Research about the formation and elimination of biofilms cannot be undertaken without detailed imaging techniques. In this review, traditional and cutting-edge microscopy methods to study biofilm structure, ultrastructure, and 3-D architecture, with particular emphasis on conventional scanning electron microscopy and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy, are addressed, with the respective advantages and disadvantages. When ultrastructural characterization of biofilm matrix and its embedded bacterial cells is needed, as in studies on the effects of drug treatments on biofilm, scanning electron microscopy with customized protocols such as the osmium tetroxide (OsO4), ruthenium red (RR), tannic acid (TA), and ionic liquid (IL) must be preferred over other methods for the following: unparalleled image quality, magnification and resolution, minimal sample loss, and actual sample structure preservation. The first step to make a morphological assessment of the effect of the various pharmacological treatments on clinical biofilms is the production of images that faithfully reflect the structure of the sample. The extraction of quantitative parameters from images, possible using specific software, will allow for the scanning electron microscopy morphological evaluation to no longer be considered as an accessory technique, but a quantitative method to all effects. Abstract Several imaging methodologies have been used in biofilm studies, contributing to deepening the knowledge on their structure. This review illustrates the most widely used microscopy techniques in biofilm investigations, focusing on traditional and innovative scanning electron microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), variable pressure SEM (VP-SEM), environmental SEM (ESEM), and the more recent ambiental SEM (ASEM), ending with the cutting edge Cryo-SEM and focused ion beam SEM (FIB SEM), highlighting the pros and cons of several methods with particular emphasis on conventional SEM and VP-SEM. As each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages, the choice of the most appropriate method must be done carefully, based on the specific aim of the study. The evaluation of the drug effects on biofilm requires imaging methods that show the most detailed ultrastructural features of the biofilm. In this kind of research, the use of scanning electron microscopy with customized protocols such as osmium tetroxide (OsO4), ruthenium red (RR), tannic acid (TA) staining, and ionic liquid (IL) treatment is unrivalled for its image quality, magnification, resolution, minimal sample loss, and actual sample structure preservation. The combined use of innovative SEM protocols and 3-D image analysis software will allow for quantitative data from SEM images to be extracted; in this way, data from images of samples that have undergone different antibiofilm treatments can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649918061
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Orlando Donfrancesco
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Maurizio Taurino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Vascular Surgery, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1039, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (X.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (X.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
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Trudicova M, Smilek J, Kalina M, Smilkova M, Adamkova K, Hrubanova K, Krzyzanek V, Sedlacek P. Multiscale Experimental Evaluation of Agarose-Based Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels as Materials with Tunable Rheological and Transport Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2561. [PMID: 33142862 PMCID: PMC7693122 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study introduces an original concept in the development of hydrogel materials for controlled release of charged organic compounds based on semi-interpenetrating polymer networks composed by an inert gel-forming polymer component and interpenetrating linear polyelectrolyte with specific binding affinity towards the carried active compound. As it is experimentally illustrated on the prototype hydrogels prepared from agarose interpenetrated by poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and alginate (ALG), respectively, the main benefit brought by this concept is represented by the ability to tune the mechanical and transport performance of the material independently via manipulating the relative content of the two structural components. A unique analytical methodology is proposed to provide complex insight into composition-structure-performance relationships in the hydrogel material combining methods of analysis on the macroscopic scale, but also in the specific microcosms of the gel network. Rheological analysis has confirmed that the complex modulus of the gels can be adjusted in a wide range by the gelling component (agarose) with negligible effect of the interpenetrating component (PSS or ALG). On the other hand, the content of PSS as low as 0.01 wt.% of the gel resulted in a more than 10-fold decrease of diffusivity of model-charged organic solute (Rhodamine 6G).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Trudicova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.T.); (J.S.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Jiri Smilek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.T.); (J.S.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Michal Kalina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.T.); (J.S.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcela Smilkova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.T.); (J.S.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Katerina Adamkova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.A.); (K.H.); (V.K.)
| | - Kamila Hrubanova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.A.); (K.H.); (V.K.)
| | - Vladislav Krzyzanek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.A.); (K.H.); (V.K.)
| | - Petr Sedlacek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.T.); (J.S.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
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Petrone P, Giordano G, Vezzoli E, Pensa A, Castaldo G, Graziano V, Sirano F, Capasso E, Quaremba G, Vona A, Miano MG, Savino S, Niola M. Preservation of neurons in an AD 79 vitrified human brain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240017. [PMID: 33022024 PMCID: PMC7537897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting the ultrastructure of brain tissue in human archaeological remains is a rare event that can offer unique insights into the structure of the ancient central nervous system (CNS). Yet ancient brains reported in the literature show only poor preservation of neuronal structures. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and advanced image processing tools, we describe the direct visualization of neuronal tissue in vitrified brain and spinal cord remains which we discovered in a male victim of the AD 79 eruption in Herculaneum. We show exceptionally well preserved ancient neurons from different regions of the human CNS at unprecedented resolution. This tissue typically consists of organic matter, as detected using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. By means of a self-developed neural image processing network, we also show specific details of the neuronal nanomorphology, like the typical myelin periodicity evidenced in the brain axons. The perfect state of preservation of these structures is due to the unique process of vitrification which occurred at Herculaneum. The discovery of proteins whose genes are expressed in the different region of the human adult brain further agree with the neuronal origin of the unusual archaeological find. The conversion of human tissue into glass is the result of sudden exposure to scorching volcanic ash and the concomitant rapid drop in temperature. The eruptive-induced process of natural vitrification, locking the cellular structure of the CNS, allowed us to study possibly the best known example in archaeology of extraordinarily well-preserved human neuronal tissue from the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Petrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Vezzoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pensa
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Graziano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Capasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quaremba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vona
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giuseppina Miano
- Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Savino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Niola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Falsafi SR, Rostamabadi H, Assadpour E, Jafari SM. Morphology and microstructural analysis of bioactive-loaded micro/nanocarriers via microscopy techniques; CLSM/SEM/TEM/AFM. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 280:102166. [PMID: 32387755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Efficient characterization of the physicochemical attributes of bioactive-loaded micro/nano-vehicles is crucial for the successful product development. The introduction of outstanding science-based strategies and techniques makes it possible to realize how the characteristics of the formulation ingredients affect the structural and (bio)functional properties of the final bioactive-loaded carriers. The important points to be solved, at a microscopic level, are investigating how the features of the formulation ingredients affect the morphology, surface, size, dispersity, as well as the particulate interactions within bioactive-comprising nano/micro-delivery systems. This review presents a detailed description concerning the application of advanced microscopy techniques, i.e., confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in characterizing the attributes of nano/microcarriers for the efficient delivery of bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the fundamental principles of these approaches, instrumentation, specific applications, and the strategy to choose the most proper technique for different carriers has been discussed.
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Sato Y, Ohata H, Inoue A, Ishihara M, Nakamura S, Fukuda K, Takayama T, Murakami K, Hiruma S, Yokoe H. Application of Colloidal Dispersions of Bioshell Calcium Oxide (BiSCaO) for Disinfection. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1991. [PMID: 31810346 PMCID: PMC6960535 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioshell calcium oxide (BiSCaO) is a scallop-shell powder heated at a high temperature. BiSCaO is composed mainly of calcium oxide and exhibits broad microbicidal properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the disinfection and decontamination abilities of BiSCaO colloidal dispersions with that of commercially available bioshell calcium hydroxide (BiSCa(OH)2) following the formation of flocculants/precipitates under strongly alkaline conditions (pH 11.5-12.2). Various concentrations of BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 colloidal dispersions were prepared by mixing with Na-polyPO4 (PP) and Na-triPO4 (TP) as flocculating agents. The microbicidal activities, and the degree of flocculation/precipitation of trypan blue, albumin, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin carrying polystyrene (NAC-HCPS), and low-molecular-weight heparin/protamine nanoparticles (LMWH/P NPs) were dependent on the pH, the average particle diameter, and the concentration of BiSCaO or BiSCa(OH)2 and of the phosphate compound. BiSCaO (average particle diameter: 6 μm) colloidal dispersions (0.2 wt.%) containing 0.15 wt.% PP or TP exhibited substantially stronger microbicidal activity and flocculation/precipitation under strongly alkaline conditions. These results suggest that BiSCaO colloidal dispersions together with phosphate compounds have practical applicability for disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sato
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (A.I.); (S.N.); (K.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Heisuke Ohata
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (A.I.); (S.N.); (K.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Akinori Inoue
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (A.I.); (S.N.); (K.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Masayuki Ishihara
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (A.I.); (S.N.); (K.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (A.I.); (S.N.); (K.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Koichi Fukuda
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (A.I.); (S.N.); (K.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Tomohiro Takayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Sumiyo Hiruma
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (A.I.); (S.N.); (K.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Hidetaka Yokoe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (H.Y.)
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Cattò C, Cappitelli F. Testing Anti-Biofilm Polymeric Surfaces: Where to Start? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3794. [PMID: 31382580 PMCID: PMC6696330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Present day awareness of biofilm colonization on polymeric surfaces has prompted the scientific community to develop an ever-increasing number of new materials with anti-biofilm features. However, compared to the large amount of work put into discovering potent biofilm inhibitors, only a small number of papers deal with their validation, a critical step in the translation of research into practical applications. This is due to the lack of standardized testing methods and/or of well-controlled in vivo studies that show biofilm prevention on polymeric surfaces; furthermore, there has been little correlation with the reduced incidence of material deterioration. Here an overview of the most common methods for studying biofilms and for testing the anti-biofilm properties of new surfaces is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cattò
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Elbourne A, Truong VK, Cheeseman S, Rajapaksha P, Gangadoo S, Chapman J, Crawford RJ. The use of nanomaterials for the mitigation of pathogenic biofilm formation. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hrubanova K, Krzyzanek V, Nebesarova J, Ruzicka F, Pilat Z, Samek O. Monitoring Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms by a Combination of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18124089. [PMID: 30469521 PMCID: PMC6308600 DOI: 10.3390/s18124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The biofilm-forming microbial species Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis have been recently linked to serious infections associated with implanted medical devices. We studied microbial biofilms by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which allowed us to visualize the biofilm structure, including the distribution of cells inside the extracellular matrix and the areas of surface adhesion. We compared classical SEM (chemically fixed samples) with cryogenic SEM, which employs physical sample preparation based on plunging the sample into various liquid cryogens, as well as high-pressure freezing (HPF). For imaging the biofilm interior, we applied the freeze-fracture technique. In this study, we show that the different means of sample preparation have a fundamental influence on the observed biofilm structure. We complemented the SEM observations with Raman spectroscopic analysis, which allowed us to assess the time-dependent chemical composition changes of the biofilm in vivo. We identified the individual spectral peaks of the biomolecules present in the biofilm and we employed principal component analysis (PCA) to follow the temporal development of the chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Hrubanova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-61264 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladislav Krzyzanek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-61264 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Nebesarova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Ruzicka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, CZ-65691 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Pilat
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-61264 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ota Samek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-61264 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Fuchs FM, Holland G, Moeller R, Laue M. Directed freeze-fracturing of Bacillus subtilis biofilms for conventional scanning electron microscopy. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 152:165-172. [PMID: 30125587 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms have been intensively investigated over the past decades. Bacillus subtilis is able to form highly structured colony biofilms, and as one of the most studied Gram-positive model organisms, has helped to decipher the complex genetic regulation of biofilms. Several methods have been developed to analyze the architecture of biofilms. In this paper, we describe a method which allows the analysis of the internal structures of biofilms by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The method uses a modified freeze-fracturing of chemically fixed biofilm to generate defined, well-preserved fractures at millimeter-scale which allows to analyze systematically the internal biofilm structure from macro- to nano-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Fuchs
- German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Space Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany.
| | - Gudrun Holland
- Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Moeller
- German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Space Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Berlin, Germany
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