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Cong Y, Liu J, Chen G, Qiao G. The Emerging Role of T-Cell Immunoglobulin Mucin-3 in Breast Cancer: A Promising Target For Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:723238. [PMID: 34504800 PMCID: PMC8421567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.723238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment through immune checkpoint receptor blockade has made significant advances in the recent years. However, resistance to the current immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been observed in many patients, who consequently do not respond to these treatments. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) is a novel immune checkpoint molecule emerging as a potential therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. Epidemiologic findings reveal that genetic polymorphisms in the Tim-3 gene are associated with increased susceptibility to breast cancer. In patients with breast cancer, Tim-3 is expressed both on immune and tumor cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that Tim-3 can notably affect breast cancer treatment outcome and prognosis. Therefore, Tim-3 is being regarded as a high-potential target for improving breast cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the role of Tim-3 in breast cancer and the regulation mechanisms of Tim-3 to furnish evidences for future research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizi Cong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Guangdong Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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Pfeifhofer-Obermair C, Tymoszuk P, Nairz M, Schroll A, Klais G, Demetz E, Engl S, Brigo N, Weiss G. Regulation of Th1 T Cell Differentiation by Iron via Upregulation of T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Containing Protein-3 (TIM-3). Front Immunol 2021; 12:637809. [PMID: 34108960 PMCID: PMC8181170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron plays an important role in host–pathogen interactions, in being an essential element for both pathogen and host metabolism, but also by impacting immune cell differentiation and anti-microbial effector pathways. Iron has been implicated to affect the differentiation of T lymphocytes during inflammation, however, so far the underlying mechanism remained elusive. In order to study the role of iron in T cell differentiation we here investigated how dietary iron supplementation affects T cell function and outcome in a model of chronic infection with the intracellular bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Iron loading prior to infection fostered bacterial burden and, unexpectedly, reduced differentiation of CD4+ T helper cells type 1 (Th1) and expression of interferon-gamma (IFNγ), a key cytokine to control infections with intracellular pathogens. This effect could be traced back to iron-mediated induction of the negative immune checkpoint regulator T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), expressed on the surface of this T cell subset. In vitro experiments demonstrated that iron supplementation specifically upregulated mRNA and protein expression of TIM-3 in naïve Th cells in a dose-depdendent manner and hindered priming of those T cells towards Th1 differentiation. Importantly, administration of TIM-3 blocking antibodies to iron-loaded mice infected with S. Typhimurium virtually restored Th1 cell differentiation and significantly improved bacterial control. Our data uncover a novel mechanism by which iron modulates CD4+ cell differentiation and functionality and hence impacts infection control with intracellular pathogens. Specifically, iron inhibits the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to protective IFNγ producing Th1 lymphocytes via stimulation of TIM-3 expression. Finally, TIM-3 may serve as a novel drug target for the treatment of chronic infections with intracellular pathogens, specifically in iron loading diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gloria Klais
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, MCI-The Entrepreneurial School, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Engl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Brigo
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Wang Z, Weiner GJ. Immune checkpoint markers and anti-CD20-mediated NK cell activation. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:723-733. [PMID: 33615552 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5a0620-365r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD20 mAb is an effective therapy for most B-cell malignancies. Checkpoint blockade has been used to enhance T-cell-mediated antitumor response. Little is known about the biologic significance of immune checkpoints expressed by NK cells in anti-CD20-based therapy. To investigate the role of checkpoints in anti-CD20-mediated NK cell biology, Raji B-cell lymphoma cells, and PBMCs from normal donors were cocultured with rituximab (RTX), obinutuzumab (OBZ), or trastuzumab as a control mAb for between 20 h and 9 d. RTX and OBZ induced a dose-dependent NK cell up-regulation of T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT) and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM3), but not PD1, CTLA4, or LAG3. Resting CD56dim NK had higher TIGIT and TIM3 expression than resting CD56bright NK although TIGIT and TIM3 were up-regulated on both subsets. NK cells with the CD16 158VV single nucleotide polymorphism had greater TIM3 up-regulation than did NK from VF or FF donors. TIGIT+ and TIM3+ NK cells degranulated, produced cytokines, and expressed activation markers to a greater degree than did TIGIT- or TIM3- NK cells. Blockade of TIGIT, TIM3, or both had little impact on RTX-induced NK cell proliferation, degranulation, cytokine production, or activation. Taken together, TIGIT and TIM3 can serve as markers for anti-CD20-mediated NK cell activation, but may not serve well as targets for enhancing the anti-tumor activity of such therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Wang
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - George J Weiner
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Qi S, Han Q, Xing D, Qian L, Yu X, Ren D, Wang H, Chen Q. Functional Analysis of Estrogen Receptor 1 in Diabetic Wound Healing: A Knockdown Cell-Based and Bioinformatic Study. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e928788. [PMID: 33338031 PMCID: PMC7754692 DOI: 10.12659/msm.928788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic wound (DW) treatment is a serious challenge for clinicians, and the underlying mechanisms of DWs remain elusive. We sought to identify the critical genes in the development of DWs and provide potential targets for DW therapies. Material/Methods Datasets of GSE38396 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were reviewed. Pathway analysis was performed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology term analyses were carried out, and Cytoscape software (Cytoscape 3.7.2) was used to construct the protein interaction network. Serum samples from patients with diabetes and control participants were collected, and the expression of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) was measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the function of ESR1 in human skin fibroblasts was investigated in vitro. Results Eight samples were analyzed using the Morpheus online tool, which identified 637 upregulated and 448 downregulated differentially expressed genes. The top 5 KEGG pathways of upregulated differentially expressed genes were associated with sphingolipid metabolism, estrogen signaling, ECM-receptor interaction, MAPK signaling, and PI3K-Akt signaling. The hub genes for DWs were JUN, ESR1, CD44, SMARCA4, MMP2, BMP4, GSK3B, WDR5, PTK2, and PTGS2. JUN, MMP2, and ESR1 were the upregulated hub genes, and ESR1 was found to be consistently enriched in DW patients. Inhibition of ESR1 had a stimulative role in human skin fibroblasts. Conclusions ESR1 was identified as a crucial gene in the development of DWs, which suggests potential therapeutic targets for DW healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Qi
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Qiong Han
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Danmou Xing
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Long Qian
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Dong Ren
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Ma X, Bi E, Lu Y, Su P, Huang C, Liu L, Wang Q, Yang M, Kalady MF, Qian J, Zhang A, Gupte AA, Hamilton DJ, Zheng C, Yi Q. Cholesterol Induces CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell Metab 2019; 30:143-156.e5. [PMID: 31031094 PMCID: PMC7061417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating T cells often lose their effector function; however, the mechanisms are incompletely understood. We report that cholesterol in the tumor microenvironment induces CD8+ T cell expression of immune checkpoints and exhaustion. Tumor tissues enriched with cholesterol and cholesterol content in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells were positively and progressively associated with upregulated T cell expression of PD-1, 2B4, TIM-3, and LAG-3. Adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells acquired cholesterol, expressed high levels of immune checkpoints, and became exhausted upon entering a tumor. Tumor culture supernatant or cholesterol induced immune checkpoint expression by increasing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in CD8+ T cells. Consequently, the ER stress sensor XBP1 was activated and regulated PD-1 and 2B4 transcription. Inhibiting XBP1 or reducing cholesterol in CD8+ T cells effectively restored antitumor activity. This study reveals a mechanism underlying T cell exhaustion and suggests a new strategy for restoring T cell function by reducing cholesterol to enhance T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhe Ma
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Enguang Bi
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Pan Su
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chunjian Huang
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lintao Liu
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maojie Yang
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew F Kalady
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jianfei Qian
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anisha A Gupte
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chengyun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Qing Yi
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Yun SJ, Lee B, Komori K, Lee MJ, Lee BG, Kim K, Park S. Regulation of TIM-3 expression in a human T cell line by tumor-conditioned media and cyclic AMP-dependent signaling. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:224-232. [PMID: 30554083 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) expression increases in exhausted T cells, which inhibits T cell function. TIM-3 expression is supposedly up-regulated in tumor-bearing individuals via chronic antigenic stimulation of T cells. Considering the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment, we investigated whether tumor-secreted molecules might enhance TIM-3 expression in Jurkat T cells. We observed that TIM-3 expression was increased by the activation of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathways. Adenylate cyclase activation led to protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent upregulation of the TIM-3 minimal promoter region and of upstream conserved non-coding sequences. TIM-3 expression in Jurkat T cells was increased by the exposure to breast tumor cell-conditioned media partially through the interaction between PGE2 and its receptor, EP4. Our results propose that tumor-secreted molecules such as PGE2, which activates PKA and EPAC, may regulate TIM-3 expression in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtongku Worldcupro 206, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences (Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine), Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyoung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtongku Worldcupro 206, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences (Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine), Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuniharu Komori
- Department of Microbiology and Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtongku Worldcupro 206, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences (Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine), Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtongku Worldcupro 206, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Gill Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtongku Worldcupro 206, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences (Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine), Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtongku Worldcupro 206, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences (Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine), Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Park
- Department of Microbiology and Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtongku Worldcupro 206, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences (Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine), Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Tumor antigen-specific CD8 + T cells are negatively regulated by PD-1 and Tim-3 in human gastric cancer. Cell Immunol 2017; 313:43-51. [PMID: 28110884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes that are present in tumors and capable of recognizing tumor epitopes are nevertheless generally important in eliciting tumor rejection. NY-ESO-1 is a major target of CD8+ T cell recognition in gastric cancer (GC) and is among the most immunogenic tumor antigens defined to date. Thus, identifying the immune escape mechanisms responsible for inducing tumor-specific CD8+ T cell dysfunction may reveal effective strategies for immunotherapy. In an effort to understand in vivo tolerance mechanisms, we assessed the phenotype and function of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and tumor-associated lymphocytes (TALs) of GC patients. Here, we report that Tim-3 expression defines a subpopulation of PD-1+ exhausted NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cell and PD-1+Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells represented the largest subset of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells in GC patients. Functionally, CD8+PD-1+Tim-3+ T cells were more impaired in IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 production compared with PD-1+Tim-3- or PD-1-Tim-3- subsets. Dual blockade of Tim-3 and PD-1 during T-cell priming efficiently augmented proliferation and cytokine production by NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells could potentially be improved by therapeutic targeting of these inhibitory receptors, indicating that antitumor function of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells could potentially be improved by therapeutic targeting of these inhibitory receptors.
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