Evaluation of variation of interfraction doses to organs at risk during brachytherapy of cervical cancer

High dose rate 192Ir versus high dose rate 60Co brachytherapy: an overview of systematic reviews of clinical responses of gynecological cancers from 1984 to 2020

The Purpose. Radioisotope of 192Iradium (192Ir) has a half-life (74 days) and is not easily accessible in developing countries. As a result, by the time source shipment clearance and the customs paperwork are completed, a large proportion of useful activity had already been decayed away. In fact, 60Cobalt (60Co) remote afterloading systems are commercially available by many venders. As a result, it may well become an alternative source to 192Ir and conform many of these challenges. The aim of this study is that to report clinical responses of different types of gynaecological cancers treated with high dose rate (HDR) 192Ir and HDR60Co brachytherapy in order to check whether HDR 60Co could be used as an alternative brachytherapy, source to HDR 192Ir. Materials and Methods. A retrospective study of clinical responses of different types of gynaecological cancers, staged from I to IV according to recommendations of International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), treated by brachytherapy alone, radiotherapy alone (combined brachytherapy and radiotherapy) and combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy (brachytherapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy) between 1984 and December 2020 was conducted. The patients were treated with external beam radiotherapy 45–51 Gy boosted with HDR 192Ir and HDR 60Co afterloading brachytherapy of 18–30 Gy to point A. The results. The study scrutinized the data of 11086 patients with different types of gynaecological cancers. Most of the patients, 70 percent of them, were diagnosed with gynaecological cancers in stages II and III. For patients treated with 192Ir brachytherapy source 5-years overall survival rate (OS), local control, 2-years, 5-years and 10-years disease free survival (DFS), complications of gastro-intestine (GI) and complications of genito-urinary (GU) were 63.5%, 92%, 72.6%, 64.07%, 43.75%, 3.9% and 5.92%, but for those treated with 60Co they were 57.7%, 86.63%, 82.5%, 53.35%, 43.75%, 4.8% and 3.7%, respectively. Conclusions. The use of HDR 60Co brachytherapy has the capacity to produce overall survival rate and disease control in patients with carcinoma of the gynaecology comparable to that reported for HDR 192Ir brachytherapy. Currently, the toxicity and damage of the normal tissues and radiation-related second cancers are of a similar incidence to that of standard HDR 192Ir brachytherapy. Source exchange frequency is not a serious concern because it requires less frequency of replacement, and commissioning can be accomplished within years; hence, replacing HDR 192Ir with HDR 60Co brachytherapy achieves significant cost saving. Therefore, we recommend that 60Co source ought to be the first choice for low resource radiotherapy setting as it offers economic advantages over 192Ir and have comparable clinical outcomes to that of 192Ir source.

High dose rate192Ir versus high dose rate60Co brachytherapy: an overview of systematic reviews of clinical responses of gynecological cancers from 1984 to 2020

The Purpose. Radioisotope of192Iradium (192Ir) has a half-life (74 days) and is not easily accessible in developing countries. As a result, by the time source shipment clearance and the customs paperwork are completed, a large proportion of useful activity had already been decayed away. In fact,60Cobalt (60Co) remote afterloading systems are commercially available by many venders. As a result, it may well become an alternative source to192Ir and conform many of these challenges. The aim of this study is that to report clinical responses of different types of gynaecological cancers treated with high dose rate (HDR)192Ir and HDR60Co brachytherapy in order to check whether HDR60Co could be used as an alternative brachytherapy, source to HDR192Ir.Materials and Methods. A retrospective study of clinical responses of different types of gynaecological cancers, staged from I to IV according to recommendations of International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), treated by brachytherapy alone, radiotherapy alone (combined brachytherapy and radiotherapy) and combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy (brachytherapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy) between 1984 and December 2020 was conducted. The patients were treated with external beam radiotherapy 45-51 Gy boosted with HDR192Ir and HDR60Co afterloading brachytherapy of 18-30 Gy to point A.The results. The study scrutinized the data of 11086 patients with different types of gynaecological cancers. Most of the patients, 70 percent of them, were diagnosed with gynaecological cancers in stages II and III. For patients treated with192Ir brachytherapy source 5-years overall survival rate (OS), local control, 2-years, 5-years and 10-years disease free survival (DFS), complications of gastro-intestine (GI) and complications of genito-urinary (GU) were 63.5%, 92%, 72.6%, 64.07%, 43.75%, 3.9% and 5.92%, but for those treated with60Co they were 57.7%, 86.63%, 82.5%, 53.35%, 43.75%, 4.8% and 3.7%, respectively.Conclusions.The use of HDR60Co brachytherapy has the capacity to produce overall survival rate and disease control in patients with carcinoma of the gynaecology comparable to that reported for HDR192Ir brachytherapy. Currently, the toxicity and damage of the normal tissues and radiation-related second cancers are of a similar incidence to that of standard HDR192Ir brachytherapy. Source exchange frequency is not a serious concern because it requires less frequency of replacement, and commissioning can be accomplished within years; hence, replacing HDR192Ir with HDR60Co brachytherapy achieves significant cost saving. Therefore, we recommend that60Co source ought to be the first choice for low resource radiotherapy setting as it offers economic advantages over192Ir and have comparable clinical outcomes to that of192Ir source.