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Needham D. Niclosamide: A career builder. J Control Release 2024; 369:786-856. [PMID: 37544514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
My contribution to honoring Professor Kinam Park celebrates and resonates with his scholarly career in drug delivery, his commitment to encouraging the next generation(s), and his efforts to keep us focused on clinically effective formulations. To do this I take as my example, niclosamide, a small molecule protonophore that, uniquely, can "target" all cell membranes, both plasma and organelle. As such, it acts upstream of many cell pathways and so has the potential to affect many of the essential events that a cell, and particularly a diseased cell or other entities like a virus, use to stay alive and prosper. Literature shows that it has so far been discovered to positively influence (at least): cancer, bacterial and viral infection, metabolic diseases such as Type II diabetes, NASH and NAFLD, artery constriction, endometriosis, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease, systemic sclerosis, Parkinson's, and COPD. With such a fundamental action and broad-spectrum activity, I believe that studying niclosamide in all its manifestations, discovering if and to what extent it can contribute positively to disease control (and also where it can't), formulating it as effective therapeutics, and testing them in preclinical and clinical trials is a career builder for our next generation(s). The article is divided into two parts: Part I introduces niclosamide and other proton shunts mainly in cancer and viral infections and reviews an exponentially growing literature with some concepts and physicochemical properties that lead to its proton shunt mechanism. Part II focuses on repurposing by reformulation of niclosamide. I give two examples of "carrier-free formulations", - one for cancer (as a prodrug therapeutic of niclosamide stearate for i.v. and other administration routes, exemplified by our recent work on Osteosarcoma in mice and canine patients), and the other as a niclosamide solution formulation (that could provide the basis for a preventative nasal spray and early treatment option for COVID19 and other respiratory virus infections). My goal is to excite and enthuse, encourage, and motivate all involved in the drug development and testing process in academia, institutes, and industry, to learn more about this interesting molecule and others like it. To enable such endeavors, I give many proposed ideas throughout the document, that have been stimulated and inspired by gaps in the literature, urgent needs in disease, and new studies arising from our own work. The hope is that, by reading through this document and studying the suggested topics and references, the drug delivery and development community will continue our lineage and benefit from our legacy to achieve niclosamide's potential as an effective contributor to the treatment and control of many diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Needham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Translational Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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2
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Yamasaki H, Itoh RD, Mizumoto KB, Yoshida YS, Otaki JM, Cohen MF. Spatiotemporal Characteristics Determining the Multifaceted Nature of Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Species in Relation to Proton Homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38407968 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) act as signaling molecules, regulating gene expression, enzyme activity, and physiological responses. However, excessive amounts of these molecular species can lead to deleterious effects, causing cellular damage and death. This dual nature of ROS, RNS, and RSS presents an intriguing conundrum that calls for a new paradigm. Recent Advances: Recent advancements in the study of photosynthesis have offered significant insights at the molecular level and with high temporal resolution into how the photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex manages to prevent harmful ROS production during the water-splitting process. These findings suggest that a dynamic spatiotemporal arrangement of redox reactions, coupled with strict regulation of proton transfer, is crucial for minimizing unnecessary ROS formation. Critical Issues: To better understand the multifaceted nature of these reactive molecular species in biology, it is worth considering a more holistic view that combines ecological and evolutionary perspectives on ROS, RNS, and RSS. By integrating spatiotemporal perspectives into global, cellular, and biochemical events, we discuss local pH or proton availability as a critical determinant associated with the generation and action of ROS, RNS, and RSS in biological systems. Future Directions: The concept of localized proton availability will not only help explain the multifaceted nature of these ubiquitous simple molecules in diverse systems but also provide a basis for new therapeutic strategies to manage and manipulate these reactive species in neural disorders, pathogenic diseases, and antiaging efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Yamasaki
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D Itoh
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Yuki S Yoshida
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Joji M Otaki
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Michael F Cohen
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Santa Clara County, San Jose, California, USA
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Zhang M, Li B, Tian J. Mitochondrial targets exploration of epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin in regards to differences in stress protection under different temperatures. J Nutr Biochem 2023:109400. [PMID: 37271321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the impacts of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and theaflavin (TF1) on temperature tolerance of nematodes and explored targets on mitochondria. Survival rate, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP content of nematodes at different temperatures incubated with EGCG or TF1 were quantified. Thermogenesis and function of ex-vivo mitochondria were characterized. Targeted proteins of substances were explored via drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and RT-qPCR. Results showed that EGCG and TF1 increased survival rates of nematodes under heat and cold stress, respectively. TF1 exhibited lower MMP of nematodes and more mitochondrial thermogenesis than EGCG for the cold-protection, and upregulated gpi-1, pgk-1, acox-1.2, acox-1.3 and acaa-2 to compensate the energy loss due to the uncoupling and downregulation of sdha-1 and atp-1. EGCG upregulated ctl-1, hsp-60 and enol-1 expression for the thermo-protection, as well as pgk-1, acox-1.3 and acaa-2 to compensate energy loss due to the downregulation of sdha-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China; Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China; Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
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4
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Cuesta-Rubio O, Monzote L, Fernández-Acosta R, Pardo-Andreu GL, Rastrelli L. A review of nemorosone: Chemistry and biological properties. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 210:113674. [PMID: 37044362 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nemorosone is a bicyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative originally isolated from Clusia spp. and it can be obtained through chemical synthesis employing different synthetic strategies. Since its discovery, it has attracted great attention both from a biological and chemical viewpoint. In the present article, we attempted to review various chemical and biological topics around nemorosone, with an emphasis on its antiproliferative activities. For this purpose, relevant data was collected from different scientific databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Knowledge. This natural compound has shown activity against several types of malignancies such as leukemia, human colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer because it modulates multiple molecular pathways. Nemorosone has both cytostatic and cytotoxic activity and it also seems to induce apoptosis and ferroptosis. Additionally, it has antimicrobial capabilities against Gram-positive bacteria and parasites belonging to genus Leishmania. Its promising antiproliferative pre-clinical effects deserve further attention for anticancer and anti-parasitic drug development and translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmany Cuesta-Rubio
- Universidad Técnica de Machala, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y de la Salud, Ave. Panamericana km 5½, 070101, Machala, Ecuador.
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2, 11400, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Roberto Fernández-Acosta
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Havana, 222 St. # 2317, La Coronela, 13600, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Gilberto Lázaro Pardo-Andreu
- Center for Research and Biological Evaluation, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Havana, 222 St. # 2317, 13600, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Luca Rastrelli
- Universitá degli Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Nemorosone-Induced Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050735. [PMID: 36899871 PMCID: PMC10000521 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death-driven by excessive peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of membranes. A growing body of evidence suggests the induction of ferroptosis as a cutting-edge strategy in cancer treatment research. Despite the essential role of mitochondria in cellular metabolism, bioenergetics, and cell death, their function in ferroptosis is still poorly understood. Recently, mitochondria were elucidated as an important component in cysteine-deprivation-induced (CDI) ferroptosis, which provides novel targets in the search for new ferroptosis-inducing compounds (FINs). Here, we identified the natural mitochondrial uncoupler nemorosone as a ferroptosis inducer in cancer cells. Interestingly, nemorosone triggers ferroptosis by a double-edged mechanism. In addition to decreasing the glutathione (GSH) levels by blocking the System xc cystine/glutamate antiporter (SLC7A11), nemorosone increases the intracellular labile Fe2+ pool via heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) induction. Interestingly, a structural variant of nemorosone (O-methylated nemorosone), having lost the capacity to uncouple mitochondrial respiration, does not trigger cell death anymore, suggesting that the mitochondrial bioenergetic disruption via mitochondrial uncoupling is necessary for nemorosone-induced ferroptosis. Our results open novel opportunities for cancer cell killing by mitochondrial uncoupling-induced ferroptosis.
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Ebert A, Goss KU. Screening of 6000 Compounds for Uncoupling Activity: A Comparison Between a Mechanistic Biophysical Model and the Structural Alert Profiler Mitotox. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:208-219. [PMID: 34865177 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protonophoric uncoupling of phosphorylation is an important factor when assessing chemicals for their toxicity, and has recently moved into focus in pharmaceutical research with respect to the treatment of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, or obesity. Reliably identifying uncoupling activity is thus a valuable goal. To that end, we screened more than 6000 anionic compounds for in vitro uncoupling activity, using a biophysical model based on ab initio COSMO-RS input parameters with the molecular structure as the only external input. We combined these results with a model for baseline toxicity (narcosis). Our model identified more than 1250 possible uncouplers in the screening dataset, and identified possible new uncoupler classes such as thiophosphoric acids. When tested against 423 known uncouplers and 612 known inactive compounds in the dataset, the model reached a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 96%. In a direct comparison, it showed a similar specificity than the structural alert profiler Mitotox (97%), but much higher sensitivity than Mitotox (47%). The biophysical model thus allows for a more accurate screening for uncoupling activity than existing structural alert profilers. We propose to use our model as a complementary tool to screen large datasets for protonophoric uncoupling activity in drug development and toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ebert
- Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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Vesga LC, Silva AMP, Bernal CC, Mendez-Sánchez SC, Romero Bohórquez AR. Tetrahydroquinoline/4,5-dihydroisoxazole hybrids with a remarkable effect over mitochondrial bioenergetic metabolism on melanoma cell line B16F10. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Shrestha R, Johnson E, Byrne FL. Exploring the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial uncouplers in cancer. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101222. [PMID: 33781939 PMCID: PMC8129951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial uncouplers are well-known for their ability to treat a myriad of metabolic diseases, including obesity and fatty liver diseases. However, for many years now, mitochondrial uncouplers have also been evaluated in diverse models of cancer in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, some mitochondrial uncouplers are now in clinical trials for cancer, although none have yet been approved for the treatment of cancer. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review we summarise published studies in which mitochondrial uncouplers have been investigated as an anti-cancer therapy in preclinical models. In many cases, mitochondrial uncouplers show strong anti-cancer effects both as single agents, and in combination therapies, and some are more toxic to cancer cells than normal cells. Furthermore, the mitochondrial uncoupling mechanism of action in cancer cells has been described in detail, with consistencies and inconsistencies between different structural classes of uncouplers. For example, many mitochondrial uncouplers decrease ATP levels and disrupt key metabolic signalling pathways such as AMPK/mTOR but have different effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Many of these effects oppose aberrant phenotypes common in cancer cells that ultimately result in cell death. We also highlight several gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed before we have a clear direction and strategy for applying mitochondrial uncouplers as anti-cancer agents. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS There is a large body of evidence supporting the therapeutic use of mitochondrial uncouplers to treat cancer. However, the long-term safety of some uncouplers remains in question and it will be critical to identify which patients and cancer types would benefit most from these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Shrestha
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia
| | - Edward Johnson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia
| | - Frances L Byrne
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia.
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Gossypitrin, A Naturally Occurring Flavonoid, Attenuates Iron-Induced Neuronal and Mitochondrial Damage. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113364. [PMID: 34199597 PMCID: PMC8199700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of iron homeostasis is an important factor in the loss of mitochondrial function in neural cells, leading to neurodegeneration. Here, we assessed the protective action of gossypitrin (Gos), a naturally occurring flavonoid, on iron-induced neuronal cell damage using mouse hippocampal HT-22 cells and mitochondria isolated from rat brains. Gos was able to rescue HT22 cells from the damage induced by 100 µM Fe(II)-citrate (EC50 8.6 µM). This protection was linked to the prevention of both iron-induced mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and ATP depletion. In isolated mitochondria, Gos (50 µM) elicited an almost complete protection against iron-induced mitochondrial swelling, the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and ATP depletion. Gos also prevented Fe(II)-citrate-induced mitochondrial lipid peroxidation with an IC50 value (12.45 µM) that was about nine time lower than that for the tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced oxidation. Furthermore, the flavonoid was effective in inhibiting the degradation of both 15 and 1.5 mM 2-deoxyribose. It also decreased Fe(II) concentration with time, while increasing O2 consumption rate, and impairing the reduction of Fe(III) by ascorbate. Gos-Fe(II) complexes were detected by UV-VIS and IR spectroscopies, with an apparent Gos-iron stoichiometry of 2:1. Results suggest that Gos does not generally act as a classical antioxidant, but it directly affects iron, by maintaining it in its ferric form after stimulating Fe(II) oxidation. Metal ions would therefore be unable to participate in a Fenton-type reaction and the lipid peroxidation propagation phase. Hence, Gos could be used to treat neuronal diseases associated with iron-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage.
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Kulkarni CA, Fink BD, Gibbs BE, Chheda PR, Wu M, Sivitz WI, Kerns RJ. A Novel Triphenylphosphonium Carrier to Target Mitochondria without Uncoupling Oxidative Phosphorylation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:662-676. [PMID: 33395531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an underlying pathology in numerous diseases. Delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic cargo directly into mitochondria is a powerful approach to study and treat these diseases. The triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) moiety is the most widely used mitochondriotropic carrier. However, studies have shown that TPP+ is not inert; TPP+ conjugates uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. To date, all efforts toward addressing this problem have focused on modifying lipophilicity of TPP+-linker-cargo conjugates to alter mitochondrial uptake, albeit with limited success. We show that structural modifications to the TPP+ phenyl rings that decrease electron density on the phosphorus atom can abrogate uncoupling activity as compared to the parent TPP+ moiety and prevent dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential. These alterations of the TPP+ structure do not negatively affect the delivery of cargo to mitochondria. Results here identify the 4-CF3-phenyl TPP+ moiety as an inert mitochondria-targeting carrier to safely target pharmacophores and probes to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya A Kulkarni
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Brian D Fink
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
| | - Bettine E Gibbs
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Pratik R Chheda
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Meng Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States.,University of Iowa High Throughput Screening (UIHTS) Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - William I Sivitz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
| | - Robert J Kerns
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Menegazzi M, Masiello P, Novelli M. Anti-Tumor Activity of Hypericum perforatum L. and Hyperforin through Modulation of Inflammatory Signaling, ROS Generation and Proton Dynamics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010018. [PMID: 33379141 PMCID: PMC7824709 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we review the mechanisms of the antitumor effects of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort, SJW) and its main active component hyperforin (HPF). SJW extract is commonly employed as antidepressant due to its ability to inhibit monoamine neurotransmitters re-uptake. Moreover, further biological properties make this vegetal extract very suitable for both prevention and treatment of several diseases, including cancer. Regular use of SJW reduces colorectal cancer risk in humans and prevents genotoxic effects of carcinogens in animal models. In established cancer, SJW and HPF can still exert therapeutic effects by their ability to downregulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit pro-survival kinases, angiogenic factors and extracellular matrix proteases, thereby counteracting tumor growth and spread. Remarkably, the mechanisms of action of SJW and HPF include their ability to decrease ROS production and restore pH imbalance in tumor cells. The SJW component HPF, due to its high lipophilicity and mild acidity, accumulates in membranes and acts as a protonophore that hinders inner mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, inhibiting mitochondrial ROS generation and consequently tumor cell proliferation. At the plasma membrane level, HPF prevents cytosol alkalization and extracellular acidification by allowing protons to re-enter the cells. These effects can revert or at least attenuate cancer cell phenotype, contributing to hamper proliferation, neo-angiogenesis and metastatic dissemination. Furthermore, several studies report that in tumor cells SJW and HPF, mainly at high concentrations, induce the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, likely by collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential. Based on these mechanisms, we highlight the SJW/HPF remarkable potentiality in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-802-7168
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, I-56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, I-56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (M.N.)
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A Photoalkylative Fluorogenic Probe of Guttiferone A for Live Cell Imaging and Proteome Labeling in Plasmodium falciparum. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215139. [PMID: 33158263 PMCID: PMC7663766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guttiferone A (GA) 1, a polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) isolated from the plant Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae), constitutes a novel hit in antimalarial drug discovery. PPAPs do not possess identified biochemical targets in malarial parasites up to now. Towards this aim, we designed and evaluated a natural product-derived photoactivatable probe AZC-GA 5, embedding a photoalkylative fluorogenic motif of the 7-azidocoumarin (AZC) type, devoted to studying the affinity proteins interacting with GA in Plasmodium falciparum. Probe 5 manifested a number of positive functional and biological features, such as (i) inhibitory activity in vitro against P. falciparum blood-stages that was superimposable to that of GA 1, dose–response photoalkylative fluorogenic properties (ii) in model conditions using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an affinity protein surrogate, (iii) in live P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, and (iv) in fresh P. falciparum cell lysate. Fluorogenic signals by photoactivated AZC-GA 5 in biological settings were markedly abolished in the presence of excess GA 1 as a competitor, indicating significant pharmacological specificity of the designed molecular probe relative to the native PPAP. These results open the way to identify the detected plasmodial proteins as putative drug targets for the natural product 1 by means of proteomic analysis.
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13
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Frión-Herrera Y, Gabbia D, Cuesta-Rubio O, De Martin S, Carrara M. Nemorosone inhibits the proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Life Sci 2019; 235:116817. [PMID: 31476309 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the tumor microenvironment, dysregulated immune cells could promote tumor progression, invasion and metastasis, by establishing a symbiotic relationship with cancer cells. A pivotal role is played by monocyte recruitment and induction of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which provide immunosuppression and tumorigenesis. The effect of nemorosone, an antiproliferative phytocomponent present in Cuban Propolis, on TAM-induced tumor progression remains to be elucidated. Here we investigated the symbiotic relationship between monocytic leukemia THP-1 and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, and the role of nemorosone in preventing TAM-induced tumor growth. MAIN METHODS Macrophage differentiation induced by HepG2-conditioned medium was assessed by flow cytometry, analysis of secreted molecules and cytokine expression. The effect of nemorosone and/or conditioned THP-1-medium on HepG2 proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay, colony formation, cells cycle and migration assays. KEY FINDINGS HepG2 cells induced THP-1 recruitment and differentiation to macrophages. When compared with control THP-1 cells, differentiated THP-1 showed a significant increase of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression (P < 0.01), and slightly induced HepG2 cells growth. This effect was counteracted by nemorosone, which also significantly inhibited colony formation (P < 0.01) and migratory capacity of HepG2 cells, driving a high percentage of cells (80%) to the G0/G1 phase. SIGNIFICANCE HepG2-conditioned medium is a suitable model for THP-1 modulation and differentiation. Moreover, nemorosone significantly inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cells, both in presence and absence of the soluble factors secreted by TAMs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of this natural compound in the HCC-TAM relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahima Frión-Herrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, L.go Meneghetti 2, Italy
| | - Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, L.go Meneghetti 2, Italy
| | - Osmany Cuesta-Rubio
- Chemistry and Health Faculty, Technical University of Machala, Ave. Panamericana Vía a Pasaje Km. 5 1/2, Ecuador
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, L.go Meneghetti 2, Italy.
| | - Maria Carrara
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, L.go Meneghetti 2, Italy
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Wen S, Boyce JH, Kandappa SK, Sivaguru J, Porco JA. Regiodivergent Photocyclization of Dearomatized Acylphloroglucinols: Asymmetric Syntheses of (-)-Nemorosone and (-)-6- epi-Garcimultiflorone A. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11315-11321. [PMID: 31264859 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regiodivergent photocyclization of dearomatized acylphloroglucinol substrates has been developed to produce type A polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) derivatives using an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. Using this strategy, we achieved the enantioselective total syntheses of the type A PPAPs (-)-nemorosone and (-)-6-epi-garcimultiflorone A. Diverse photocyclization substrates have been investigated leading to divergent photocyclization processes as a function of tether length. Photophysical studies were performed, and photocyclization mechanisms were proposed based on investigation of various substrates as well as deuterium-labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishuai Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Jonathan H Boyce
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Sunil K Kandappa
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and the Department of Chemistry , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403-0001 , United States
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and the Department of Chemistry , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403-0001 , United States
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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15
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Frión-Herrera Y, Gabbia D, Díaz-García A, Cuesta-Rubio O, Carrara M. Chemosensitizing activity of Cuban propolis and nemorosone in doxorubicin resistant human colon carcinoma cells. Fitoterapia 2019; 136:104173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Rokitskaya TI, Khailova LS, Makarenkov AV, Shunaev AV, Tatarskiy VV, Shtil AA, Ol'shevskaya VA, Antonenko YN. Carborane derivatives of 1,2,3-triazole depolarize mitochondria by transferring protons through the lipid part of membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1861:573-583. [PMID: 30562498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Boron containing polyhedra (carboranes) are three-dimensional delocalized aromatic systems. These structures have been shown to transport protons through lipid membranes and mitochondria. Conjugation of carboranes to various organic moieties is aimed at obtaining biologically active compounds with novel properties. Taking advantage of 1,2,3-triazoles as the scaffolds valuable in medicinal chemistry, we synthesized 1-(o-carboranylmethyl)-4-pentyl-1,2,3-triazole (c-triazole) and 1-(o-carboranylmethyl)-4-pentyl-1,2,3-triazolium iodide (c-triazolium). Both compounds interacted with model lipid membranes and exhibited a proton carrying activity in planar bilayers and liposomes in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner. Importantly, mechanisms of the protonophoric activity differed; namely, protonation-deprotonation reactions of the triazole and the o-carborane moieties were involved in the transport cycles of c-triazole and c-triazolium, respectively. At micromolar concentrations, c-triazole and c-triazolium stimulated respiration of isolated rat liver mitochondria and depolarized their membrane potential, with c-triazole being more potent. In living K562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia) cells, both c-triazolium and c-triazole altered the mitochondrial membrane potential as determined by a decreased intracellular accumulation of the potential-dependent dye tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester. Finally, cell viability testing demonstrated a cytotoxic potency of c-triazolium and, to a lesser extent, of c-triazole against K562 cells, whereas non-malignant fibroblasts were much less sensitive. In all tests, the reference boron-free benzyl-4-pentyl-1,2,3-triazole showed little-to-no effects. These results demonstrated that carboranyltriazoles carry protons across biological membranes, a property potentially important in anticancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anton V Makarenkov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexei V Shunaev
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victor V Tatarskiy
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation; National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 4 Leninskiy Prospekt, Moscow 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A Shtil
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valentina A Ol'shevskaya
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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17
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Stevens JF, Revel JS, Maier CS. Mitochondria-Centric Review of Polyphenol Bioactivity in Cancer Models. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1589-1611. [PMID: 29084444 PMCID: PMC6207154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Humans are exposed daily to polyphenols in milligram-to-gram amounts through dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables. Polyphenols are also available as components of dietary supplements for improving general health. Although polyphenols are often advertised as antioxidants to explain health benefits, experimental evidence shows that their beneficial cancer preventing and controlling properties are more likely due to stimulation of pro-oxidant and proapoptotic pathways. Recent Advances: The understanding of the biological differences between cancer and normal cell, and especially the role that mitochondria play in carcinogenesis, has greatly advanced in recent years. These advances have resulted in a wealth of new information on polyphenol bioactivity in cell culture and animal models of cancer. Polyphenols appear to target oxidative phosphorylation and regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), glycolysis, pro-oxidant pathways, and antioxidant (adaptive) stress responses with greater selectivity in tumorigenic cells. CRITICAL ISSUES The ability of polyphenols to dissipate the MMP (Δψm) by a protonophore mechanism has been known for more than 50 years. However, researchers focus primarily on the downstream molecular effects of Δψm dissipation and mitochondrial uncoupling. We argue that the physicochemical properties of polyphenols are responsible for their anticancer properties by virtue of their protonophoric and pro-oxidant properties rather than their specific effects on downstream molecular targets. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Polyphenol-induced dissipation of Δψm is a physicochemical process that cancer cells cannot develop resistance against by gene mutation. Therefore, polyphenols should receive more attention as agents for cotherapy with cancer drugs to gain synergistic activity. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Johana S. Revel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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18
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Mora DPP, Santiago KB, Conti BJ, de Oliveira Cardoso E, Conte FL, Oliveira LPG, de Assis Golim M, Uribe JFC, Gutiérrez RM, Buitrago MR, Popova M, Trusheva B, Bankova V, García OT, Sforcin JM. The chemical composition and events related to the cytotoxic effects of propolis on osteosarcoma cells: A comparative assessment of Colombian samples. Phytother Res 2018; 33:591-601. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Basso Santiago
- Institute of Biosciences; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Botucatu; Brazil
| | - Bruno José Conti
- Institute of Biosciences; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Botucatu; Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Lopes Conte
- Institute of Biosciences; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Botucatu; Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Milena Popova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry; Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Boryana Trusheva
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry; Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Vassya Bankova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry; Sofia Bulgaria
| | | | - José Maurício Sforcin
- Institute of Biosciences; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Botucatu; Brazil
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19
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Yang XW, Grossman RB, Xu G. Research Progress of Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3508-3558. [PMID: 29461053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) are a class of hybrid natural products sharing the mevalonate/methylerythritol phosphate and polyketide biosynthetic pathways and showing considerable structure and bioactivity diversity. This review discusses the progress of research into the chemistry and biological activity of 421 natural PPAPs in the past 11 years as well as in-depth studies of biological activities and total synthesis of some PPAPs isolated before 2006. We created an online database of all PPAPs known to date at http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/grossman/PPAPs . Two subclasses of biosynthetically related metabolites, spirocyclic PPAPs with octahydrospiro[cyclohexan-1,5'-indene]-2,4,6-trione core and complicated PPAPs produced by intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions of MPAPs, are brought into the PPAP family. Some PPAPs' relative or absolute configurations are reassigned or critically discussed, and the confusing trivial names in PPAPs investigations are clarified. Pharmacologic studies have revealed a new molecular mechanism whereby hyperforin and its derivatives regulate neurotransmitter levels by activating TRPC6 as well as the antitumor mechanism of garcinol and its analogues. The antineoplastic potential of some type B PPAPs such as oblongifolin C and guttiferone K has increased significantly. As a result of the recent appearances of innovative synthetic methods and strategies, the total syntheses of 22 natural PPAPs including hyperforin, garcinol, and plukenetione A have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert B Grossman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , United States
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
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20
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Asiatic acid ameliorates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via mitochondria-targeted protective mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 338:214-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Guttroff C, Baykal A, Wang H, Popella P, Kraus F, Biber N, Krauss S, Götz F, Plietker B. Polycyclische, polyprenylierte Acylphloroglucinole - eine Klasse nicht-peptidbasierter MRSA- und VRE-aktiver Antibiotika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Guttroff
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Aslihan Baykal
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT); Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Peter Popella
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT); Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Frank Kraus
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Nicole Biber
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Sophia Krauss
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT); Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT); Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Bernd Plietker
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
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22
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Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols: An Emerging Class of Non-Peptide-Based MRSA- and VRE-Active Antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15852-15856. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Marín-Prida J, Pardo Andreu GL, Rossignoli CP, Durruthy MG, Rodríguez EO, Reyes YV, Acosta RF, Uyemura SA, Alberici LC. The cytotoxic effects of VE-3N, a novel 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, involve the mitochondrial bioenergetic disruption via uncoupling mechanisms. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:21-30. [PMID: 28363597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives overcome the multidrug resistance in tumors, but their intrinsic cytotoxic mechanisms remain unclear. Here we addressed if mitochondria are involved in the cytotoxicity of the novel 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative VE-3N [ethyl 6-chloro-5-formyl-2-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate] towards cancer cells by employing hepatic carcinoma (HepG2) cells and isolated rat liver mitochondria. In HepG2 cells, VE-3N induced mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, ATP depletion, annexin V/propidium iodide double labeling, and Hoechst staining; events indicating apoptosis induction. In isolated rat liver mitochondria, VE-3N promoted mitochondrial uncoupling by exerting protonophoric actions and by increasing membrane fluidity. Mitochondrial uncoupling was evidenced by an increase in resting respiration, dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibition of Ca2+ uptake, stimulation of Ca2+ release, decrease in ATP synthesis, and swelling of valinomycin-treated organelles in hyposmotic potassium acetate media. Furthermore, uncoupling concentrations of VE-3N in the presence of Ca2+ plus ruthenium red induced the mitochondrial permeability transition process. These results indicate that mitochondrial uncoupling is potentially involved in the VE-3N cytotoxic actions towards HepG2 cells. Considering that hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common form of liver cancer, our findings may open a new avenue for the development of VE-3N-based cancer therapies, and help to unravel the cytotoxic mechanisms of 1,4-dihydropyridines towards cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Marín-Prida
- Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, 222 St. # 2317, La Coronela, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gilberto L Pardo Andreu
- Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, 222 St. # 2317, La Coronela, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Camila Pederiva Rossignoli
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael González Durruthy
- Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, 222 St. # 2317, La Coronela, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Estael Ochoa Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata st./G and Carlitos Aguirre, Vedado Plaza de la Revolución, PO 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yamila Verdecia Reyes
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata st./G and Carlitos Aguirre, Vedado Plaza de la Revolución, PO 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Roberto Fernández Acosta
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, 222 St. # 2317, La Coronela, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Sergio A Uyemura
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane C Alberici
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Lu Y, Liu S, Wang Y, Wang D, Gao J, Zhu L. Asiatic acid uncouples respiration in isolated mouse liver mitochondria and induces HepG2 cells death. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 786:212-223. [PMID: 27288117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Asiatic acid, one of the triterpenoid components isolated from Centella asiatica, has received increasing attention due to a wide variety of biological activities. To date, little is known about its mechanisms of action. Here we examined the cytotoxic effect of asiatic acid on HepG2 cells and elucidated some of the underlying mechanisms. Asiatic acid induced rapid cell death, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) dissipation, ATP depletion and cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol in HepG2 cells. In mitochondria isolated from mouse liver, asiatic acid treatment significantly stimulated the succinate-supported state 4 respiration rate, dissipated the MMP, increased Ca(2+) release from Ca(2+)-loaded mitochondria, decreased ATP content and promoted cytochrome c release, indicating the uncoupling effect of asiatic acid. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by succinate-supported mitochondrial respiration was also significantly inhibited by asiatic acid. In addition, asiatic acid inhibited Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial swelling but did not induce mitochondrial swelling in hyposmotic potassium acetate medium which suggested that asiatic acid may not act as a protonophoric uncoupler. Inhibition of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) or blockade of adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT) attenuated the effect of asiatic acid on MMP dissipation, Ca(2+) release, mitochondrial respiration and HepG2 cell death. When combined inhibition of UCPs and ANT, asiatic acid-mediated uncoupling effect was noticeably alleviated. These results suggested that both UCPs and ANT partially contribute to the uncoupling properties of asiatic acid. In conclusion, asiatic acid is a novel mitochondrial uncoupler and this property is potentially involved in its toxicity on HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Lu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Dang Wang
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
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25
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Satoh K, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Chelluri R, Boufraqech M, Nilubol N, Patel D, Shen M, Kebebew E. Identification of Niclosamide as a Novel Anticancer Agent for Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3458-66. [PMID: 26873959 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive cancer, and no current effective therapy is available for locally advanced and metastatic ACC. Drug repurposing is an emerging approach for identifying new indications for existing drugs, especially for rare cancers such as ACC. The objective of this study was to use quantitative high-throughput screening to identify agents with antineoplastic activity against ACC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A screening of 4,292 compounds was performed on three ACC cell lines: BD140A, SW-13, and NCI-H295R. RESULTS Twenty-one active compounds were identified, with an efficacy of >80% in all three cell lines. Of these, niclosamide showed higher efficacy and lower IC50 than established anti-ACC drugs. We then validated niclosamide-inhibited cellular proliferation in all three ACC cell lines. Next, we investigated the mechanism by which niclosamide inhibited ACC cell proliferation, and found that it induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and G1 cell-cycle arrest. Niclosamide also decreased cellular migration and reduced the level of mediators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, such as N-cadherin and vimentin. Furthermore, niclosamide treatment resulted in decreased expression of β-catenin. We also evaluated the effect of niclosamide on energy metabolism in ACC cell lines and found it resulted in mitochondrial uncoupling. Niclosamide treatment inhibited ACC tumor growth with no observed toxicity in mice in vivo CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that niclosamide has anti-ACC activity through its inhibition of multiple altered cellular pathways and cellular metabolism in ACC. Our results provide a preclinical rationale for evaluating niclosamide therapy in a clinical trial for ACC. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3458-66. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Satoh
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Raju Chelluri
- SUNY Upstate Medical University at Syracuse, Syracuse, New York
| | - Myriem Boufraqech
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Min Shen
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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26
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Urra FA, Córdova-Delgado M, Lapier M, Orellana-Manzano A, Acevedo-Arévalo L, Pessoa-Mahana H, González-Vivanco JM, Martínez-Cifuentes M, Ramírez-Rodríguez O, Millas-Vargas JP, Weiss-López B, Pavani M, Ferreira J, Araya-Maturana R. Small structural changes on a hydroquinone scaffold determine the complex I inhibition or uncoupling of tumoral oxidative phosphorylation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 291:46-57. [PMID: 26712467 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in several distinctiveness of cancer cell, being a promising target for the design of anti-cancer compounds. Previously, we described that ortho-carbonyl hydroquinone scaffold 14 inhibits the complex I-dependent respiration with selective anti-proliferative effect on mouse mammary adenocarcinoma TA3/Ha cancer cells; however, the structural requirements of this hydroquinone scaffold to affect the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of cancer cells have not been studied in detail. Here, we characterize the mitochondrial metabolism of TA3/Ha cancer cells, which exhibit a high oxidative metabolism, and evaluate the effect of small structural changes of the hydroquinone scaffold 14 on the respiration of this cell line. Our results indicate that these structural changes modify the effect on OXPHOS, obtaining compounds with three alternative actions: inhibitors of complex I-dependent respiration, uncoupler of OXPHOS and compounds with both actions. To confirm this, the effect of a bicyclic hydroquinone (9) was evaluated in isolated mitochondria. Hydroquinone 9 increased mitochondrial respiration in state 4o without effects on the ADP-stimulated respiration (state 3ADP), decreasing the complexes I and II-dependent respiratory control ratio. The effect on mitochondrial respiration was reversed by 6-ketocholestanol addition, indicating that this hydroquinone is a protonophoric uncoupling agent. In intact TA3/Ha cells, hydroquinone 9 caused mitochondrial depolarization, decreasing intracellular ATP and NAD(P)H levels and GSH/GSSG ratio, and slightly increasing the ROS levels. Moreover, it exhibited selective NAD(P)H availability-dependent anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells. Therefore, our results indicate that the ortho-carbonyl hydroquinone scaffold offers the possibility to design compounds with specific actions on OXPHOS of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A Urra
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Miguel Córdova-Delgado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Orellana-Manzano
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Acevedo-Arévalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
| | - Hernán Pessoa-Mahana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
| | - Jaime M González-Vivanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
| | | | - Oney Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Millas-Vargas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
| | - Boris Weiss-López
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Pavani
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile.
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27
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Figarola JL, Singhal J, Tompkins JD, Rogers GW, Warden C, Horne D, Riggs AD, Awasthi S, Singhal SS. SR4 Uncouples Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation, Modulates AMP-dependent Kinase (AMPK)-Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling, and Inhibits Proliferation of HepG2 Hepatocarcinoma Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30321-41. [PMID: 26534958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.686352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation produces most of the energy in aerobic cells by coupling respiration to the production of ATP. Mitochondrial uncouplers, which reduce the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane, create a futile cycle of nutrient oxidation without generating ATP. Regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction and associated cellular bioenergetics has been recently identified as a promising target for anticancer therapy. Here, we show that SR4 is a novel mitochondrial uncoupler that causes dose-dependent increase in mitochondrial respiration and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. These effects were reversed by the recoupling agent 6-ketocholestanol but not cyclosporin A and were nonexistent in mitochondrial DNA-depleted HepG2 cells. In isolated mouse liver mitochondria, SR4 similarly increased oxygen consumption independent of adenine nucleotide translocase and uncoupling proteins, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and promoted swelling of valinomycin-treated mitochondria in potassium acetate medium. Mitochondrial uncoupling in HepG2 cells by SR4 results in the reduction of cellular ATP production, increased ROS production, activation of the energy-sensing enzyme AMPK, and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Global analysis of SR4-associated differential gene expression confirms these observations, including significant induction of apoptotic genes and down-regulation of cell cycle, mitochondrial, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway transcripts at 24 h post-treatment. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that the previously reported indirect activation of AMPK and in vitro anticancer properties of SR4 as well as its beneficial effects in both animal xenograft and obese mice models could be a direct consequence of its mitochondrial uncoupling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Figarola
- From the Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research
| | - Jyotsana Singhal
- From the Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research
| | | | - George W Rogers
- Seahorse Biosciences, North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, and
| | - Charles Warden
- the Bioinformatics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Arthur D Riggs
- From the Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Sharad S Singhal
- From the Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research,
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28
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Role of mitochondria in the leishmanicidal effects and toxicity of acyl phloroglucinol derivatives: nemorosone and guttiferone A. Parasitology 2015; 142:1239-48. [PMID: 26027642 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nemorosone (Nem) and guttiferone A (GutA) are acyl phloroglucinol derivatives (APD) that are present in different natural products. For both compounds anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties have been reported. In particular, an anti-leishmanial activity of both compounds was demonstrated. The aim of this study was to explore the possible role of mitochondria in the anti-leishmanial activity of Nem and GutA in comparison with their action on mammalian mitochondria. Both APD inhibited the growth of promastigotes of Leishmania tarentolae (LtP) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0·67 ± 0·17 and 6·2 ± 2·6 μ m; while IC50 values for cytotoxicity against peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were of 29·5 ± 3·7 and 9·2 ± 0·9 μ m, respectively. Nemorosone strongly inhibited LtP oxygen consumption, caused species-specific inhibition (P < 0·05) of succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II) from LtP-mitochondria and significantly increased (P < 0·05) the mitochondrial superoxide production. In contrast, GutA caused only a moderate reduction of respiration in LtP and triggered less superoxide radical production in LtP compared with Nem. In addition, GutA inhibited mitochondrial complex III in bovine heart submitochondrial particles, which is possibly involved in its mammalian toxicity. Both compounds demonstrated at low micromolar concentrations an effect on the mitochondrial membrane potential in LtP. The present study suggests that Nem caused its anti-leishmanial action due to specific inhibition of complexes II/III of mitochondrial respiratory chain of Leishmania parasites that could be responsible for increased production of reactive oxygen species that triggers parasite death.
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29
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Pardo Andreu GL, Reis FH, Dalalio FM, Nuñez Figueredo Y, Cuesta Rubio O, Uyemura SA, Curti C, Alberici LC. The cytotoxic effects of brown Cuban propolis depend on the nemorosone content and may be mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 228:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Uetake Y, Uwamori M, Nakada M. Enantioselective Approach to Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols via Catalytic Asymmetric Intramolecular Cyclopropanation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1735-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5026699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Uetake
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Uwamori
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahisa Nakada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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31
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Protonophore properties of hyperforin are essential for its pharmacological activity. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7500. [PMID: 25511254 PMCID: PMC4266863 DOI: 10.1038/srep07500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperforin is a pharmacologically active component of the medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), recommended as a treatment for a range of ailments including mild to moderate depression. Part of its action has been attributed to TRPC6 channel activation. We found that hyperforin induces TRPC6-independent H+ currents in HEK-293 cells, cortical microglia, chromaffin cells and lipid bilayers. The latter demonstrates that hyperforin itself acts as a protonophore. The protonophore activity of hyperforin causes cytosolic acidification, which strongly depends on the holding potential, and which fuels the plasma membrane sodium-proton exchanger. Thereby the free intracellular sodium concentration increases and the neurotransmitter uptake by Na+ cotransport is inhibited. Additionally, hyperforin depletes and reduces loading of large dense core vesicles in chromaffin cells, which requires a pH gradient in order to accumulate monoamines. In summary the pharmacological actions of the “herbal Prozac” hyperforin are essentially determined by its protonophore properties shown here.
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32
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Boyce JH, Porco JA. Asymmetric, stereodivergent synthesis of (-)-clusianone utilizing a biomimetic cationic cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7832-7. [PMID: 24916169 PMCID: PMC4182949 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a stereodivergent, asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-clusianone in six steps from commercial materials. We implement a challenging cationic cyclization forging a bond between two sterically encumbered quaternary carbon atoms. Mechanistic studies point to the unique ability of formic acid to mediate the cyclization forming the clusianone framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Boyce
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA, Fax: (+1) 617-358-2847
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA, Fax: (+1) 617-358-2847
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33
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Boyce JH, Porco JA. Asymmetric, Stereodivergent Synthesis of (−)-Clusianone Utilizing a Biomimetic Cationic Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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34
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Clusianone, a naturally occurring nemorosone regioisomer, uncouples rat liver mitochondria and induces HepG2 cell death. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 212:20-9. [PMID: 24491676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clusianone is a member of the polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol family of natural products; its cytotoxic mechanism is unknown. Clusianone is a structural isomer of nemorosone, which is a mitochondrial uncoupler and a well-known cytotoxic anti-cancer agent; thus, we addressed clusianone action at the mitochondria and its potential cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. In the HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cell line, clusianone induced mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, ATP depletion and phosphatidyl serine externalization; this later event is indicative of apoptosis induction. In isolated mitochondria from rat liver, clusianone promoted protonophoric mitochondrial uncoupling. This was evidenced by the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in resting respiration, an inhibition of Ca(2+) influx, stimulation of Ca(2+) efflux in Ca(2+)-loaded mitochondria, a decrease in ATP and NAD(P)H levels, generation of ROS, and swelling of valinomycin-treated organelles in hyposmotic potassium acetate media. The cytotoxic and uncoupling actions of clusianone were appreciably less than those of nemorosone, likely due to the presence of an intra-molecular hydrogen bond with the juxtaposed carbonyl group at the C15 position. Therefore, clusianone is capable of pharmacologically increasing the leakage of protons from the mitochondria and with favorable cytotoxicity in relation to nemorosone.
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35
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Wu SB, Long C, Kennelly EJ. Structural diversity and bioactivities of natural benzophenones. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1158-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural benzophenones are a class of compounds with more than 300 members, mainly in the Clusiaceae family. We review key benzophenones, and provide an in-depth discussion of their great structural diversity and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Biao Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science
- Minzu Unversity of China
- Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Lehman College, and The Graduate Center
| | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Science
- Minzu Unversity of China
- Beijing 100081, China
| | - Edward J. Kennelly
- College of Life and Environmental Science
- Minzu Unversity of China
- Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Lehman College, and The Graduate Center
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36
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Satué Palacián M, Garcia-Martin E, Fernández Tirado FJ, Pablo Júlvez LE. [Update and review of conjunctival melanoma treatment]. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2013; 88:247-249. [PMID: 23768470 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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37
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Simpkins NS. Adventures in bridgehead substitution chemistry: synthesis of polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1042-51. [PMID: 23229029 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37914g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) family of natural products includes important compounds with notable biological activities, such as garsubellin A, hyperforin and clusianone. The synthesis of these complex, bridged, highly oxidized and substituted systems presents a formidable challenge to synthetic chemists. This feature article describes how the use of unconventional bridgehead substitution chemistry has enabled the synthesis of these natural products and their analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel S Simpkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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38
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Troppens DM, Chu M, Holcombe LJ, Gleeson O, O'Gara F, Read ND, Morrissey JP. The bacterial secondary metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol impairs mitochondrial function and affects calcium homeostasis in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 56:135-46. [PMID: 23624246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial secondary metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) is of interest as an active ingredient of biological control strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens and as a potential lead pharmaceutical molecule because of its capacity to inhibit growth of diverse microbial and non-microbial cells. The mechanism by which this occurs is unknown and in this study the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa was used as a model to investigate the effects of DAPG on a eukaryotic cell. Colony growth, conidial germination and cell fusion assays confirmed the inhibitory nature of DAPG towards N. crassa. A number of different fluorescent dyes and fluorescent protein reporters were used to assess the effects of DAPG treatment on mitochondrial and other cellular functions. DAPG treatment led to changes in mitochondrial morphology, and rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These effects are likely to be responsible for the toxicity of DAPG. It was also found that DAPG treatment caused extracellular calcium to be taken up by conidial germlings leading to a transient increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) with a distinct concentration dependent Ca(2+) signature.
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39
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Díaz-Carballo D, Gustmann S, Acikelli AH, Bardenheuer W, Buehler H, Jastrow H, Ergun S, Strumberg D. 7-epi-nemorosone from Clusia rosea induces apoptosis, androgen receptor down-regulation and dysregulation of PSA levels in LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1298-1306. [PMID: 22981203 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize the antitumoral activity of the plant compound 7-epi-nemorosone in prostate carcinoma cell lines. Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second-leading cause of cancer death in men. In spite of the current therapeutic options for this cancer entity, many patients die due to metastases in distant organs and acquired chemotherapy resistance. Thus, approaches to provide improvements in outcome and quality of life for such patients are urgently needed. Recently, the polyisoprenylated benzophenone 7-epi-nemorosone, originally collected by honeybees from Clusia rosea and Clusia grandiflora (Clusiaceae), has been described to be a potent antitumoral agent. Here, its activity in prostate carcinoma is reported. 7-epi-nemorosone was isolated from Caribbean propolis employing RP-HPLC techniques. Its cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT proliferation assay in human androgen-dependent prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells including an MDR1(+) sub-line. No cross-resistance was detected. FACS-based cell cycle analysis revealed a significant increase in the sub-G0/G1, G1, and depletion in the S phase populations. A concomitant down-regulation of cyclins D1/D3 and CDK 4/6 in LNCaP cells was detected by Western blot. Annexin-V-FITC labeling and caspase-3 cleavage assays showed that 7-epi-nemorosone induced apoptotic events. Major signal transduction elements such as p38 MAPK and Akt/PKB as well as androgen receptor AR and PSA production were found to be down-regulated after exposure to the drug. ERK1/2 protein levels and phosphorylation status were down-regulated accompanied by up-regulation but inhibition of the activity of their immediate upstream kinases MEK1/2. Additionally, Akt/PKB enzymatic activity was effectively inhibited at a similar concentration as for MEK1/2. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that 7-epi-nemorosone exerts cytotoxicity in an androgen-dependent prostate carcinoma entity by targeting the MEK1/2 signal transducer.
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40
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Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of enantiopure PPAPs, including nemorosone and clusianone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6144-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Abstract
A concise total synthesis of (±)-7-epi-nemorosone is reported. Our synthetic approach establishes a viable route to polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol natural products (PPAP's) bearing a C-7 endo prenyl side chain. Key steps include retro-aldol-vinyl cerium addition to a hydroxy adamantane core scaffold and palladium-mediated deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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42
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Pardo-Andreu GL, Nuñez-Figueredo Y, Tudella VG, Cuesta-Rubio O, Rodrigues FP, Pestana CR, Uyemura SA, Leopoldino AM, Alberici LC, Curti C. The anti-cancer agent guttiferone-A permeabilizes mitochondrial membrane: ensuing energetic and oxidative stress implications. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 253:282-9. [PMID: 21549140 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Guttiferone-A (GA) is a natural occurring polyisoprenylated benzophenone with cytotoxic action in vitro and anti-tumor action in rodent models. We addressed a potential involvement of mitochondria in GA toxicity (1-25 μM) toward cancer cells by employing both hepatic carcinoma (HepG2) cells and succinate-energized mitochondria, isolated from rat liver. In HepG2 cells GA decreased viability, dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential, depleted ATP and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In isolated rat-liver mitochondria GA promoted membrane fluidity increase, cyclosporine A/EGTA-insensitive membrane permeabilization, uncoupling (membrane potential dissipation/state 4 respiration rate increase), Ca²⁺ efflux, ATP depletion, NAD(P)H depletion/oxidation and ROS levels increase. All effects in cells, except mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, as well as NADPH depletion/oxidation and permeabilization in isolated mitochondria, were partly prevented by the a NAD(P)H regenerating substrate isocitrate. The results suggest the following sequence of events: 1) GA interaction with mitochondrial membrane promoting its permeabilization; 2) mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation; 3) NAD(P)H oxidation/depletion due to inability of membrane potential-sensitive NADP+ transhydrogenase of sustaining its reduced state; 4) ROS accumulation inside mitochondria and cells; 5) additional mitochondrial membrane permeabilization due to ROS; and 6) ATP depletion. These GA actions are potentially implicated in the well-documented anti-cancer property of GA/structure related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto L Pardo-Andreu
- Centro de Estudio para las Investigaciones y Evaluaciones Biológicas, Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos, Universidad de La Habana, Ave. 23 # 21425 e/214 and 222, La Coronela, La Lisa, CP 13600, Ciudad Habana, Cuba.
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