Molecular interactions of choline based ionic liquids with water at different temperatures: An experimental study

Spectroscopic and computational insights into the ion-solvent interactions in hydrated aprotic and protic ionic liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) and their aqueous solutions are emerging media for solving and manipulating biochemical molecules such as proteins. Unleashing the full potential however requires a detailed mechanistic understanding of how suitable protic and aprotic ILs behave in the presence of water in the first place. The present work aims at making an important step by performing a combined experimental and computational study of two selected ILs and their mixtures with water: the aprotic cholinium propionate ([Chl][Pro]) and the protic N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium propionate ([NMP][Pro]). IR and Raman spectroscopy reveal stronger ion-solvent interactions in [Chl][Pro]-H₂O systems compared to [NMP][Pro]-H₂O mixtures. This can be explained by the tightly packed ion-pair associations in [NMP][Pro] comprising the protic -N⁺-H counterpart, which allows the establishment of highly directional and strong interionic hydrogen bonds. The spectral decomposition of the O-D stretching band into three sub-peaks showed that the protic [NMP][Pro] favors the self-association of water molecules. On the other hand, the predominant fraction of water-anion/cation aggregates exists in aprotic [Chl][Pro]. These hydrated systems can be envisaged using quantum-chemical calculations in the following way: H₂O[Chl]⁺H₂O[Pro]^-H₂O and H₂O[NMP]⁺[Pro]^-H₂O, which implied preferable solvent-shared ion-pair (SIP) configurations for [Chl][Pro]-H₂O systems, whereas the contact ion-pair (CIP) state prevails for the [NMP][Pro]-H₂O systems. The latter holds even in the water-rich regime. In future work, these findings will be the basis for an understanding of the underlying principles that govern the interactions of ions with bio-molecules in aqueous solutions.

Using Thermodynamics to Assess the Molecular Interactions of Tetrabutylphosphonium Carboxylate–Water Mixtures

Densities, ρ, viscosities, η, and enthalpies of mixing, , of binary [P4 4 4 4][CnCOO]–water mixtures (with n=1, 2 or 7) were determined at atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature. The excess, , apparent, , and partial, , molar volumes were deduced from experimental data, as well as fragilities, m*, and excess Gibbs free energies of activation of viscous flow, . exhibited predominantly negative deviation from ideality, with a minimum at approximately ~0.8 for all three systems, indicating strong hydrogen-bonding interactions. All three binary systems were found to be fragile, with [P4 4 4 4][C7COO] showing the smallest deviations in fragility with the addition of water. values of the systems were exothermic over the entire composition range, having the following trend: [P4 4 4 4][C2COO]>[P4 4 4 4][C7COO]>[P4 4 4 4][C1COO].