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Cameron AR, Logie L, Patel K, Erhardt S, Bacon S, Middleton P, Harthill J, Forteath C, Coats JT, Kerr C, Curry H, Stewart D, Sakamoto K, Repiščák P, Paterson MJ, Hassinen I, McDougall G, Rena G. Metformin selectively targets redox control of complex I energy transduction. Redox Biol 2018; 14:187-197. [PMID: 28942196 PMCID: PMC5609876 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many guanide-containing drugs are antihyperglycaemic but most exhibit toxicity, to the extent that only the biguanide metformin has enjoyed sustained clinical use. Here, we have isolated unique mitochondrial redox control properties of metformin that are likely to account for this difference. In primary hepatocytes and H4IIE hepatoma cells we found that antihyperglycaemic diguanides DG5-DG10 and the biguanide phenformin were up to 1000-fold more potent than metformin on cell signalling responses, gluconeogenic promoter expression and hepatocyte glucose production. Each drug inhibited cellular oxygen consumption similarly but there were marked differences in other respects. All diguanides and phenformin but not metformin inhibited NADH oxidation in submitochondrial particles, indicative of complex I inhibition, which also corresponded closely with dehydrogenase activity in living cells measured by WST-1. Consistent with these findings, in isolated mitochondria, DG8 but not metformin caused the NADH/NAD+ couple to become more reduced over time and mitochondrial deterioration ensued, suggesting direct inhibition of complex I and mitochondrial toxicity of DG8. In contrast, metformin exerted a selective oxidation of the mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ couple, without triggering mitochondrial deterioration. Together, our results suggest that metformin suppresses energy transduction by selectively inducing a state in complex I where redox and proton transfer domains are no longer efficiently coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Cameron
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Lisa Logie
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Kashyap Patel
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Stefan Erhardt
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Sandra Bacon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Middleton
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Jean Harthill
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Calum Forteath
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Josh T Coats
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Calum Kerr
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Heather Curry
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK; Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Repiščák
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin J Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Ilmo Hassinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gordon McDougall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Graham Rena
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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