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Fajdek-Bieda A, Pawlińska J, Wróblewska A, Łuś A. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Geraniol and Selected Geraniol Transformation Products against Gram-Positive Bacteria. Molecules 2024; 29:950. [PMID: 38474462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Both geraniol and the products of its transformation, thanks to their beneficial properties, find a variety of applications in cosmetics. Due to their antioxidant and moisturizing properties, these compounds can be added to skin care products such as face creams, lotions, oils, and masks. In addition, these compounds show some antibacterial and antifungal properties, making them suitable for application in skin care products to help fight against bacteria or fungi. This study determined the antimicrobial activity of geraniol and the compounds which were formed during its transformation in relation to selected Gram-positive bacteria, and the preliminary assessment was made whether these compounds can act as ingredients of preparations with potential antimicrobial activity in the treatment of various human diseases (for example diseases of the skin, digestive system, or urinary tract). In addition, this work presents studies on the microbiological purity of cream samples obtained with different contents of geraniol and its transformation products (contents of the tested compounds: 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 4%, 8%, and 12%). Antibacterial activity tests were performed using the disc diffusion method against Gram-positive cocci, including the reference strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and against the clinical strains Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis VRE VanB, Enterococcus faecium VRE VanA, and Enterococcus faecium VRE VanB. The most active ingredient against bacteria of the Staphylococcus genus was citral, followed by linalool and then geraniol. During our tests, in the case of bacteria of the Enterococcus genus, citral also showed the highest activity, but linalool, ocimenes, and geraniol showed a slightly lower activity. Moreover, this study examined the microbiological purity of cream samples obtained with various contents of geraniol and its transformation products. In the tests of the microbiological purity of cream samples, no growth of aerobic bacteria and fungi was found, which proves the lack of microbiological contamination of the obtained cosmetic preparations. On this basis, it was assessed that these compounds have preservative properties in the prepared creams. The addition of the analyzed compounds also had influence on the durability of the creams and had no effect on the change in their consistency, did not negatively affect the separation of phases during storage, and even had a positive effect on organoleptic sensations by enriching the smell of the tested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fajdek-Bieda
- Department of Energy and Technical Safety, Faculty of Technology, Jakub's from Paradyż Academy in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Teatralna 25, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlińska
- Multispecialty Regional Hospital in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Department of Microbiology, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wróblewska
- Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łuś
- Multispecialty Regional Hospital in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Department of Microbiology, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
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Maktabi S, Rashnavadi R, Tabandeh MR, Sourestani MM. Effective Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes Biofilm Formation by Satureja rechingeri Essential Oil: Mechanisms and Implications. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:77. [PMID: 38280935 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens, particularly Listeria monocytogenes, poses a significant challenge in food industry facilities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory potential of Satureja rechingeri essential oil (Sr-EO) against L. monocytogenes growth and biofilm formation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed a high carvacrol content in Sr-EO, a compound with known antimicrobial properties. We examined the effects of Sr-EO on initial attachment and preformed biofilms, using crystal violet and MTT assays to quantify attached biomass and metabolic activity, respectively. Our results demonstrated that Sr-EO not only prevented initial attachment but also effectively disrupted preformed biofilms, indicating its potential as a biofilm-control agent. Microscopy analysis revealed alterations in bacterial cell membranes upon Sr-EO treatment, leading to increased permeability and cell death. Additionally, Sr-EO significantly suppressed bacterial motility, with concentrations exceeding 0.25 μL/mL completely inhibiting motility. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed the down regulation of genes associated with biofilm formation, attachment, and quorum sensing, suggesting that Sr-EO modulates bacterial gene transcription. These findings suggest that Sr-EO can be a promising candidate for controlling biofilm formation and bacterial contamination in food processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Maktabi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Box: 61355-145, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Roya Rashnavadi
- Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Li X, Yan C, Wang Y, Zhang G, Bi J, Hao H, Hou H. Potential quorum-sensing inhibitor of Hafnia alvei H4-theaflavin-3,3´-digallate analyzed by virtual screening and molecular simulation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0267123. [PMID: 37732782 PMCID: PMC10580929 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02671-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hafnia species can cause food spoilage via the quorum-sensing (QS) system. Thus, strategies that target QS in these bacteria might be a good approach to safeguard the quality of processed food. In this study, the amino acid sequence of the LasI Ha protein, a key QS regulator from Hafnia alvei H4, was used to construct its 3D structure for the virtual screening of potential QS inhibitors (QSIs) from the Bioactive Compound database. Four potential QSIs were obtained, and these were all theaflavins (TFs). Among them, theaflavin-3,3´-digallate (TF3) was found to outperform the others, displaying a higher docking score according to molecular docking analysis, and required only a sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (31.25 mM) to cause a significant decrease in the production of the autoinducer N-acyl homoserine lactone in H. alvei H4 and up to 60.5% inhibition of its motility. Furthermore, molecular simulation results indicated that TF3 could stably bind to a cavity within LasI Ha to form stable hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with various key residues of the protein to exert the inhibitory effect. Thus, TF3 may be considered a potential compound to protect against food spoilage caused by H. alvei H4 via the quorum quenching. IMPORTANCE Hafnia alvei, the main strain studied in this paper, is often isolated from spoiled foods, especially refrigerated protein-based raw foods, and is generally considered to be a spoilage bacterium whose spoilage-causing properties may be closely related to its own very strong population-sensing activity, so the strategy of quorum quenching against H. alvei H4 may be a good way to guarantee the quality of processed foods. Given the current global requirements for food safety and quality, coupled with negative consumer perceptions of the excessive inclusion of synthetic chemicals in food products, the use of natural compounds as QSIs in the storage of aquatic food products would seem more attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, Dalian, China
| | - Congyang Yan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, Dalian, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, Dalian, China
| | - Gongliang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, Dalian, China
| | - Jingran Bi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, Dalian, China
| | - Hongshun Hao
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, Dalian, China
| | - Hongman Hou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, Dalian, China
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Avukat EN, Akay C, Topcu Ersöz MB, Mumcu E, Pat S, Erdönmez D. Could Helium Plasma Treatment be a Novel Approach to Prevent the Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans? Mycopathologia 2023; 188:361-369. [PMID: 37294506 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is no definitive method to prevent Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilm formation on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surfaces. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Helium plasma treatment (before the application of removable dentures to the patient) to prevent or reduce C. albicans ATCC 10,231 the anti-adherent activity, viability, and biofilm formation on PMMA surfaces. One hundred disc-shaped PMMA samples (2 mm × 10 mm) were prepared. The samples were randomly divided into 5 surface groups and treated with different concentrations of Helium plasma: G I: Control group (untreated), G II: 80% Helium plasma-treated group, G III: 85% Helium plasma-treated group, G IV: 90% Helium plasma-treated group, G V: 100% Helium plasma-treated group. C. albicans viability and biofilm formations were evaluated using 2 methods: MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays and Crystal Violet (CV) staining. The surface morphology and C. albicans biofilm images were observed with scanning electron microscopy. The Helium plasma-treated PMMA groups (G II, G III, G IV, G V) observed a significant reduction in C. albicans cell viability and biofilm formation compared with the control group. Treating PMMA surfaces with different concentrations of Helium plasma prevents C. albicans viability and biofilm formation. This study suggests that Helium plasma treatment might be an effective strategy in modifying PMMA surfaces to prevent denture stomatitis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Nur Avukat
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Canan Akay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Advanced Material Technologies Application and Research Center, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | | | - Emre Mumcu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Advanced Material Technologies Application and Research Center, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Suat Pat
- Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Advanced Material Technologies Application and Research Center, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Demet Erdönmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
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Drumond MM, Tapia-Costa AP, Neumann E, Nunes ÁC, Barbosa JW, Kassuha DE, Mancha-Agresti P. Cell-free supernatant of probiotic bacteria exerted antibiofilm and antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A novel biotic therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1152588. [PMID: 37397469 PMCID: PMC10311102 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1152588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to verify the antibacterial and antibiofilm action of cell-free spent medium (CFSM) from four lactic acid bacteria with potential probiotic characteristics (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii) against two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Main methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the CFSM, antibacterial activity by analysing the formation of inhibition zones, and inhibition of planktonic cultures were determined. Whether an increase in the concentration of CFSM influenced the growth of pathogenic strains and the anti-adhesive activity of the CFSM in biofilm formation (crystal violet and MTT assays) were determined, which were all corroborated by using scanning electron microscopy. Key findings: The relationship between the MIC and MBC values showed a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect for all the cell-free spent media (CFSMs) tested for P. aeruginosa 9027™ and 27853™ strains. The CFSM supplemental doses of 18 or 22%, 20 or 22%, 46 or 48%, and 50 or 54% of L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, L. plantarum, and L. johnsonii, respectively, could completely inhibit the growth of both pathogen strains. The antibiofilm activity of the CFSM in three biofilm conditions (pre-coated, co-incubated, and preformed) demonstrated values ranging between 40% and 80% for biofilm inhibition, and similar results were observed for cell viability. Significance: This work provides strong evidence that the postbiotic derived from different Lactobacilli could be practical as an adjuvant therapy for reducing the use of antibiotics, being a good candidate to overcome the growing challenge of hospital infections due to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Martins Drumond
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET/MG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET/MG), Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Materiais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Tapia-Costa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Elisabeth Neumann
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Cantini Nunes
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Protozoários Parasitas, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jorge Wanderson Barbosa
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET/MG), Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego E. Kassuha
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Pamela Mancha-Agresti
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET/MG), Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Materiais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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de Melo CC, de Sousa BR, da Costa GL, Oliveira MME, de Lima-Neto RG. Colonized patients by Candida auris: Third and largest outbreak in Brazil and impact of biofilm formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1033707. [PMID: 36756619 PMCID: PMC9900136 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1033707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical-epidemiological features of patients colonized by Candida auris in the largest outbreak in Brazil and to show the biofilm formation capacity of yeast strains. Methods Clinical yeasts suspected of C. auris isolated from urine and surveillance samples were seeded on chromogenic media at 30°C and Sabouraud agar at 42°C. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectometry was used for reliable identification. After proteomic confirmation, the genomic approach and culture on Chromagar Candida Plus media were carried out. Biofilm formation was investigated based on metabolic activity, and the clinical-epidemiological profile of patients was described. Results A total of 11 C. auris clinical yeasts from nine patients were identified between the end of December 2021 and March 2022. Two clinical yeasts were isolates from urine and nine clinical yeasts were isolates from axillary and inguinal surveillance swabs. No case is related to previous Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, all the yeasts showed a high ability of biofilm formation. Conclusion C. auris requires great vigilance as its high capacity to colonize and form biofilms contributes to its dissemination. The rapid and precise identification of this species is essential for the management, control, and prevention of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camylla Carvalho de Melo
- Hospital da Restauração, Department of Health, State of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil,Post-Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,*Correspondence: Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto, ; Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira,
| | - Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto
- Post-Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil,Post-Graduate Program in Fungal Biology, University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil,*Correspondence: Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto, ; Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira,
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Xie J, Zhang H, Li Y, Li H, Pan Y, Zhao Y, Xie Q. Transcriptome analysis of the biofilm formation mechanism of Vibrio parahaemolyticus under the sub-inhibitory concentrations of copper and carbenicillin. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128166. [PMID: 36937277 PMCID: PMC10018186 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus enhanced its tolerance to the environment, but caused many serious problems to food safety and human health. In this paper, the effects of copper and carbenicillin (CARB) stress on the formation of the biofilms of V. parahaemolyticus organisms were studied, and RNA sequencing technology was used to compare the differences in transcriptome profiles of the biofilm-related genes of V. parahaemolyticus organisms under different sub-inhibitory stresses. The results proved that V. parahaemolyticus had a large growth difference under the two stresses, copper and CARB at 1/2 minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and it could form a stable biofilm under both stress conditions. The amount of biofilm formed under CARB stress was significantly higher than that of copper stress (p < 0.05). Based on the analysis of transcriptome sequencing results 323, 1,550, and 1,296 significantly differential expressed genes were identified in the three treatment groups namely 1/2 MIC CARB, Cu2+, and Cu2++CARB. Through COG annotation, KEGG metabolic pathway analysis and gene expression analysis related to biofilm formation, the functional pathways of transcriptome changes affecting V. parahaemolyticus were different in the three treatment groups, and the CARB treatment group was significantly different from the other two groups. These differences indicated that the ABC transport system, two-component system and quorum sensing were all involved in the biofilm formation of the V. parahaemolytic by regulating flagellar motility, extracellular polysaccharides and extracellular polymer synthesis. Exploring the effects of different stress conditions on the transcriptome of V. parahaemolyticus could provide a basis for future research on the complex network system that regulates the formation of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinhui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Product on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Product on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhao,
| | - Qingchao Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Product on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
- Qingchao Xie,
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Dong Y, Yang C, Zhong W, Shu Y, Zhang Y, Yang D. Antibacterial effect and mechanism of anthocyanin from Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:974602. [PMID: 36060738 PMCID: PMC9437951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.974602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of the anthocyanin obtained from Lycium ruthenicum Murr were tested against several food-borne pathogens were evaluated, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. In general, anthocyanin had different antibacterial effect on different bacteria, and the best antibacterial effect on S. aureus, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125 mg/mL. Anthocyanin increased the surface hydrophobicity of S. aureus, discharged the intracellular K+, and reduced the total soluble protein, affecting protein synthesis. Fluorescent inverted microscope and flow cytometry (FCM) found a significant increase in fluorescence intensity and lethality relative to the control group, and the dead P3 region to 77.21%. The above suggested a correlation between the antibacterial mechanism of anthocyanin and cell membrane permeability integrity. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the crystal violet assay (CV), silver staining method and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that anthocyanins could change the structure of biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Dong
- College of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunmiao Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wenting Zhong
- College of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Shu
- Guangdong-Macao TCM Science and Technology Industrial Park Development Co. Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Yongze Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongsheng Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
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Wang Q, Wang P, Liu P, Ou J. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Regulatory Factors Involved in Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:917131. [PMID: 35899046 PMCID: PMC9309355 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.917131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm poses a serious threat to food safety and human health. However, there is limited knowledge of transcriptional regulatory mechanism during the biofilm formation of this organism. Hence, the RNA sequencing technique was employed to compare the differences in transcriptome profiles between planktonic and biofilm state of V. parahaemolyticus ATCC33847 in this study. Collections of mRNA from planktonic and biofilm cells cultured at 25°C for 36 h were sequenced by studying their biological characteristics. The results showed that there were significant differences in the expression levels of 956 genes in biofilms compared with planktonic cells. These differences suggested that two-component regulatory system (TCS) and quorum sensing (QS) regulated V. parahaemolyticus biofilm formation by affecting important factors such as flagellar motility, Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion, tripartite ATP-independent (TRAP) transport system and ATP binding cassette (ABC) transport system. The present work in transcriptomics serves as a basis for future studies examining the complex network systems that regulate bacterial biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Ou,
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van de Lagemaat M, Stockbroekx V, Geertsema-Doornbusch GI, Dijk M, Carniello V, Woudstra W, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Ren Y. A Comparison of the Adaptive Response of Staphylococcus aureus vs. Streptococcus mutans and the Development of Chlorhexidine Resistance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:861890. [PMID: 35694293 PMCID: PMC9186159 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.861890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials with nonselective antibacterial efficacy such as chlorhexidine can be effective in reducing biofilm, but bear the risk of inducing resistance in specific bacteria. In clinical practice, bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus have been found resistant to chlorhexidine, but other bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, have largely remained susceptible to chlorhexidine despite its widespread use in oral healthcare. Here, we aim to forward a possible reason as to why S. aureus can acquire resistance against chlorhexidine, while S. mutans remains susceptible to chlorhexidine. Measurement of surface-enhanced fluorescence indicated that chlorhexidine caused gradual, but irreversible deformation to adhering green fluorescent S. aureus due to irreparable damage to the cell wall. Concurrently, the metabolic activity of adhering staphylococci was higher than of planktonic bacteria, suggesting efflux mechanisms may have been activated upon cell wall deformation, impeding the buildup of a high chlorhexidine concentration in the cytoplasm and therewith stimulating the development of chlorhexidine resistance in S. aureus. Exposure of S. mutans to chlorhexidine caused immediate, but reversible deformation in adhering streptococci, indicative of rapid self-repair of cell wall damage done by chlorhexidine. Due to cell wall self-repair, S. mutans will be unable to effectively reduce the chlorhexidine concentration in the cytoplasm causing solidification of the cytoplasm. In line, no increased metabolic activity was observed in S. mutans during exposure to chlorhexidine. Therewith, self-repair is suicidal and prevents the development of a chlorhexidine-resistant progeny in S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van de Lagemaat
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Orthodontics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Valerie Stockbroekx
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Orthodontics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gésinda I. Geertsema-Doornbusch
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Melissa Dijk
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Orthodontics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Vera Carniello
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Willem Woudstra
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henny C. van der Mei
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Henny C. van der Mei,
| | - Henk J. Busscher
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yijin Ren
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Orthodontics, Groningen, Netherlands
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11
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Mat-Rani S, Chotprasert N, Srimaneekarn N, Choonharuangdej S. Fungicidal Effect of Lemongrass Essential Oil on Candida albicans Biofilm Pre-established on Maxillofacial Silicone Specimens. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2021; 11:525-530. [PMID: 34760796 PMCID: PMC8533043 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_63_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in eradicating Candida albicans biofilm pre-established on the maxillofacial silicone specimens. Materials and Methods: Two maxillofacial silicones, namely, MDX4-4210 and Multisil Epithetik, were used for the fabrication of 6 mm diameter disks (n = 21 for each brand of silicone). A 48-h mature C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm was pre-established on sterile silicone specimen. These disks were then exposed to various concentrations of lemongrass essential oil ranging from 0.31% to 5% (v/v), 20% (v/v) nystatin, and RPMI-1640 medium for 18–20 h. After exposure, the remaining viable fungal biofilm was examined by the XTT [2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide]-reduction assay. All data were analyzed by using a regression coefficient and a post hoc Tukey HSD multiple comparisons test (α = 0.05). Results: Different brands of silicone used for fabrication did not significantly affect the formation of mature C. albicans biofilm (P =0.302). A 5% (v/v) lemongrass essential oil significantly eliminated fungal biofilm by approximately 95% (P =0.031). However, less than 50% of the fungal biofilm was eliminated by the tested oil at a concentration as low as 0.31% (v/v). Furthermore, the fungicidal efficacy against C. albicans biofilm of lemongrass essential oil at 2.5% (v/v) was as potent as that of 20% (v/v) nystatin suspension (P = 0.99). Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil expressed fungicidal effect on C. albicans biofilm pre-established on the disks fabricated from different brands of silicone. Additionally, the fungicidal effectiveness of the oil against the mature fungal biofilm was dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natdhanai Chotprasert
- Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Suwan Choonharuangdej
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Li Y, Tan L, Guo L, Zhang P, Malakar PK, Ahmed F, Liu H, Wang JJ, Zhao Y. Acidic electrolyzed water more effectively breaks down mature Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm than DNase I. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM. Effect of cell-free spent media prepared from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in co-species biofilms. Eur J Oral Sci 2020; 128:395-404. [PMID: 32808302 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the influence of cell-free spent media prepared from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans LuxS mutant (Aa-LuxS), its wild type strain (Aa-WT), and the laboratory strain (Aa-Y4), on the interaction between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans while growing in co-species biofilm for 48 h. By analyzing the results of crystal violet staining, [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assays, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we found that the presence of Aa-LuxS in treated biofilms did not affect biofilm development, while added Aa-WT or Aa-Y4 resulted in a significant decrease in both biofilm mass and the number of cells. The inhibitory effect of Aa-WT or Aa-Y4 was not dependent on the protein concentration in the spent media tested (1 and 10%). Gene transcription analyses indicated that Aa-WT/Aa-Y4 exhibits comparable inhibitory effects on the expression of hyphal-associated genes (ALS3 and HWP1), but not on the expression of YWP1, which encodes a yeast form of C. albicans. In contrast, except for gtfD, the expression of S. mutans gtfB/C genes encoding glucosyltransferase was not affected in Aa-WT and Aa-Y4 treated biofilms compared to the levels found in Aa-LuxS treated biofilms. Our results indicate that AI-2-containing spent media derived from Aa can reduce biofilm biomass without significantly inhibiting the survival rate of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Barros Cota B, Batista Carneiro de Oliveira D, Carla Borges T, Cristina Catto A, Valverde Serafim C, Rogelis Aquiles Rodrigues A, Kohlhoff M, Leomar Zani C, Assunção Andrade A. Antifungal activity of extracts and purified saponins from the rhizomes of Chamaecostus cuspidatus against Candida and Trichophyton species. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:61-75. [PMID: 32654270 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the antifungal activity of extracts of Chamaecostus cuspidatus against Candida and Trichophyton species. METHODS AND RESULTS Crude ethanol extracts of leaves, stems and rhizomes were prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. Only the rhizomes extract (RE) showed antifungal activity but had no inhibitory effect against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). The RE was then submitted to liquid-liquid partition with hexane (Hex), dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water. The Hex fraction (Hex Fr) from the RE was found to have the best antifungal effect. Three known saponins were isolated from the Hex Fr, of which two (dioscin and aferoside A) showed good antifungal activity. In addition, Hex Fr and the two bioactive compounds had no antibacterial effect, but exhibited fungicidal activity, caused significant changes in the morphology of the fungal cells and showed anti-Candida albicans biofilm activity. Finally, the bioactive plant products presented greater selectivity for fungal cells over normal human cells. CONCLUSIONS The rhizomes of C. cuspidatus have bioactive saponins that function as effective antifungals against Candida and Trichophyton species, and have antibiofilm activity against C. albicans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Chamaecostus cuspidatus REs may have potential clinical application towards the management of superficial mycoses caused by Candida and Trichophyton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barros Cota
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D Batista Carneiro de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - T Carla Borges
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - A Cristina Catto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - C Valverde Serafim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - A Rogelis Aquiles Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Farmacologia e Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - M Kohlhoff
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C Leomar Zani
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A Assunção Andrade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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15
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Eradication of planktonic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its sessile biofilm by curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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A Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor, a Proton Pump Inhibitor, and Two Calcium Channel Blockers Inhibit Candida albicans Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050756. [PMID: 32443498 PMCID: PMC7285287 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed by the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans are naturally resistant to many of the antifungal agents commonly used in the clinic. We screened a library containing 1600 clinically tested drug compounds to identify compounds that inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation. The compounds that emerged from the initial screen were validated in a secondary screen and then tested for (1) their abilities to disrupt mature biofilms and (2) for synergistic interactions with representatives of the three antifungal agents most commonly prescribed to treat Candida infections, fluconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin. Twenty compounds had antibiofilm activity in at least one of the secondary assays and several affected biofilms but, at the same concentration, had little or no effect on planktonic (suspension) growth of C. albicans. Two calcium channel blockers, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and an azole-based proton pump inhibitor were among the hits, suggesting that members of these three classes of drugs or their derivatives may be useful for treating C. albicans biofilm infections.
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de Freitas MA, Andrade JC, Alves AIS, Dos Santos FDAG, Leite-Andrade MC, Sales DL, Nunes M, Ribeiro PRV, Melo Coutinho HD, Morais-Braga MFB, Neves RP. Use of the natural products from the leaves of the fruitfull tree Persea americana against Candida sp. biofilms using acrylic resin discs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134779. [PMID: 31710846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The search for natural substances such as plant extracts with antimicrobial properties has considerably increased, given that biofilms constitute a barrier against antifungal therapy, where these can be formed on any surface, such as acrylic resin prosthesis. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the Persea americana Mill. leaf ethanol extract (EEFPa) using the UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS technique, to verify its antifungal activity through a sensitivity test according to the conditions described in the documents in M27-A3 (CLSI, 2008) and M60 (CLSI, 2017), to induce biofilm formation in acrylic resin discs and quantify their formation using tetrazolium salt reduction (MTT), as well as to treat these with the extract and fluconazole. Ten of the twelve compounds present in the extract were identified. In the sensitivity test the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration observed was 512 μg/mL, while fluconazole concentrations ranged from 64 to 1 μg/mL. During biofilm induction, all the isolates were able to form biofilms within 48 h. During biofilm treatment, the extract was less effective at biofilm reduction than Fluconazole. The EEFPa showed significant antifungal activity against some of the strains in this study, however the extract showed lower effect when compared to fluconazole against the biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Audilene de Freitas
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Cosmo Andrade
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Adryelle Idalina Silva Alves
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Franz de Assis G Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Melyna Chaves Leite-Andrade
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Débora Lima Sales
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Michellângelo Nunes
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Maria Flaviana Bezerra Morais-Braga
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Rejane Pereira Neves
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
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18
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de Freitas MA, Silva Alves AI, Andrade JC, Leite-Andrade MC, Lucas dos Santos AT, Felix de Oliveira T, dos Santos FDAG, Silva Buonafina MD, Melo Coutinho HD, Alencar de Menezes IR, Bezerra Morais-Braga MF, Pereira Neves R. Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of the Licania Rigida Leaf Ethanolic Extract against Biofilms Formed by Candida Sp. Isolates in Acrylic Resin Discs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040250. [PMID: 31817228 PMCID: PMC6963540 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida sp. treatment has become a challenge due to the formation of biofilms which favor resistance to conventional antifungals, making the search for new compounds necessary. The objective of this study was to identify the composition of the Licania rigida Benth. leaf ethanolic extract and to verify its antifungal activity against Candida sp. and its biofilms. The composition identification was performed using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) technique. The antifungal activity of extract and fluconazole against planktonic cells and biofilms was verified through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) following biofilm induction and quantification in acrylic resin discs by reducing tetrazolic salt, with all isolates forming biofilms within 48 h. Six constituents were identified in the extract, and the compounds identified are derivatives from phenolic compounds such as flavonoids (epi) gallocatechin Dimer, epigallocatechin and gallocatechin, Myricetin-O-hexoside, Myricitrin, and Quercetin-O-rhamnoside. The extract reduced biofilm formation in some of the strains analyzed, namely C. tropicalis URM5732, C. krusei INCQS40042, and C. krusei URM6352. This reduction was also observed in the treatment with fluconazole with some of the analyzed strains. The extract showed significant antifungal and anti-biofilm activities with some of the strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Audilene de Freitas
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil; (M.A.d.F.); (A.I.S.A.); (M.C.L.-A.); (T.F.d.O.); (F.d.A.G.d.S.); (M.D.S.B.); (R.P.N.)
| | - Adryelle Idalina Silva Alves
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil; (M.A.d.F.); (A.I.S.A.); (M.C.L.-A.); (T.F.d.O.); (F.d.A.G.d.S.); (M.D.S.B.); (R.P.N.)
| | - Jacqueline Cosmo Andrade
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil; (J.C.A.); (H.D.M.C.)
| | - Melyna Chaves Leite-Andrade
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil; (M.A.d.F.); (A.I.S.A.); (M.C.L.-A.); (T.F.d.O.); (F.d.A.G.d.S.); (M.D.S.B.); (R.P.N.)
| | - Antonia Thassya Lucas dos Santos
- Laboratory of Mycology applied of Cariri, Department of biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil; (A.T.L.d.S.); (M.F.B.M.-B.)
| | - Tatiana Felix de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil; (M.A.d.F.); (A.I.S.A.); (M.C.L.-A.); (T.F.d.O.); (F.d.A.G.d.S.); (M.D.S.B.); (R.P.N.)
| | - Franz de Assis G. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil; (M.A.d.F.); (A.I.S.A.); (M.C.L.-A.); (T.F.d.O.); (F.d.A.G.d.S.); (M.D.S.B.); (R.P.N.)
| | - Maria Daniela Silva Buonafina
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil; (M.A.d.F.); (A.I.S.A.); (M.C.L.-A.); (T.F.d.O.); (F.d.A.G.d.S.); (M.D.S.B.); (R.P.N.)
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil; (J.C.A.); (H.D.M.C.)
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Department of chemical biology, Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Flaviana Bezerra Morais-Braga
- Laboratory of Mycology applied of Cariri, Department of biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil; (A.T.L.d.S.); (M.F.B.M.-B.)
| | - Rejane Pereira Neves
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology Sylvio Campos, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil; (M.A.d.F.); (A.I.S.A.); (M.C.L.-A.); (T.F.d.O.); (F.d.A.G.d.S.); (M.D.S.B.); (R.P.N.)
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de Oliveira DBC, Silva LB, da Silva BV, Borges TC, Marques BC, Dos Santos MB, de Oliveira LF, Bolzani VS, Rodrigues ARA, Regasini LO, Andrade AA. A new acridone with antifungal properties against Candida spp. and dermatophytes, and antibiofilm activity against C. albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1362-1372. [PMID: 31297951 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The increase in the number of fungal infections worldwide, coupled with the limitations of current antifungal chemotherapy, demand the development of safe and effective new antifungals. Here, we presented the synthesis of a novel acridone (M14) and its antifungal properties against Candida and dermatophytes species. METHODS AND RESULTS A series of 17 acridones was designed, synthesized and tested for its antifungal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth microdilution method. Only the acridone M14 showed growth-inhibitory activity against reference strains and clinical isolates of Candida and dermatophytes, with MIC range of 7·81-31·25 µg ml-1 . Moreover, M14 exhibited fungicidal activity and prevented biofilm formation by C. albicans as well as reduced the viability of preformed biofilms, even at sub-MICs. The confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis revealed that C. albicans hyphal growth was completely inhibited in the presence of M14. Similarly, there was a severe inhibition on hyphal growth of Trichophyton rubrum. We also found that M14 has relatively low toxicity to human fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS The new acridone M14 has antifungal properties against Candida spp. and dermatophytes, and antibiofilm activity against C. albicans. In addition, M14 is relatively selective to fungal cells compared to human normal cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Because of its in vitro antifungal activity, anti-Candida biofilm effect and moderate cytotoxicity towards normal human cell, M14 may serve as a valuable lead compound to develop a new antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B C de Oliveira
- Discipline of Microbiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L B Silva
- Discipline of Microbiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B V da Silva
- Discipline of Microbiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - T C Borges
- Discipline of Microbiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B C Marques
- Laboratory of Green and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M B Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Green and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L F de Oliveira
- Discipline of Physiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - V S Bolzani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R A Rodrigues
- Discipline of Physiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L O Regasini
- Laboratory of Green and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A A Andrade
- Discipline of Microbiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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El-Houssaini HH, Elnabawy OM, Nasser HA, Elkhatib WF. Correlation between antifungal resistance and virulence factors in Candida albicans recovered from vaginal specimens. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Gayani B, Dilhari A, Wijesinghe GK, Kumarage S, Abayaweera G, Samarakoon SR, Perera IC, Kottegoda N, Weerasekera MM. Effect of natural curcuminoids-intercalated layered double hydroxide nanohybrid against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis: A bactericidal, antibiofilm, and mechanistic study. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00723. [PMID: 30221843 PMCID: PMC6528612 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the antibacterial/antibiofilm effect and mechanism of interaction of curcuminoids‐intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (curcuminoids‐LDH) against three different bacteria. Antimicrobial effect of curcuminoids‐LDH nanohybrid was investigated against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecalis (for both standard strains and clinical isolates), using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of planktonic bacteria were determined using the broth microdilution method. MIC of biofilms (MBIC50) and killing time for 48 hr matured biofilms were determined by MTT (3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine pre‐ and postexposure architecture of biofilms. The mechanism of the antibiofilm activity of curcuminoids‐LDH was determined using UV‐visible spectroscopy. All tested bacteria had given a zone of inhibition in the presence of curcuminoids‐LDH. The MIC values were 0.200 g/ml for P. aeruginosa, 0.025 g/ml for S. aureus, and 0.100 g/ml for E. faecalis. The 48 hr matured biofilms were reduced by curcuminoids‐LDH with an MBIC50 of 0.100 g/ml. The minimum time to achieve MBIC50 was 3 hr, and the reduction was constant until 48 hr. SEM images showed a significant reduction of biofilm cell density and exopolymer matrics for all biofilms in the presence of curcuminoids‐LDH. UV‐visible studies revealed the antibiofilm activity of curcuminoids‐LDH as due to the auto‐oxidation of curcuminoids. The oxidation products are more limited in both product concentration per unit time and the variety of products, compared to pure curcuminoids, resulting in sharper UV‐visible peaks than in the case of the latter. Curcuminoids‐LDH has a potential antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecalis. An antibiofilm activity has been achieved within 3 hr of the treatment. Curcuminoids released from the LDH showed the antibacterial activity due to oxidation products interfering with bacterial cell functions, and also encapsulation in the LDH causes curcuminoids to exhibit the activity in a persistent manner compared to pure curcuminoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhika Gayani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.,Center for Advanced Materials Research, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Ayomi Dilhari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayan Kanchana Wijesinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Sajeewani Kumarage
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayani Abayaweera
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanoscience and Technology Park, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Sameera R Samarakoon
- Institute of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Inoka C Perera
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Nilwala Kottegoda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.,Center for Advanced Materials Research, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.,Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanoscience and Technology Park, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Manjula M Weerasekera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Zhu Y, Huang R, Zhu R, Xu W, Zhu R, Cheng L. DeepScreen: An Accurate, Rapid, and Anti-Interference Screening Approach for Nanoformulated Medication by Deep Learning. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800909. [PMID: 30250814 PMCID: PMC6145411 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Accuracy of current efficacy judgment methods for nanoformulated drug remains unstable due to the interference of nanocarriers. Herein, DeepScreen, a drug screening system utilizing convolutional neural network based on flow cytomerty single-cell images, is introduced. Compared to existing experimental approaches, the high-throughput system has superior precision, rapidity, and anti-interference, and is cost-cutting with high accuracy. First, it can resist most disturbances from manual factors of complicated evaluation progress. In addition, class activation maps generated from DeepScreen indicate that it may identify and locate the tiny variation from cell apoptosis and slight changes of cellular period caused by drug or even nanoformulated drug action at very early stages. More importantly, the excellent performance of assessment on two types of nanoformulations and fluorescent drug proves the fine generality and anti-interference of this novel system. All these privileged performances make DeepScreen a very smart and promising system for drug detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Zhu
- Division of Spine SurgeryDepartment of OrthopedicsTongji HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200065China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and RegenerationTongji UniversityMinistry of EducationShanghai200065China
- Clinical Research Center for Brain and Spinal CordTongji UniversityShanghai200065China
| | - Ruiqi Huang
- Division of Spine SurgeryDepartment of OrthopedicsTongji HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200065China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and RegenerationTongji UniversityMinistry of EducationShanghai200065China
- Clinical Research Center for Brain and Spinal CordTongji UniversityShanghai200065China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Division of Spine SurgeryDepartment of OrthopedicsTongji HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200065China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and RegenerationTongji UniversityMinistry of EducationShanghai200065China
- Clinical Research Center for Brain and Spinal CordTongji UniversityShanghai200065China
| | - Wei Xu
- Division of Spine SurgeryDepartment of OrthopedicsTongji HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200065China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and RegenerationTongji UniversityMinistry of EducationShanghai200065China
- Clinical Research Center for Brain and Spinal CordTongji UniversityShanghai200065China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Division of Spine SurgeryDepartment of OrthopedicsTongji HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200065China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and RegenerationTongji UniversityMinistry of EducationShanghai200065China
- Clinical Research Center for Brain and Spinal CordTongji UniversityShanghai200065China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine SurgeryDepartment of OrthopedicsTongji HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200065China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and RegenerationTongji UniversityMinistry of EducationShanghai200065China
- Clinical Research Center for Brain and Spinal CordTongji UniversityShanghai200065China
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23
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Gulati M, Lohse MB, Ennis CL, Gonzalez RE, Perry AM, Bapat P, Arevalo AV, Rodriguez DL, Nobile CJ. In Vitro Culturing and Screening of Candida albicans Biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 50:e60. [PMID: 29995344 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a normal member of the human microbiota that asymptomatically colonizes healthy individuals, however it is also an opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The medical impact of C. albicans depends, in part, on its ability to form biofilms, communities of adhered cells encased in an extracellular matrix. Biofilms can form on both biotic and abiotic surfaces, such as tissues and implanted medical devices. Once formed, biofilms are highly resistant to antifungal agents and the host immune system, and can act as a protected reservoir to seed disseminated infections. Here, we present several in vitro biofilm protocols, including protocols that are optimized for high-throughput screening of mutant libraries and antifungal compounds. We also present protocols to examine specific stages of biofilm development and protocols to evaluate interspecies biofilms that C. albicans forms with interacting microbial partners. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gulati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
| | - Matthew B Lohse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Biology, BioSynesis, Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Craig L Ennis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
| | - Ruth E Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
| | - Austin M Perry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
| | - Priyanka Bapat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
| | - Ashley Valle Arevalo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
| | - Diana L Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
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24
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Costa GA, Rossatto FCP, Medeiros AW, Correa APF, Brandelli A, Frazzon APG, Motta ADESDA. Evaluation antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the antimicrobial peptide P34 against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:73-84. [PMID: 29424388 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820160131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion ability of bacteria to abiotic surfaces has important implications in food industries, because these organisms can survive for long periods through the biofilm formation. They can be transferred from one place to another in the industry causing contamination of the food processing environment. In this study, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the antimicrobial peptide P34, characterized as a bacteriocin-like substance (BLS P34) were tested against planktonic and sessile cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from foods. The BLS P34 showed inhibitory effect against all planktonic cells of E. faecalis. The inhibition of biofilm formation and the eradication of pre-formed biofilm were evaluated with the crystal violet assay and with the reduction of 3-bromide [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium. The BLS P34 promoted a reduction of percentage of adhered microbial cells on the surface, not being able to perform the complete elimination of biofilm formation. The metabolic activity of S. aureus biofilms decreased considerably between 41-95%. However, E. faecalis cells showed up metabolically stimulated. The BLS P34 has the potential antibiofilm for the species S. aureus. Studies suggest more detailed approaches to a better understanding of the interactions between the antimicrobial and bacterial cells within the biofilm structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica A Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C P Rossatto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline W Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Correa
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G Frazzon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda DE S DA Motta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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25
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Tüzüner U, İnci R. Candida türlerinde biyofilm oluşumunun modifiye mikroplak ve modifiye XTT redüksiyon yöntemleri ile saptanması. EGE TIP DERGISI 2017. [DOI: 10.19161/etd.395217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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26
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Gulati M, Ennis CL, Rodriguez DL, Nobile CJ. Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286435 DOI: 10.3791/56743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. albicans is its ability to form biofilms, structured communities of cells attached to biotic and abiotic surfaces. C. albicans biofilms can form on host tissues, such as mucosal layers, and on medical devices, such as catheters, pacemakers, dentures, and joint prostheses. Biofilms pose significant clinical challenges because they are highly resistant to physical and chemical perturbations, and can act as reservoirs to seed disseminated infections. Various in vitro assays have been utilized to study C. albicans biofilm formation, such as microtiter plate assays, dry weight measurements, cell viability assays, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. All of these assays are single end-point assays, where biofilm formation is assessed at a specific time point. Here, we describe a protocol to study biofilm formation in real-time using an automated microfluidic device under laminar flow conditions. This method allows for the observation of biofilm formation as the biofilm develops over time, using customizable conditions that mimic those of the host, such as those encountered in vascular catheters. This protocol can be used to assess the biofilm defects of genetic mutants as well as the inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents on biofilm development in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gulati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Craig L Ennis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Diana L Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced;
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27
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Han Q, Song X, Zhang Z, Fu J, Wang X, Malakar PK, Liu H, Pan Y, Zhao Y. Removal of Foodborne Pathogen Biofilms by Acidic Electrolyzed Water. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28638370 PMCID: PMC5461821 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms, which are complex microbial communities embedded in the protective extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), are difficult to remove in food production facilities. In this study, the use of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) to remove foodborne pathogen biofilms was evaluated. We used a green fluorescent protein-tagged Escherichia coli for monitoring the efficiency of AEW for removing biofilms, where under the optimal treatment conditions, the fluorescent signal of cells in the biofilm disappeared rapidly and the population of biofilm cells was reduced by more than 67%. Additionally, AEW triggered EPS disruption, as indicated by the deformation of the carbohydrate C-O-C bond and deformation of the aromatic rings in the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. These deformations were identified by EPS chemical analysis and Raman spectroscopic analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed that the breakup and detachment of biofilm were enhanced after AEW treatment. Further, AEW also eradicated biofilms formed by both Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes) and was observed to inactivate the detached cells which are a potential source of secondary pollution. This study demonstrates that AEW could be a reliable foodborne pathogen biofilm disrupter and an eco-friendly alternative to sanitizers traditionally used in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xueying Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Fu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Pradeep K Malakar
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of AgricultureShanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and PreservationShanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of AgricultureShanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and PreservationShanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of AgricultureShanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and PreservationShanghai, China
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28
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Costa-Orlandi CB, Sardi JCO, Pitangui NS, de Oliveira HC, Scorzoni L, Galeane MC, Medina-Alarcón KP, Melo WCMA, Marcelino MY, Braz JD, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Fungal Biofilms and Polymicrobial Diseases. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3020022. [PMID: 29371540 PMCID: PMC5715925 DOI: 10.3390/jof3020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor for pathogenic fungi. Both yeasts and filamentous fungi can adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces, developing into highly organized communities that are resistant to antimicrobials and environmental conditions. In recent years, new genera of fungi have been correlated with biofilm formation. However, Candida biofilms remain the most widely studied from the morphological and molecular perspectives. Biofilms formed by yeast and filamentous fungi present differences, and studies of polymicrobial communities have become increasingly important. A key feature of resistance is the extracellular matrix, which covers and protects biofilm cells from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, to achieve cell–cell communication, microorganisms secrete quorum-sensing molecules that control their biological activities and behaviors and play a role in fungal resistance and pathogenicity. Several in vitro techniques have been developed to study fungal biofilms, from colorimetric methods to omics approaches that aim to identify new therapeutic strategies by developing new compounds to combat these microbial communities as well as new diagnostic tools to identify these complex formations in vivo. In this review, recent advances related to pathogenic fungal biofilms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Costa-Orlandi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Janaina C O Sardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba SP 13414-018, Brazil.
| | - Nayla S Pitangui
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Mariana C Galeane
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Kaila P Medina-Alarcón
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Wanessa C M A Melo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Y Marcelino
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline D Braz
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Maria José S Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara SP 14800-903, Brazil.
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29
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Assessment and Optimizations of Candida albicans In Vitro Biofilm Assays. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02749-16. [PMID: 28289028 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02749-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms have a significant medical impact due to their rapid growth on implanted medical devices, their resistance to antifungal drugs, and their ability to seed disseminated infections. Biofilm assays performed in vitro allow for rapid, high-throughput screening of gene deletion libraries or antifungal compounds and typically serve as precursors to in vivo studies. Here, we compile and discuss the protocols for several recently published C. albicansin vitro biofilm assays. We also describe improved versions of these protocols as well as novel in vitro assays. Finally, we consider some of the advantages and disadvantages of these different types of assays.
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30
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Vasavi H, Sudeep H, Lingaraju H, Shyam Prasad K. Bioavailability-enhanced Resveramax™ modulates quorum sensing and inhibits biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Interspecies Interactions between Clostridium difficile and Candida albicans. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00187-16. [PMID: 27840850 PMCID: PMC5103046 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00187-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens that reside in the human gut. A few studies have focused on the prevalence of C. albicans in C. difficile-infected patients, but none have shown the interaction(s) that these two organisms may or may not have with each other. In this study, we used a wide range of different techniques to better understand this interaction at a macroscopic and microscopic level. We found that in the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile can survive under ambient aerobic conditions, which would otherwise be toxic. We also found that C. difficile affects the hypha formation of C. albicans, most likely through the excretion of p-cresol. This ultimately leads to an inability of C. albicans to form a biofilm. Our study provides new insights into interactions between C. albicans and C. difficile and bears relevance to both fungal and bacterial disease. The facultative anaerobic polymorphic fungus Candida albicans and the strictly anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens residing in the human gut. While a few studies have focused on the prevalence of C. albicans in C. difficile-infected patients, the nature of the interactions between these two microbes has not been studied thus far. In the current study, both chemical and physical interactions between C. albicans and C. difficile were investigated. In the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile was able to grow under aerobic, normally toxic, conditions. This phenomenon was neither linked to adherence of bacteria to hyphae nor to biofilm formation by C. albicans. Conditioned medium of C. difficile inhibited hyphal growth of C. albicans, which is an important virulence factor of the fungus. In addition, it induced hypha-to-yeast conversion. p-Cresol, a fermentation product of tyrosine produced by C. difficile, also induced morphological effects and was identified as an active component of the conditioned medium. This study shows that in the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile can persist and grow under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, p-cresol, produced by C. difficile, is involved in inhibiting hypha formation of C. albicans, directly affecting the biofilm formation and virulence of C. albicans. This study is the first detailed characterization of the interactions between these two gut pathogens. IMPORTANCECandida albicans and Clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens that reside in the human gut. A few studies have focused on the prevalence of C. albicans in C. difficile-infected patients, but none have shown the interaction(s) that these two organisms may or may not have with each other. In this study, we used a wide range of different techniques to better understand this interaction at a macroscopic and microscopic level. We found that in the presence of C. albicans, C. difficile can survive under ambient aerobic conditions, which would otherwise be toxic. We also found that C. difficile affects the hypha formation of C. albicans, most likely through the excretion of p-cresol. This ultimately leads to an inability of C. albicans to form a biofilm. Our study provides new insights into interactions between C. albicans and C. difficile and bears relevance to both fungal and bacterial disease.
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Bachtiar EW, Dewiyani S, Surono Akbar SM, Bachtiar BM. Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm development by unencapsulated Enterococcus faecalis cps2. J Dent Sci 2016; 11:323-330. [PMID: 30894991 PMCID: PMC6395282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose In the oral environment, Candida albicans interacts with many bacteria, including Enterococcus faecalis. We investigated the susceptibility of C. albicans biofilm development to the presence of unencapsulated E. faecalis cps2 in comparison with reference strains (E. faecalis ATCC 29212) or their respective spent medium (collected at 6 hours). Material and methods Crystal violet stain was used to measure the total biofilm mass, whereas quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the change in expression of the mRNA of hypha morphology (ALS1 and ALS3) and biofilm maturation (EFB1). Results At the intermediate stage, C. albicans resisted the presence of each E. faecalis strain tested and their spent medium. However, at the maturation stage, the unencapsulated strain was stronger in reducing C. albicans biofilms than the reference strain (P < 0.05). At this maturation stage, the transcription levels of each gene tested decreased in the presence of either E. faecalis strains or their respective spent medium. The unencapsulated strain was more pronounced in reducing ALS1/ALS3 expression, whereas the respective spent medium had a similar capability to restrict the expression of EFB1. Conclusion This study showed, the unencapsulated strain is more effective in inhibiting C. albicans biofilm development compared with the reference strains. In contrast, the secreted molecules produced by each strain tested are necessary in controlling the growths of C. albicans biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Sciences Research Center, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sari Dewiyani
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Sciences Research Center, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Prof. Dr. Mostoepo, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siti M Surono Akbar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Synergism Effect of the Essential Oil from Ocimum basilicum var. Maria Bonita and Its Major Components with Fluconazole and Its Influence on Ergosterol Biosynthesis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5647182. [PMID: 27274752 PMCID: PMC4871963 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5647182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of the EO and its major components of Ocimum basilicum var. Maria Bonita, a genetically improved cultivar, against the fluconazole sensitive and resistant strains of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Geraniol presented better results than the EO, with a low MIC (76 μg/mL against C. neoformans and 152 μg/mL against both Candida strains). The combination of EO, linalool, or geraniol with fluconazole enhanced their antifungal activity, especially against the resistant strain (MIC reduced to 156, 197, and 38 μg/mL, resp.). The ergosterol assay showed that subinhibitory concentrations of the substances were able to reduce the amount of sterol extracted. The substances tested were able to reduce the capsule size which suggests they have an important mechanism of action. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated cell wall destruction of C. neoformans after treatment with subinhibitory concentrations. In C. albicans ultrastructure alterations such as irregularities in the membrane, presence of vesicles, and cell wall thickening were observed. The biofilm formation was inhibited in both C. albicans strains at MIC and twice MIC. These results provide further support for the use of O. basilicum EO and its major components as a potential source of antifungal agents.
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Abstract
Development of Candida spp. biofilms on medical devices such as catheters and voice prosthesis has been recognized as an increasing clinical problem. Different in vitro models are presented with increasing complexity. Each model system can be utilized for analysis of new active compounds to prevent or treat Candida biofilms as well as to study molecular processes involved in biofilm formation. Susceptibility studies of clinical isolates are generally performed in a simple 96-well model system similar to the CLSI standard. In the present chapter, optimized conditions that promote biofilm formation within individual wells of microtiter plates are described. In addition, the method has proven useful in preparing C. albicans biofilms for investigation by a variety of microscopic and molecular techniques. A more realistic and more complex biofilm system is presented by the Amsterdam Active Attachment (AAA) model. In this 24-well model all crucial steps of biofilm formation: adhesion, proliferation, and maturation, can be simulated on various surfaces, while still allowing a medium throughput approach. This model has been applied to study susceptibility, complex molecular mechanisms as well as interspecies (Candida-bacterium) interactions. Finally, a realistic microfluidics channel system is presented to follow dynamic processes in biofilm formation. In this Bioflux-based system, molecular mechanisms as well as dynamic processes can be studied at a high time-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hubertine M E Willems
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Veerachamy S, Yarlagadda T, Manivasagam G, Yarlagadda PK. Bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on medical implants: a review. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2015; 228:1083-99. [PMID: 25406229 DOI: 10.1177/0954411914556137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are a complex group of microbial cells that adhere to the exopolysaccharide matrix present on the surface of medical devices. Biofilm-associated infections in the medical devices pose a serious problem to the public health and adversely affect the function of the device. Medical implants used in oral and orthopedic surgery are fabricated using alloys such as stainless steel and titanium. The biological behavior, such as osseointegration and its antibacterial activity, essentially depends on both the chemical composition and the morphology of the surface of the device. Surface treatment of medical implants by various physical and chemical techniques are attempted in order to improve their surface properties so as to facilitate bio-integration and prevent bacterial adhesion. The potential source of infection of the surrounding tissue and antimicrobial strategies are from bacteria adherent to or in a biofilm on the implant which should prevent both biofilm formation and tissue colonization. This article provides an overview of bacterial biofilm formation and methods adopted for the inhibition of bacterial adhesion on medical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganthan Veerachamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | | | - Geetha Manivasagam
- Centre for Biomaterials Science and Technology, School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Prasad Kdv Yarlagadda
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Tiwari V, Hui M, Rai M. Incidence of Candida Species in Urinary Tract Infections and Their Control by Using Bioactive Compounds Occurring in Medicinal Plants. Med Mycol 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b18707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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A flow cytometric approach to quantify biofilms. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:335-42. [PMID: 25948317 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since biofilms are important in many clinical, industrial, and environmental settings, reliable methods to quantify these sessile microbial populations are crucial. Most of the currently available techniques do not allow the enumeration of the viable cell fraction within the biofilm and are often time consuming. This paper proposes flow cytometry (FCM) using the single-stain viability dye TO-PRO(®)-3 iodide as a fast and precise alternative. Mature biofilms of Candida albicans and Escherichia coli were used to optimize biofilm removal and dissociation, as a single-cell suspension is needed for accurate FCM enumeration. To assess the feasibility of FCM quantification of biofilms, E. coli and C. albicans biofilms were analyzed using FCM and crystal violet staining at different time points. A combination of scraping and rinsing proved to be the most efficient technique for biofilm removal. Sonicating for 10 min eliminated the remaining aggregates, resulting in a single-cell suspension. Repeated FCM measurements of biofilm samples revealed a good intraday precision of approximately 5 %. FCM quantification and the crystal violet assay yielded similar biofilm growth curves for both microorganisms, confirming the applicability of our technique. These results show that FCM using TO-PRO(®)-3 iodide as a single-stain viability dye is a valid fast alternative for the quantification of viable cells in a biofilm.
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM, Jarosz LM, Amir LR, Sunarto H, Ganin H, Meijler MM, Krom BP. AI-2 of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans inhibits Candida albicans biofilm formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:94. [PMID: 25101248 PMCID: PMC4104835 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a Gram-negative bacterium, and Candida albicans, a polymorphic fungus, are both commensals of the oral cavity but both are opportunistic pathogens that can cause oral diseases. A. actinomycetemcomitans produces a quorum-sensing molecule called autoinducer-2 (AI-2), synthesized by LuxS, that plays an important role in expression of virulence factors, in intra- but also in interspecies communication. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of AI-2 based signaling in the interactions between C. albicans and A. actinomycetemcomitans. A. actinomycetemcomitans adhered to C. albicans and inhibited biofilm formation by means of a molecule that was secreted during growth. C. albicans biofilm formation increased significantly when co-cultured with A. actinomycetemcomitans luxS, lacking AI-2 production. Addition of wild-type-derived spent medium or synthetic AI-2 to spent medium of the luxS strain, restored inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation to wild-type levels. Addition of synthetic AI-2 significantly inhibited hypha formation of C. albicans possibly explaining the inhibition of biofilm formation. AI-2 of A. actinomycetemcomitans is synthesized by LuxS, accumulates during growth and inhibits C. albicans hypha- and biofilm formation. Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between bacteria and fungi may provide important insight into the balance within complex oral microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lucja M Jarosz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The W.J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa R Amir
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hari Sunarto
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hadas Ganin
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael M Meijler
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Ovchinnikova ES, van der Mei HC, Krom BP, Busscher HJ. Exchange of adsorbed serum proteins during adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to an abiotic surface and Candida albicans hyphae--an AFM study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:45-50. [PMID: 23707849 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans are the second and third most commonly isolated microorganisms in hospital-related-infections, that are often multi-species in nature causing high morbidity and mortality. Here, adhesion forces between a S. aureus strain and abiotic (tissue-culture-polystyrene, TCPS) or partly biotic (TCPS with adhering hyphae of C. albicans) surfaces were investigated in presence of fetal-bovine-serum or individual serum proteins and related with staphylococcal adhesion. Atomic-force-microscopy was used to measure adhesion forces between S. aureus and the abiotic and biotic surfaces. Adsorption of individual serum proteins like albumin and apo-transferrin to abiotic TCPS surfaces during 60min, impeded development of strong adhesion forces as compared to fibronectin, while 60min adsorption of proteins from fetal-bovine-serum yielded a decrease in adhesion force from -5.7nN in phosphate-buffered-saline to -0.6nN. Adsorption of albumin and apo-transferrin also decreased staphylococcal adhesion forces to hyphae as compared with fibronectin. During 60min exposure to fetal-bovine-serum however, initial (5min protein adsorption) staphylococcal adhesion forces were low (-1.6nN), but strong adhesion forces of around -5.5nN were restored within 60min. This suggests for the first time that in whole fetal-bovine-serum exchange of non-adhesive proteins by fibronectin occurs on biotic C. albicans hyphal surfaces. No evidence was found for such protein exchange on abiotic TCPS surfaces. Staphylococcal adhesion of abiotic and biotic surfaces varied in line with the adhesion forces and was low on TCPS in presence of fetal-bovine-serum. On partly biotic TCPS, staphylococci aggregated in presence of fetal-bovine-serum around adhering C. albicans hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Ovchinnikova
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ovchinnikova ES, Krom BP, Harapanahalli AK, Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC. Surface thermodynamic and adhesion force evaluation of the role of chitin-binding protein in the physical interaction between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:4823-4829. [PMID: 23509956 DOI: 10.1021/la400554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are able to form pathogenic polymicrobial communities. P. aeruginosa colonizes and kills hyphae but is unable to attach to yeast. It is unknown why the interaction of P. aeruginosa is different with yeast than with hyphae. Here we aim to evaluate the role of P. aeruginosa chitin-binding protein (CbpD) in its physical interaction with C. albicans hyphae or yeast, based on surface thermodynamic and atomic force microscopic analyses. A P. aeruginosa mutant lacking CbpD was unable to express strong adhesion forces with hyphae (-2.9 nN) as compared with the parent strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 (-4.8 nN) and showed less adhesion to hyphae. Also blocking of CbpD using N-acetyl-glucosamine yielded a lower adhesion force (-4.3 nN) with hyphae. Strong adhesion forces were restored after complementing the expression of CbpD in P. aeruginosa PAO1 ΔcbpD yielding an adhesion force of -5.1 nN. These observations were confirmed with microscopic evaluation of adhesion tests. Regardless of the absence or presence of CbpD on the bacterial cell surfaces, or their blocking, P. aeruginosa experienced favorable thermodynamic conditions for adhesion with hyphae, which were absent with yeast. In addition, adhesion forces with yeast were less than 0.5 nN in all cases. Concluding, CbpD in P. aeruginosa is responsible for strong physical interactions with C. albicans hyphae. The development of this interaction requires time due to the fact that CbpDs have to invade the outermost mannoprotein layer on the hyphal cell surfaces. In order to do this, thermodynamic conditions at the outermost cell surfaces have to be favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Ovchinnikova
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi have been constantly recovered from diverse aquatic environments including drinking water distribution systems. Although most of the works are focused on the study of planktonic form, recent researches have shown that fungi develop biofilm within these systems. In this study, Aspergillus sp. (section Nigri), Aspergillus sp. (section Flavi), Alternaria sp., Botrytis sp., Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. recovered from water biofilms were used to evaluate their capability to grow as biofilms under laboratorial conditions. Morphological and physiological characteristics were analysed using image analysis and biomass and cell activity estimation. All six isolates were able to form biofilm, though different patterns of development were observed. Only Alternaria sp. formed biofilm in water over 24 h of analysis. MEB was shown to be the best culture media for biofilm formation. A direct correlation between biomass and cell activity was not observed, but biomass values and morphological parameters, that is, monolayer and EPS production, were directly correlated. Thus, the results present here highlight the capability of fungi to form biofilms and the emergent necessity to standardize methods for further research in this area.
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Jadhav S, Shah R, Bhave M, Palombo EA. Inhibitory activity of yarrow essential oil on Listeria planktonic cells and biofilms. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ovchinnikova ES, Krom BP, Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC. Evaluation of adhesion forces of Staphylococcus aureus along the length of Candida albicans hyphae. BMC Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23181353 PMCID: PMC3538519 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen, able to cause both superficial and serious, systemic diseases and is able to switch from yeast cells to long, tube-like hyphae, depending on the prevailing environmental conditions. Both morphological forms of C. albicans are found in infected tissue, often in combination with Staphylococcus aureus. Although bacterial adhesion to the different morphologies of C. albicans has been amply studied, possible differences in staphylococcal adhesion forces along the length of C. albicans hyphae have never been determined. In this study, we aim to verify the hypothesis that the forces mediating S. aureus NCTC8325-4GFP adhesion to hyphae vary along the length of C. albicans SC5314 and MB1 hyphae, as compared with adhesion to yeast cells. Results C. albicans hyphae were virtually divided into a “tip” (the growing and therefore youngest part of the hyphae), a “middle” and a so-called “head” region (the yeast cell from which germination started). Adhesion forces between S. aureus NCTC8325-4GFP and the different regions of C. albicans SC5314 hyphae were measured using atomic force microscopy. Strong adhesion forces were found at the tip and middle regions of C. albicans hyphae (−4.1 nN and −4.0 nN, respectively), while much smaller adhesion forces were measured at the head region (−0.3 nN). Adhesion forces exerted by the head region were comparable with the forces arising from budding yeast cells (−0.5 nN). A similar regional dependence of the staphylococcal adhesion forces was found for the clinical isolate involved in this study, C. albicans MB1. Conclusions This is the first time that differences in adhesion forces between S. aureus and different regions of C. albicans hyphae have been demonstrated on a quantitative basis, supporting the view that the head region is different from the remainder of the hyphae. Notably it can be concluded that the properties of the hyphal head region are similar to those of budding yeast cells. These novel findings provide new insights in the intricate interkingdom interaction between C. albicans and S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Ovchinnikova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, AV 9713, The Netherlands
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Pannanusorn S, Fernandez V, Römling U. Prevalence of biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Candida species causing bloodstream infection. Mycoses 2012; 56:264-72. [PMID: 23113805 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Candida species are the fourth most common cause of nosocomial invasive infections. Biofilm formation is recognised as one virulence factor of Candida species. A total of 243 Candida albicans, 81 C. glabrata, 33 C. parapsilosis, 14 C. dubliniensis, 8 C. tropicalis, 8 C. lusitaniae, 5 C. krusei and 1 C. pelliculosa isolates causing bloodstream infections were evaluated for biofilm formation. The biofilm formed on silicone elastomer preincubated with human serum was quantified by estimation of the metabolic activity through XTT assay and visualised by light and scanning electron microscopy. Forty per cent of the C. albicans isolates formed biofilm compared to 88.7% of the non-albicans Candida isolates (P < 0.0001). Among non-albicans Candida spp., biofilm formation was most commonly observed in C. tropicalis and C. lusitaniae (100%), followed by C. glabrata (95%), C. dubliniensis (85.7%) and C. parapsilosis (66.7%). A quantitative correlation was observed between the amount of biofilm observed microscopically, and that determined by metabolic activity measurements. The biofilms of all Candida species were composed of basal yeast cells with the exception of C. parapsilosis which produced biofilms consisting of pseudohyphae and aggregated yeast cells. These results suggest that biofilm formation as a virulence factor might have a higher significance for non-albicans Candida species than for C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srisuda Pannanusorn
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pires RH, Santos JMD, Zaia JE, Martins CHG, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Candida parapsilosis complex water isolates from a haemodialysis unit: biofilm production and in vitro evaluation of the use of clinical antifungals. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106:646-54. [PMID: 22012217 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis, currently divided into three distinct species, proliferates in glucose-rich solutions and has been associated with infections resulting from the use of medical devices made of plastic, an environment common in dialysis centres. The aims of this study were (i) to screen for Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis (100 environmental isolates previously identified as C. parapsilosis), (ii) to test the ability of these isolates to form biofilm and (iii) to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of Candida spp biofilms to the antifungal agents, fluconazole (FLC) and amphotericin B (AMB). Isolates were obtained from a hydraulic circuit collected from a haemodialysis unit. Based on molecular criteria, 47 strains were re-identified as C. orthopsilosis and 53 as C. parapsilosis. Analyses using a formazan salt reduction assay and total viable count, together with microscopy studies, revealed that 72 strains were able to form biofilm that was structurally similar, but with minor differences in morphology. A microtitre-based colorimetric assay used to test the susceptibility of fungal biofilms to AMB and FLC demonstrated that the C. parapsilosis complex displayed an increased resistance to these antifungal agents. The results from these analyses may provide a basis for implementing quality controls and monitoring to ensure the microbiological purity of dialysis water, including the presence of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Helena Pires
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil.
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Cady NC, McKean KA, Behnke J, Kubec R, Mosier AP, Kasper SH, Burz DS, Musah RA. Inhibition of biofilm formation, quorum sensing and infection in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by natural products-inspired organosulfur compounds. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38492. [PMID: 22715388 PMCID: PMC3371053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a microplate-based screening assay, the effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation of several S-substituted cysteine sulfoxides and their corresponding disulfide derivatives were evaluated. From our library of compounds, S-phenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and its breakdown product, diphenyl disulfide, significantly reduced the amount of biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa at levels equivalent to the active concentration of 4-nitropyridine-N-oxide (NPO) (1 mM). Unlike NPO, which is an established inhibitor of bacterial biofilms, our active compounds did not reduce planktonic cell growth and only affected biofilm formation. When used in a Drosophila-based infection model, both S-phenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and diphenyl disulfide significantly reduced the P. aeruginosa recovered 18 h post infection (relative to the control), and were non-lethal to the fly hosts. The possibility that the observed biofilm inhibitory effects were related to quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) was investigated using Escherichia coli-based reporters expressing P. aeruginosa lasR or rhIR response proteins, as well as an endogenous P. aeruginosa reporter from the lasI/lasR QS system. Inhibition of quorum sensing by S-phenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide was observed in all of the reporter systems tested, whereas diphenyl disulfide did not exhibit QSI in either of the E. coli reporters, and showed very limited inhibition in the P. aeruginosa reporter. Since both compounds inhibit biofilm formation but do not show similar QSI activity, it is concluded that they may be functioning by different pathways. The hypothesis that biofilm inhibition by the two active compounds discovered in this work occurs through QSI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C. Cady
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurt A. McKean
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Behnke
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Roman Kubec
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron P. Mosier
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Kasper
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - David S. Burz
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Rabi A. Musah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Biological activities of α-pinene and β-pinene enantiomers. Molecules 2012; 17:6305-16. [PMID: 22634841 PMCID: PMC6268778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activities of the isomers and enantiomers of pinene were evaluated against bacterial and fungal cells. The agar diffusion test showed that only the positive enantiomers of the α- and β-isomers of pinene were active. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) of these monoterpenes were also determined, confirming that the positive enantiomers exhibited microbicidal activity against all fungi and bacteria tested with MICs ranging from 117 to 4,150 μg/mL. However, no antimicrobial activity was detected with the negative enantiomers up to 20 mg/mL. Time-kill curves showed that (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene were highly toxic to Candida albicans, killing 100% of inoculum within 60 min. By contrast, the bactericidal effect occurred after 6 h in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In combination with commercial antimicrobials, ciprofloxacin plus (+)-α-pinene or (+)-β-pinene presented synergistic activity against MRSA whereas an indifferent effect against all fungi was detected when amphotericin B was combined with the positive enantiomers of pinene. The potential of (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene to inhibit phospholipase and esterase activities was also evaluated, and the best inhibition results were obtained with Cryptococcus neoformans. C. albicans biofilm formation was prevented with the MIC concentration of (+)-α-pinene and twice the MIC value of (+)-β-pinene. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the positive enantiomers of pinene to murine macrophages was evaluated, and 250 μg/mL of (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene reduced the cell viability to 66.8% and 57.7%, respectively.
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Pires RH, Montanari LB, Martins CHG, Zaia JE, Almeida AMF, Matsumoto MT, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Anticandidal efficacy of cinnamon oil against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Candida parapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:453-64. [PMID: 21761153 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is yeast capable of forming biofilms on medical devices. Novel approaches for the prevention and eradication of the biofilms are desired. This study investigated the anticandidal activity of sixteen essential oils on planktonic and biofilm cultures of C. parapsilosis complex. We used molecular tools, enumeration of colony-forming units, the colourimetric MTT assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a chequerboard assay coupled with software analyses to evaluate the growth kinetics, architecture, inhibition and reduction in biofilms formed from environmental isolates of the Candida parapsilosis complex; further, we also evaluated whether essential oils would interact synergistically with amphotericin B to increase their anticandidal activities. Of the environmental C. parapsilosis isolates examined, C. parapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis were identified. Biofilm growth on polystyrene substrates peaked within 48 h, after which growth remained relatively stable up to 72 h, when it began to decline. Details of the architectural analysis assessed by SEM showed that C. parapsilosis complex formed less complex biofilms compared with C. albicans biofilms. The most active essential oil was cinnamon oil (CO), which showed anticandidal activity against C. orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis in both suspension (minimum inhibitory concentration-MIC-250 and 500 μg/ml) and biofilm (minimum biofilm reduction concentration-MBRC-1,000 and 2,000 μg/ml) cultures. CO also inhibited biofilm formation (MBIC) at concentrations above 250 μg/ml for both species tested. However, synergism with amphotericin B was not observed. Thus, CO is a natural anticandidal agent that can be effectively utilised for the control of the yeasts tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Helena Pires
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Deveau A, Hogan DA. Linking quorum sensing regulation and biofilm formation by Candida albicans. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 692:219-33. [PMID: 21031315 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-971-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms are surface-associated, structured communities composed of yeast, hyphal, and pseudohyphal cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. C. albicans biofilms often lead to life-threatening systemic infections and are particularly difficult to eradicate because of their high levels of resistance to antibiotics. Farnesol, an autoregulatory molecule secreted by C. albicans, inhibits hyphal growth and the expression of a number of morphology-specific genes that are necessary for robust biofilm formation. Many stages of biofilm development are impacted by farnesol including the adherence of cells to the substratum, the architecture of mature biofilms, and the dispersal of cells from biofilms. For these reasons, understanding the mechanisms of action of farnesol could lead to the development of new antifungal compounds that target C. albicans biofilm cells, perhaps rendering biofilms more sensitive to antibiotics. Here, we describe several methods for the analysis of the effects of farnesol on biofilm formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Deveau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
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Kovaleva J, Degener J, van der Mei H. Mimicking disinfection and drying of biofilms in contaminated endoscopes. J Hosp Infect 2010; 76:345-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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