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Sorensen Turpin CG, Sloan D, LaForest M, Klebanow LU, Mitchell D, Severson AF, Bembenek JN. Securin Regulates the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Separase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.571338. [PMID: 38168402 PMCID: PMC10760073 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.571338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Separase is a key regulator of the metaphase to anaphase transition with multiple functions. Separase cleaves cohesin to allow chromosome segregation and localizes to vesicles to promote exocytosis in mid-anaphase. The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activates separase by ubiquitinating its inhibitory chaperone, securin, triggering its degradation. How this pathway controls the exocytic function of separase has not been investigated. During meiosis I, securin is degraded over several minutes, while separase rapidly relocalizes from kinetochore structures at the spindle and cortex to sites of action on chromosomes and vesicles at anaphase onset. The loss of cohesin coincides with the relocalization of separase to the chromosome midbivalent at anaphase onset. APC/C depletion prevents separase relocalization, while securin depletion causes precocious separase relocalization. Expression of non-degradable securin inhibits chromosome segregation, exocytosis, and separase localization to vesicles but not to the anaphase spindle. We conclude that APC/C mediated securin degradation controls separase localization. This spatiotemporal regulation will impact the effective local concentration of separase for more precise targeting of substrates in anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Sorensen Turpin
- Current Address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dillon Sloan
- Current Address: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marian LaForest
- Current Address: Columbia University, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYC, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Diana Mitchell
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Aaron F. Severson
- Current Address: Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joshua N. Bembenek
- Current Address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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Xu Y, Hou G, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Li C, Hu L, Chen X, Chen R, Ding C, Li D, Li J. Helicase-independent function of RIG-I against murine gammaherpesvirus 68 via blocking the nuclear translocation of viral proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126527. [PMID: 37633553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral pathogens. Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene 1 (RIG-I) is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes virus-associated double-stranded RNA and initiates the interferon responses. Besides signal transduction, RIG-I exerts direct antiviral functions to displace viral proteins on dsRNA via its Helicase activity. Nevertheless, this effector-like activity of RIG-I against herpesviruses remains largely unexplored. It has been previously reported that herpesviruses deamidate RIG-I, resulting in the abolishment of its Helicase activity and signal transduction. In this study, we discovered that RIG-I possessed signaling-independent antiviral activities against murine gamma herpesviruses 68 (γHV68, murid herpesvirus 4). Importantly, a Helicase-dead mutant of RIG-I (K270A) demonstrated comparable inhibition on herpesviruses lytic replication, indicating that this antiviral activity is Helicase-independent. Mechanistically, RIG-I bound the Replication and Transcription Activator (RTA) and diminished its nuclear localization to repress viral transcription. We further demonstrated that RIG-I blocked the nuclear translocation of ORF21 (Thymidine Kinase), ORF75c (vGAT), both of which form a nuclear complex with RTA and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to facilitate viral transcription. Moreover, RIG-I retained ORF59 (DNA processivity factor) in the cytoplasm to repress viral DNA replication. Altogether, we illuminated a previously unidentified, Helicase-independent effector-like function of RIG-I against γHV68, representing an exquisite host strategy to counteract viral manipulations on innate immune signaling. IMPORTANCE: Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a member of DExD/H box RNA helicase family, functions as a key pattern recognition receptor (PRR) responsible for the detection of intracellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from virus-infected cells and induction of type I interferon (IFN) responses. Nevertheless, our understanding of the helicase-independent effector-like activity of RIG-I against virus infection, especially herpesvirus infection, remains largely unknown. Herein, by deploying murine gamma herpesviruses 68 (γHV68) as a model system, we demonstrated that RIG-I possessed an interferon and helicase-independent antiviral activity against γHV68 via blocking the nuclear trafficking of viral proteins, which concomitantly repressed the viral early transcription and genome replication thereof. Our work illuminates a previously unidentified antiviral strategy of RIG-I against herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guoli Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qizhi Liu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Qiushi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Liang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chengming Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Deliang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Junhua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Learning to read and write in evolution: from static pseudoenzymes and pseudosignalers to dynamic gear shifters. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:635-652. [PMID: 28620026 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a systems biology view on pseudoenzymes that acknowledges that genes are not selfish: the genome is. With network function as the selectable unit, there has been an evolutionary bonus for recombination of functions of and within proteins. Many proteins house a functionality by which they 'read' the cell's state, and one by which they 'write' and thereby change that state. Should the writer domain lose its cognate function, a 'pseudoenzyme' or 'pseudosignaler' arises. GlnK involved in Escherichia coli ammonia assimilation may well be a pseudosignaler, associating 'reading' the nitrogen state of the cell to 'writing' the ammonium uptake activity. We identify functional pseudosignalers in the cyclin-dependent kinase complexes regulating cell-cycle progression. For the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, we illustrate how a 'dead' pseudosignaler could produce potentially selectable functionalities. Four billion years ago, bioenergetics may have shuffled 'electron-writers', producing various networks that all served the same function of anaerobic ATP synthesis and carbon assimilation from hydrogen and carbon dioxide, but at different ATP/acetate ratios. This would have enabled organisms to deal with variable challenges of energy need and substrate supply. The same principle might enable 'gear-shifting' in real time, by dynamically generating different pseudo-redox enzymes, reshuffling their coenzymes, and rerouting network fluxes. Non-stationary pH gradients in thermal vents together with similar such shuffling mechanisms may have produced a first selectable proton-motivated pyrophosphate synthase and subsequent ATP synthase. A combination of functionalities into enzymes, signalers, and the pseudo-versions thereof may offer fitness in terms of plasticity, both in real time and in evolution.
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Zhao J, Zeng Y, Xu S, Chen J, Shen G, Yu C, Knipe D, Yuan W, Peng J, Xu W, Zhang C, Xia Z, Feng P. A Viral Deamidase Targets the Helicase Domain of RIG-I to Block RNA-Induced Activation. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:770-784. [PMID: 27866900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I detects double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to trigger antiviral cytokine production. Protein deamidation is emerging as a post-translational modification that chiefly regulates protein function. We report here that UL37 of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a protein deamidase that targets RIG-I to block RNA-induced activation. Mass spectrometry analysis identified two asparagine residues in the helicase 2i domain of RIG-I that were deamidated upon UL37 expression or HSV-1 infection. Deamidation rendered RIG-I unable to sense viral dsRNA, thus blocking its ability to trigger antiviral immune responses and restrict viral replication. Purified full-length UL37 and its carboxyl-terminal fragment were sufficient to deamidate RIG-I in vitro. Uncoupling RIG-I deamidation from HSV-1 infection, by engineering deamidation-resistant RIG-I or introducing deamidase-deficient UL37 into the HSV-1 genome, restored RIG-I activation and antiviral immune signaling. Our work identifies a viral deamidase and extends the paradigm of deamidation-mediated suppression of innate immunity by microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Simin Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Division of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Guobo Shen
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Caiqun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters, and Sciences, University of Southern California, LJS 369, 840 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - David Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian Peng
- Division of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters, and Sciences, University of Southern California, LJS 369, 840 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zanxian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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