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Sun Q, Boddapati L, Wang L, Li J, Deepak FL. In Situ Observations Reveal the Five-fold Twin-Involved Growth of Gold Nanorods by Particle Attachment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:796. [PMID: 36903675 PMCID: PMC10005194 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization plays a critical role in determining crystal size, purity and morphology. Therefore, uncovering the growth dynamics of nanoparticles (NPs) atomically is important for the controllable fabrication of nanocrystals with desired geometry and properties. Herein, we conducted in situ atomic-scale observations on the growth of Au nanorods (NRs) by particle attachment within an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (AC-TEM). The results show that the attachment of spherical colloidal Au NPs with a size of about 10 nm involves the formation and growth of neck-like (NL) structures, followed by five-fold twin intermediate states and total atomic rearrangement. The statistical analyses show that the length and diameter of Au NRs can be well regulated by the number of tip-to-tip Au NPs and the size of colloidal Au NPs, respectively. The results highlight five-fold twin-involved particle attachment in spherical Au NPs with a size of 3-14 nm, and provide insights into the fabrication of Au NRs using irradiation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Loukya Boddapati
- Nanostructured Materials Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Linan Wang
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francis Leonard Deepak
- Nanostructured Materials Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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Abstract
Nucleation and growth are critical steps in crystallization, which plays an important role in determining crystal structure, size, morphology, and purity. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of nucleation and growth is crucial to realize the controllable fabrication of crystalline products with desired and reproducible properties. Based on classical models, the initial crystal nucleus is formed by the spontaneous aggregation of ions, atoms, or molecules, and crystal growth is dependent on the monomer's diffusion and the surface reaction. Recently, numerous in situ investigations on crystallization dynamics have uncovered the existence of nonclassical mechanisms. This review provides a summary and highlights the in situ studies of crystal nucleation and growth, with a particular emphasis on the state-of-the-art research progress since the year 2016, and includes technological advances, atomic-scale observations, substrate- and temperature-dependent nucleation and growth, and the progress achieved in the various materials: metals, alloys, metallic compounds, colloids, and proteins. Finally, the forthcoming opportunities and challenges in this fascinating field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi830011, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Francis Leonard Deepak
- Nanostructured Materials Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre Jose Veiga, 4715-330Braga, Portugal
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Dachraoui W, Henninen TR, Keller D, Erni R. Multi-step atomic mechanism of platinum nanocrystals nucleation and growth revealed by in-situ liquid cell STEM. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23965. [PMID: 34907274 PMCID: PMC8671505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of crystal growth mechanisms has broadened substantially. One significant advancement is based in the conception that the interaction between particles plays an important role in the growth of nanomaterials. This is in contrast to the classical model, which neglects this process. Direct imaging of such processes at atomic-level in liquid-phase is essential for establishing new theoretical models that encompass the full complexity of realistic scenarios and eventually allow for tailoring nanoparticle growth. Here, we investigate at atomic-scale the exact growth mechanisms of platinum nanocrystals from single atom to final crystals by in-situ liquid phase scanning transmission electron microscopy. We show that, after nucleation, the nanocrystals grow via two main stages: atomic attachment in the first stage, where the particles initially grow by attachment of the atoms until depletion of the surrounding zone. Thereafter, follows the second stage of growth, which is based on particle attachment by different atomic pathways to finally form mature nanoparticles. The atomic mechanisms underlying these growth pathways are distinctly different and have different driving forces and kinetics as evidenced by our experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Dachraoui
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa--Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Trond R Henninen
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa--Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Debora Keller
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa--Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa--Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Park JH, Choi YS, Kim C, Byeon YW, Kim Y, Lee BJ, Ahn JP, Ahn H, Lee JC. Self-Assembly of Pulverized Nanoparticles: An Approach to Realize Large-Capacity, Long-Lasting, and Ultra-Fast-Chargeable Na-Ion Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9044-9051. [PMID: 34714657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of battery anodes simultaneously exhibiting large capacity, fast charging capability, and high cyclic stability is challenging because these properties are mutually contrasting in nature. Here, we report a rational strategy to design anodes outperforming the current anodes by simultaneous provision of the above characteristics without utilizing nanomaterials and surface modifications. This is achieved by promoting spontaneous structural evolution of coarse Sn particles to 3D-networked nanostructures during battery cycling in an appropriate electrolyte. The anode steadily exhibits large capacity (∼480 mAhg-1) and energy retention capability (99.9%) during >1500 cycles even at an ultrafast charging rate of 12 690 mAg-1 (15C). The structural and chemical origins of the measured properties are explained using multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations. The developed method is simple, scalable, and expandable to other systems and provides an alternative robust route to obtain nanostructured anode materials in large quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyoung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - ChangHyeon Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Young-Woon Byeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yongmin Kim
- Center for Advanced Aerospace Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Joo Lee
- Center for Advanced Aerospace Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Jae-Pyoung Ahn
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Hyojun Ahn
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
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Dachraoui W, Keller D, Henninen TR, Ashton OJ, Erni R. Atomic Mechanisms of Nanocrystallization via Cluster-Clouds in Solution Studied by Liquid-Phase Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2861-2869. [PMID: 33818087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nanocrystals is at the heart of various scientific disciplines, but the atomic mechanisms underlying the early stages of crystallization from supersaturated solutions are still rather unclear. Here, we used in situ liquid-phase scanning transmission electron microscopy to study at the atomic level the very early stages of gold nanocrystal growth, and the evolution of its crystallinity. We found that the nucleation is initiated by the formation of poorly crystalline nanoparticles. These are transformed into monocrystals via nanocrystallization governed by a complex process of multiple out-and-in exchanges of matter between a crystalline-core and a disordered-shell, referred to as the cluster-cloud. Our observations at the crystal/cluster-cloud interface during growth demonstrate that the initially formed nanocrystals expel the poorly crystallized phases as nanoclusters into the cluster-cloud, then readsorb it by two distinct pathways, namely, by (i) monomer attachments and (ii) nanocluster coalescence. This growth process eventually leads to the formation of monocrystalline nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Dachraoui
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Debora Keller
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Trond R Henninen
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Olivia J Ashton
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Parent LR, Gnanasekaran K, Korpanty J, Gianneschi NC. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymeric Materials by In Situ Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:14-38. [PMID: 35548998 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A century ago, Hermann Staudinger proposed the macromolecular theory of polymers, and now, as we enter the second century of polymer science, we face a different set of opportunities and challenges for the development of functional soft matter. Indeed, many fundamental questions remain open, relating to physical structures and mechanisms of phase transformations at the molecular and nanoscale. In this Viewpoint, we describe efforts to develop a dynamic, in situ microscopy tool suited to the study of polymeric materials at the nanoscale that allows for direct observation of discrete structures and processes in solution, as a complement to light, neutron, and X-ray scattering methods. Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) is a nascent in situ imaging technique for characterizing and examining solvated nanomaterials in real time. Though still under development, LPTEM has been shown to be capable of several modes of imaging: (1) imaging static solvated materials analogous to cryo-TEM, (2) videography of nanomaterials in motion, (3) observing solutions or nanomaterials undergoing physical and chemical transformations, including synthesis, assembly, and phase transitions, and (4) observing electron beam-induced chemical-materials processes. Herein, we describe opportunities and limitations of LPTEM for polymer science. We review the basic experimental platform of LPTEM and describe the origin of electron beam effects that go hand in hand with the imaging process. These electron beam effects cause perturbation and damage to the sample and solvent that can manifest as artefacts in images and videos. We describe sample-specific experimental guidelines and outline approaches to mitigate, characterize, and quantify beam damaging effects. Altogether, we seek to provide an overview of this nascent field in the context of its potential to contribute to the advancement of polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Parent
- Innovation Partnership Building, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Keller D, Henninen TR, Erni R. Atomic mechanisms of gold nanoparticle growth in ionic liquids studied by in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22511-22517. [PMID: 33174891 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elementary atomic mechanisms underlying nanoparticle growth in liquids are largely unexplored and mostly a subject of conjectures based on theory and indirect experimental insights. Direct, experimental observation of such processes at an atomic level requires imaging with single-atom sensitivity and control over kinetics. Although conventional liquid-cell (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) enables nanoscale studies of dynamic processes, the visualization of atomic processes in the liquid phase is inhibited owing to the liquid film thickness and its encapsulation, both limiting the achievable spatial resolution. In contrast, by using thin, free-standing ionic liquid nanoreactors, this work shows that the mechanisms controlling and triggering particle growth can be uncovered at an atom-by-atom level. Our observations of growing particle ensembles reveal that diverse growth pathways proceed simultaneously. We record Ostwald ripening and oriented particle coalescence tracked at the atomic scale, which confirm the mechanisms suggested by theory. However, we also identify unexpected growth phenomena and more intricate coalescence events which show competing mechanisms. The diversity of the observed growth processes thus illustrates that growth reactions in liquids, on the atomic scale, are much more complex than predicted by theory. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that free-standing ionic liquids enable (sub-)Ångström resolution imaging of dynamic processes in liquids with single-atom sensitivity, thus providing a powerful alternative approach to conventional liquid-cell (S)TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Keller
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Trond R Henninen
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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8
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Tandon L, Thakur P, Khullar P, Bakshi MS. Longitudinal surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles as an indicator for interparticle fusions controlled by tetronics. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Wang F, Henninen TR, Keller D, Erni R. Noise2Atom: unsupervised denoising for scanning transmission electron microscopy images. Appl Microsc 2020; 50:23. [PMID: 33580362 PMCID: PMC7818366 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-020-00041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an effective deep learning model to denoise scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image series, named Noise2Atom, to map images from a source domain [Formula: see text] to a target domain [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is for our noisy experimental dataset, and [Formula: see text] is for the desired clear atomic images. Noise2Atom uses two external networks to apply additional constraints from the domain knowledge. This model requires no signal prior, no noise model estimation, and no paired training images. The only assumption is that the inputs are acquired with identical experimental configurations. To evaluate the restoration performance of our model, as it is impossible to obtain ground truth for our experimental dataset, we propose consecutive structural similarity (CSS) for image quality assessment, based on the fact that the structures remain much the same as the previous frame(s) within small scan intervals. We demonstrate the superiority of our model by providing evaluation in terms of CSS and visual quality on different experimental datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.
| | - Trond R Henninen
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Debora Keller
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
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Kamiński M, Jurkiewicz K, Burian A, Bródka A. The structure of gold nanoparticles: molecular dynamics modeling and its verification by X-ray diffraction. J Appl Crystallogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719014511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles exhibit unique physical, chemical, biomedical, catalytic and optical properties. Understanding these properties and further development of production methods entail detailed knowledge of the structure at the atomic scale. Gold nanoparticles with multimodal size distribution were synthesized on porous silica and their atomic scale structure was studied by X-ray diffraction. The obtained experimental data are compared with molecular dynamics simulations. Spherical models of the Au nanoparticles, defined by ensembles of the Cartesian coordinates of constituent atoms, were generated and their geometry was optimized by applying theLAMMPSsoftware. The comparison was performed in both reciprocal and real space. A good agreement is achieved for the models with disorder that can be related to surface relaxation effects and vacancy defects. The approach adopted here may have wider applications for further structural studies of other nanomaterials, offering direct verification of simulation results by experiment.
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Kaur R, Singh K, Khullar P, Gupta A, Ahluwalia GK, Bakshi MS. Applications of Molecular Structural Aspects of Gemini Surfactants in Reducing Nanoparticle-Nanoparticle Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14929-14938. [PMID: 31645104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oppositely charged nanoparticle (NP)-nanoparticle (NP) interactions were studied by titrating sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stabilized NPs with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) stabilized NPs at constant temperature with the help of UV-visible and dynamic light scattering measurements. CTAB stabilized NPs were systematically replaced with a series of cationic gemini surfactants to demonstrate the effect of head group and hydrocarbon tail modifications on the electrostatic interactions with SDS stabilized NPs. Introduction of the dimeric gemini head group (alkylammonium or imidazolium), spacer length, and double tail hydrocarbon length all significantly reduced the NP-NP interactions and delayed their salting-out process. They lead to the formation of stable colloidal aqueous solubilized NP-NP complexes. The results concluded that NP-NP interactions can be overcome if appropriately stabilized NPs are used to maintain their colloidal stability so as to achieve maximum applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry , B.B.K. D.A.V. College for Women , Amritsar 143005 , Punjab , India
| | - Kultar Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Khalsa College , G.T. Road , Amritsar 143002 , Punjab , India
| | - Poonam Khullar
- Department of Chemistry , B.B.K. D.A.V. College for Women , Amritsar 143005 , Punjab , India
| | - Anita Gupta
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences , AUUP , Noida 201304 , India
| | - Gurinder Kaur Ahluwalia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory , College of North Atlantic , Labrador City , Newfoundland and Labrador A2V 2K7 , Canada
| | - Mandeep Singh Bakshi
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Applied Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Green Bay , 2420 Nicolet Drive , Green Bay , Wisconsin 54311-7001 , United States
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Yuan Z, Li R, Meng F, Zhang J, Zuo K, Han E. Approaches to Enhancing Gas Sensing Properties: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E1495. [PMID: 30934795 PMCID: PMC6480542 DOI: 10.3390/s19071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A gas nanosensor is an instrument that converts the information of an unknown gas (species, concentration, etc.) into other signals (for example, an electrical signal) according to certain principles, combining detection principles, material science, and processing technology. As an effective application for detecting a large number of dangerous gases, gas nanosensors have attracted extensive interest. However, their development and application are restricted because of issues such as a low response, poor selectivity, and high operation temperature, etc. To tackle these issues, various measures have been studied and will be introduced in this review, mainly including controlling the nanostructure, doping with 2D nanomaterials, decorating with noble metal nanoparticles, and forming the heterojunction. In every section, recent advances and typical research, as well mechanisms, will also be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yuan
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Rui Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Fanli Meng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Kaiyuan Zuo
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Erchou Han
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
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