dRTP and dPTP a complementary nucleotide couple for the Sequence Saturation Mutagenesis (SeSaM) method

Directed Evolution: Methodologies and Applications

Directed evolution aims to expedite the natural evolution process of biological molecules and systems in a test tube through iterative rounds of gene diversifications and library screening/selection. It has become one of the most powerful and widespread tools for engineering improved or novel functions in proteins, metabolic pathways, and even whole genomes. This review describes the commonly used gene diversification strategies, screening/selection methods, and recently developed continuous evolution strategies for directed evolution. Moreover, we highlight some representative applications of directed evolution in engineering nucleic acids, proteins, pathways, genetic circuits, viruses, and whole cells. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives in directed evolution.

The Mutagenesis Assistant Program

Mutagenesis Assistant Program (MAP) is a web-based statistical tool to develop directed evolution strategies by investigating the consequences at the amino acid level of the mutational biases of random mutagenesis methods on any given gene. The latest development of the program, the MAP(2.0)3D server, correlates the generated amino acid substitution patterns of a specific random mutagenesis method to the sequence and structural information of the target protein. The combined information can be used to select an experimental strategy that improves the chances of obtaining functionally efficient and/or stable enzyme variants. Hence, the MAP(2.0)3D server facilitates the "in silico" prescreening of the target gene by predicting the amino acid diversity generated in a random mutagenesis library. Here, we describe the features of MAP(2.0)3D server by analyzing, as an example, the cytochrome P450BM3 monooxygenase (CYP102A1). The MAP(2.0)3D server is available publicly at http://map.jacobs-university.de/map3d.html.

The Sequence Saturation Mutagenesis (SeSaM) method

Sequence Saturation Mutagenesis (SeSaM) is a random mutagenesis method developed to overcome the limitations of existing error-prone PCR (epPCR) protocols. SeSaM is advantageous with respect to (1) elimination of mutagenic "hot spots", (2) increase in frequency of subsequent nucleotide substitutions, (3) control over the mutational bias through the utilization of universal base analogs, and, consequently, (4) the prospect of generating transversion-enriched mutant libraries. These advanced features lead to chemically diverse mutant libraries on the protein level, essentially making SeSaM a complementary technology to transition biased epPCR mutagenesis methods.

Computer-Aided Protein Directed Evolution: a Review of Web Servers, Databases and other Computational Tools for Protein Engineering

The combination of computational and directed evolution methods has proven a winning strategy for protein engineering. We refer to this approach as computer-aided protein directed evolution (CAPDE) and the review summarizes the recent developments in this rapidly growing field. We will restrict ourselves to overview the availability, usability and limitations of web servers, databases and other computational tools proposed in the last five years. The goal of this review is to provide concise information about currently available computational resources to assist the design of directed evolution based protein engineering experiment.