High performance corrosion inhibition of novel tricationic surfactants on carbon steel in formation water: Electrochemical and computational evaluations

Harnessing the Potential of Amide-Linked Gemini Surfactants for Corrosion Inhibition and Antimicrobial Activity: From Molecular Design to Functional Performance

Gemini surfactants, also called Gemini, especially those with quaternary ammonium head groups, are recognized for their distinctive aggregation behavior and enhanced structure-activity relationships. The unique dual-head and dual-tail structure of Gemini grants them superior surface activity, allowing them to effectively lower surface and interfacial tension. To investigate the self-assembly behavior and surface-active properties that make them suitable as anticorrosion and antimicrobial agents, a series of cationic Gemini featuring amide bonds and varying alkyl chain lengths were synthesized. Surface activity and self-assembly characteristics of these cationic Gemini were analyzed using methods such as surface tension, electrical conductivity, fluorescence, and isothermal titration calorimetry. The findings revealed that these Gemini possess enhanced surface-active and self-assembly properties in comparison to traditional single-tail, monoheaded surfactants. Thermodynamic studies confirmed that these Gemini self-assemble spontaneously in water above a relatively low threshold concentration, with the self-assembly process becoming less favorable as the alkyl chain length decreased. The length of the chains also affected the size and shape of the aggregates formed. These Gemini have been shown to exhibit remarkable anticorrosion properties on steel surface. The performance of these compounds as corrosion inhibitors showed a clear dependence on chain length, with the shortest chain length Gemini providing the highest inhibition efficiency. These Gemini have also exhibited pronounced antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (DH5alpha) and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Experimental and computational studies of cationic Gemini surfactants as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 15% HCl

In the process of oil and gas exploration, the corrosion of carbon steel pipes results in substantial economic losses, numerous casualties, environmental contamination, and resource waste. The advancement of highly efficient and stable corrosion inhibitors holds significant importance for protecting carbon steel from corrosion during oil and gas exploitation. In this study, two new cationic Gemini surfactants (2CncoesT, where n = 12, 14) were synthesized through a straightforward two-step reaction. Weight-loss tests demonstrated that the inhibition efficiency (ηw%) increases with the increase in temperature. Specifically, the maximum ηw% values for 2C12coesT and 2C14coesT were 98.0% and 98.3% respectively at 85 °C. The adsorption of these surfactants conformed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Electrochemical measurements suggested that the two surfactants functioned as mixed-type inhibitors. The findings obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were consistent with the experimental outcomes that 2C12coesT and 2C14coesT are efficient corrosion inhibitors for the metal in an acidic environment. The quantum chemical investigation and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) further substantiated the experimental results and offered insights for a deeper comprehension of the inhibition mechanism of Gemini surfactants.

Surfactants as biodegradable sustainable inhibitors for corrosion control in diverse media and conditions: A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Corrosion is a challenging and potentially harmful process that involves the continuing, impulsive deterioration of metallic structures via reactions involving environmental components and electro- or chemical processes. To inhibit corrosion, various additives are added. Traditional additives, on the other hand, contain environmentally hazardous substances. Surfactants are less expensive, easier to manufacture, and have high inhibitory efficacy and low toxicity compared to standard corrosion inhibitors. They are often employed as corrosion inhibitors to protect metallic materials against corrosion.

METHODS

Surfactant molecules' amphiphilic nature promotes adsorption at surfaces such as the metal/metal oxide-water interface. Surfactant adsorption on metals and metal oxides forms a barrier that can prevent corrosion.

SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS

This review of surfactants as corrosion inhibitors aims to offer a systemic evaluation of various surfactant physical and chemical properties, surfactant influence in corrosion inhibition, and surfactant used in corrosion inhibition that can be used to enhance the efficacy of surfactant use as corrosion inhibitors in a variety of environments. The effect of several parameters on the potential to suppress corrosion of surfactant molecule series is also discussed here.

Novel biphenylidene-thiopyrimidine derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for carbon-steel in oilfield produced water

The inhibiting efficiency of three newly synthesized organic compounds:5-((4'-(dimethylamino)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methylene)-1,3-diethyl-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione (HM-1228), 5-((4'-(dimethylamino)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methylene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione (HM-1227) and 5-((4'-(dimethylamino)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methylene)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (HM-1226) in oilfield produced water on the corrosion of carbon steel has been examined via electrochemical measurements; potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance (EIS) techniques. The adsorption of these compounds on the surface of carbon steel followed Langmuir isotherm. In addition, the surface morphology of uninhibited and inhibited carbon steel was examined by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), observing surface improvement when carbon steel samples exposed to the inhibited corrosive solutions. The average surface roughness (Ra) in oilfield produced water solution in the presence of 0.5 mM of HM-1228 inhibitor was 138.28 nm compared to the uninhibited surface 571.62 nm. To explore the corrosion inhibition mechanism, quantum chemical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations were utilized. The HM-1228 inhibitor demonstrated the highest corrosion inhibition efficiency at 94.8% by PDP measurements. The higher corrosion inhibition of compound HM-1228 can be attributed to the presence of di-N-ethyl groups that enhance both electron donating ability and lipophilic properties.

Construction, Characterization, DFT Computational Study, and Evaluation the Performance of Some New N-Amino Pyridinone Schiff Base Catalyzed with Ceric(IV) Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) as Corrosion Inhibitors in Some Petroleum Applications

In this paper, two novel organic inhibitors, TAP-TPP and TAP-CEQ, were prepared via Schiff base condensation as a green chemistry methodology using an eco-friendly catalyst, ceric ammonium nitrate, with a high yield (87% and 91%), and characterized via elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis tools. Weight loss assessment was utilized as a chemical testing method, and the maximum inhibition efficiency of TAP-TPP and TAP-CEQ is 89.4% and 91.8%, respectively. PDP and EIS were electrochemical measures to determine the efficacy of both inhibitors as anticorrosion for carbon steel alloys in 2 M HCl aggressive media. The collected electrochemical results demonstrated that both inhibitors behaved as excellent anticorrosion agents for metallic constructions. According to the potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) analysis, these organic inhibitors worked as mixed-type inhibitors. The adsorption isotherm revealed that undertaken compounds obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm with the free energies of adsorption of ranged from ΔG = − 34.29 to − 34.63 kJ Mol−1. Also, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data confirmed that the values charge transfer resistance (Rct) was increased by increasing the concentration of the injected inhibitor molecules. In contrast, the electrochemical double layer (Cdl) was dramatically decreased. The work was supported by two-surface analysis methods such as SEM and EDX. For more details, the values of percentage inhibition efficiency can be ordered as follows: TAP-CEQ > TAP-TPP. Finally, a suitable inhibition mechanism and theoretical studies including EHOMO, ELUMO, diploe moment (µ), and electrophilicity index (ω) were assumed and discussed in detailed.

The Role of Some Cationic Surfactants Based on Thiazine as Corrosion Inhibitors in Petroleum Applications: Experimental and Theoretical Approach

Two cationic surfactants based on thiazine, dodecyl thiazin bromide (DTB) and hexyl thiazin bromide (HTB), were synthesized, characterized, and investigated as corrosion inhibitors for API X-65 type steel in oil wells' formation water under an H₂S environment. Various spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR and ¹H NMR were used to confirm the DTB and HTB chemical structures. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of the selected compounds was investigated using both potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The innovation of the current study is the existence of a long chain in the inhibitor molecule, which leads to an increase in the performance of the surfactant as a corrosion inhibitor, due to the increase in the surface area per molecule. It was found that these surfactants act as mixed-type inhibitors, leading to suppression of both the cathodic and the anodic processes by its adsorption on the electrode surface according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Carbon steel's inhibitory mechanism was studied using an analogous circuit. The scanning electron microscope technique was used as a suitable analysis tool to show the nature of the layer designed on carbon steel. Quantum chemical calculations and Monte Carlo simulation techniques were used to support the obtained experimental results. Finally, a suitable mechanism for the inhibition process was proposed and discussed.

Resorcinol Derivative as an Environmentally Friendly Low Carbon Steel Inhibitor in HCl Medium

An ecofriendly resorcinol derivative, dimethyl-4,6-dihydroxyisophthalate (DDIP) is examined as an anticorrosion agent for low carbon steel (CS) in a 0.5 mol L^-1 HCl solution. Electrochemical and chemical methods are used to determine the effectiveness of the inhibitor. The DDIP compound decreased the rate of CS corrosion. The mitigation efficiency rose from 61.8 to 79.9% as the DDIP dose increased from 50 to 300 ppm in the corrosive medium. At 300 ppm, however, the efficiency decreased from 79.9 to 70.05% as the temperature increased from 25 to 55 °C. Physical quantities and thermodynamic parameters are discussed. The compound's adsorption follows Langmuir's concept. Adsorption of the DDIP compound is a mix of physisorption and chemisorption. The difference in E _corr values is less than 85 mV, indicating that the examined compound is a mixed-type inhibitor. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed the development of a coherent film at CS in the presence of the DDIP inhibitor. The results obtained using various techniques were closely related, indicating validity and accuracy. The interaction between the DDIP molecules and the CS was explained by the density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulation. The quantum characteristics confirmed that the DDIP compound is a promising inhibitor.

Novel cationic aryl bithiophene/terthiophene derivatives as corrosion inhibitors by chemical, electrochemical and surface investigations

Two novel bithienyl fluorobenzamidine derivatives namely, 4-([2,2':5',2''-terthiophen]-5-yl)-2-fluorobenzamidine hydrochloride salt (MA-1615), 5'-(4-amidino-3-fluorophenyl)-[2,2'-bithiophene]-5-carboxamidine dihydrochloride salt (MA-1740) were synthesized, characterized and their corrosion inhibition properties were evaluated by electrochemical methods for carbon steel (C-steel) in 1 M HCl. Experimental investigations revealed that the inhibition effectiveness of the investigated inhibitors (INHs) by the Tafel polarization method followed the order: MA-1740 (96.9%) > MA-1615 (95.6%), demonstrating higher efficiency than inhibitors of similar structure reported in the literature. The investigated bithiophene derivatives exhibit mixed-type corrosion inhibition characteristics by blocking the active sites on the surface of C-steel. EIS study revealed that the INHs behave as interface-type corrosion inhibitors. UV-Visible spectrometric measurements confirmed a complex formation between the Fe2+ cation released during the corrosion reactions and inhibitor molecules.

Corrosion Control of Carbon Steel in Water-Based Mud by Nanosized Metallo-Cationic Surfactant Complexes During Drilling Operations

In this work, three nanometal complexes named cetyltrimethyammonium dibromodichloro zincate (CT-Zn), cetyltrimethyammonium dibromodichloro cuprate (CT-Cu), and cetyltrimethyammonium dibromodichloro manganesate (CT-Mn) were prepared, characterized, and evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in water-based mud (WBM). The chemical structure of the prepared complexes was confirmed by the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. The surface tension of the complexes was measured. The critical micelle concentrations and some of the surface properties were also determined. The compounds were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in the prepared WBM using potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss methods during the static and dynamic conditions of the drilling operations. The results indicated that the prepared metal complexes showed high anticorrosion action as the inhibition efficiency increased gradually with the increase in the concentrations of the prepared complexes until it reached the maximum value (93.1%) at 300 ppm for CT-Cu. The order of inhibition efficiency of these inhibitors was as follows: CT-Cu > CT-Zn > CT-Mn. The polarization curves showed that these complexes acted as mixed-type inhibitors. According to the results, the adsorption of these compounds obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface analysis of the carbon steel samples was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Rheological properties, gel strength, thixotropy, and filtration properties were also measured according to American Petroleum Institute specifications.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Chemical Study of Aliphatic Tricationic Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitors for Metallic Equipment in Oil Fields

Aliphatic tricationic surfactants were prepared by the esterification reaction, followed by a quaternization reaction to protect oil well facilities from corrosion problems. Microelemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared and ¹H NMR spectroscopic techniques were performed to explore the obtained motifs. The performance of these amphiphiles as inhibitors for metallic S90 steel corrosion in formation water was investigated through electrochemical tests (potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The results revealed significant inhibition effectiveness improvement with increasing concentrations of these amphiphiles. Its maximum inhibition efficiency reaches 93.07% at 250 ppm for the compound (AED). Potentiodynamic polarization graphs demonstrated that tricationic amphiphiles behave as mixed-type inhibitors. In addition, the adsorption of the tricationic surfactant at the S90 steel surface followed Langmuir isotherm. Atomic force microscopy revealed that a protective layer formed at the surface of S90 steel caused the inhibition of corrosion. During the inhibition procedure of S90 steel corrosion, theoretical research has been performed to validate electrochemical experiments and to clearly demonstrate the mechanism of these amphiphiles. Finally, quantum chemical calculations were calculated to achieve the justification for the obtained empirical results.

Adsorption and Corrosion Performance of New Cationic Gemini Surfactants Derivatives of Fatty Amido Ethyl Aminium Chloride with Ester Spacer for Mild Steel in Acidic Solutions

Three new cationic gemini surfactants with ester spacer type 2-2′-(ethane-1,2-diyl bis(oxy)) bis(N-(2-alkanamidoethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium)) dichloride) (CGSES12, CGSES14 and CGSES16), based on N,N-dimethyl fatty amido ethylamine, were produced. These gemini quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized using a three-step reaction method, starting from th/e condensation of the fatty acid chloride (RCOCl) of various hydrophobic chain lengths (R, C₁₁H₂₃, C₁₃H₂₇, C₁₅H₃₁) with N,N-dimethyl ethylene diamine, followed by the quaternization of the tertiary amino group formed with the spacer of the ester group formed in the second step. The chemical configuration of the surfactants was established by FT-IR, ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR and Mass spectroscopies. The inhibition performance of three surfactants was studied by weight loss and electrochemical measurements. The results show that CGSES12, CGSES14 and CGSES16 behave as effective inhibitors and surface agents. The maximum efficiency was higher than 94% at 2.5 mM, and the inhibition order was CGSES16 > CGSES14 > CGSES12. This was due to the increment in hydrophobicity of the gemini surfactants. Their adsorption on a mild steel surface followed the Langmuir isotherm. CGSES12, CGSES14 and CGSES16 can be considered mixed-type inhibitors. The presence of CGSES12, CGSES14 and CGSES16 increased charge transfer resistance and decreased the corrosion rate. The adsorption focused on heteroatoms and the surface properties of cationic gemini surfactants.

Experimental and Computational Study of Ecofriendly Synthesize d Imine Cationic Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel in 1 M HCl

Most research interests focused on the development of non-toxic and environmentally green corrosion inhibitors. In this work, three environment friendly corrosion inhibitors based on cinnamaldehyde named N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-((3-phenylallylidene) amino)ethyl)octan-1-aminiumbromide (PhAEO), N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-((3-phenyl allylidene) amino)ethyl)decan-1-aminiumbromide (PhAED) and N,N-dimethyl-N-(2- ((3-phenylallylidene)amino)ethyl)dodecan-1-aminiumbromide (PhAEDD) were prepared. The chemical structures of the prepared green corrosion inhibitors were confirmed by FTIR and 1H-NMR. Their surface activities were studied using different surface parameters. The corrosi on inhibition efficiency of these compounds in 1 M hydrochloric acid on carbon steel was investigated chemically using weight loss method at varing temperatures (30, 45, and 60°C) and electrochemically at 30°C using potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The carbon steel surface was characte rized by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results show that the prepared compounds have a significant inhibiting effect on the corrosion of carbon steel and protection efficiencies up to 92%. These results were supported by theoretical studies using Density Functional Theory (DFT), which was used to calculate some quantum chemical descriptors, particularly the energy of Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (EHOMO), Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (ELUMO) and the energy band gap ΔEgap. Fukui indices f+ and f– for local nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks were considered. The theoretical results show that the behavior of the energy gap and adsorption energy is consistent with the sequence of the percent inhibition efficiency obtained by chemical and electrochemical measurements.

Quantum Chemical and Electrochemical Evaluation of Alkyl Phosphine Oxide in Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Formation Water

In this study, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations studies of a series of five nonionic surfactants namely: dimethyl alkyl phosphine oxide surfactants (C10-18PO) containing decyl, dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl-, and octadecyl alkyl chains were implemented using the density functional theory (DFT) method to interpret the correlation between the inhibition efficiency and the molecular structure of the different inhibitors in formation water. The global quantities including: highest occupied molecular orbital energy (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (LUMO), energy gap (ΔE), dipole moment (μ), total energy (TE), ionization potential (I), electron affinity (A), electronegativity (χ), chemical potential (π), global hardness (η), global softness (σ), global electrophilicity (ω), polarizabilities <α> and fraction of electrons transferred (ΔN) were calculated for the different inhibitors in formation water. The dependence of surface activities of the nonionic surfactants on the alkyl chain length was studied in distilled water. The surface activities and surface parameters of the studied surfactants were described using: surface tension and interfacial tension measurements. The determined surface parameters of the studied surfactants were surface tension, critical micelle concentration, effectiveness, efficiency, maximum surface excess and minimum surface area at 25 °C. The thermodynamic evaluation of the surfactants was performed by calculating the standard free energies of micellization and adsorption. The structure-corrosion inhibition performance was estimated using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance measurements and quantum chemical studies at 25 °C in true sample formation water.

The Protection Role of Cysteine for Cu-5Zn-5Al-1Sn Alloy Corrosion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl Solution

In this work, the corrosion mechanism of a Cu-5Zn-5Al-1Sn alloy was examined in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. At the same time, the effect of a cysteine inhibitor was also investigated through a multi-analytical approach. Electrochemical results suggested that inhibition efficiency increased with the increase of cysteine concentration. From potentiodynamic polarization (PD) analysis, a decrease in corrosion current and corrosion potential shift toward a more negative direction was observed. The potential difference between the blank and inhibited surface was found to be 46 mV, which is less than 85 mV, revealing a mixed type inhibition effect of cysteine for the Cu-5Zn-5Al-1Sn alloy. The inhibition mechanism of cysteine (Cys) and the effect of alloying elements were investigated by fitting experimental impedance data according to a projected equivalent circuit for the alloy/electrolyte interface. A Langmuir adsorption isotherm was proposed to explain the inhibition phenomenon of cysteine on the Cu-5Zn-5Al-1Sn alloy surface. Surface morphology observation confirmed that the Cu-5Zn-5Al-1Sn alloy was damaged in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution and could be inhibited by using the cysteine inhibitor. The impact of alloying elements on the corrosion mechanism was further examined by surface analysis techniques such as X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)/Auger spectra, the results of which indicated that the corrosion inhibition was realized by the adsorption of the inhibitor molecules at the alloy/solution interface.

The synthesis and characterization of benzotriazole-based cationic surfactants and the evaluation of their corrosion inhibition efficiency on copper in seawater

This study aims at preparing three cationic surfactants based on benzotriazole and evaluating their efficiencies as corrosion inhibitors for copper electrodes in seawater using different electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)). FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques confirmed the chemical structures of the as-prepared cationic compounds. The inhibition efficiency increased with the increase the concentration of the as-prepared compounds in the solution. The curves of the potentiodynamic polarization and the plots of EIS techniques show that the performance of all investigated compounds as mixed type. The standard free energy values imply that the three as-prepared compounds show physicochemical adsorption and obey the Langmuir adsorption model. AFM technique observed the reduction in the surface roughness due to the protective film formed on the copper surface. Finally, computational calculations show a great correlation with the experimental results due to the electron-donating effect.

Adsorption and anticorrosive behavior of aromatic epoxy monomers on carbon steel corrosion in acidic solution: computational studies and sustained experimental studies

Herein, the synthesis, characterization and corrosion inhibition effectiveness of two aromatic epoxy monomers (AEMs) namely, 2-(oxiran-2-yl-methoxy)-N,N-bis(oxiran-2-yl-methyl)aniline (AEM1) and N,N-bis(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2-((oxiran-2-ylmethyl) thio)aniline (AEM2), in carbon steel corrosive dissolution in 1 M HCl solution is investigated using computational and experimental techniques. AEM1 and AEM2 were characterized using FT-IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy techniques. Electrochemical results demonstrated that AEMs act as reasonably good corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 1 M HCl medium and their effectiveness followed the sequence: AEM2 (95.4%) > AEM1 (94.3%). A PDP study showed that AEMs act as mixed-type inhibitors with slight anodic predominance. Adsorption of the AEMs obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model. Interactions between AEMs and the metallic surface was further studied using DFT and MD simulations that give several computational parameters such as I, A, E_HOMO, E_LUMO, ΔE, δ, χ, ρ, σ, η, ΔN and E_ads. The experimental and computational results were in good agreement and well complimented each other.

Herein, the synthesis, characterization and corrosion inhibition effectiveness of two aromatic epoxy monomers (AEMs) in carbon steel corrosive dissolution in 1 M HCl solution was investigated using computational and experimental techniques.