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Zhang F, Li L, Zhang X, Yang H, Fan Y, Zhang J, Fang T, Liu Y, Nie Z, Wang D. Ionic Liquid Transdermal Patches of Two Active Ingredients Based on Semi-Ionic Hydrogen Bonding for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:480. [PMID: 38675141 PMCID: PMC11053956 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to deformities and disabilities in patients. Conventional treatment focuses on delaying progression; therefore, new treatments are necessary. The present study reported a novel ionic liquid transdermal platform for efficient RA treatment, and the underlying mechanism was elucidated using FTIR, 1H-NMR, Raman, XPS, and molecular simulations. The results showed that the reversibility of the semi-ionic hydrogen bonding facilitated high drug loading and enhanced drug permeability. Actarit's drug loading had an approximately 11.34-times increase. The in vitro permeability of actarit and ketoprofen was improved by 5.46 and 2.39 times, respectively. And they had the same significant effect in vivo. Furthermore, through the integration of network pharmacology, Western blotting (WB), and radiology analyses, the significant osteoprotective effects of SIHDD-PSA (semi-ionic H-bond double-drug pressure-sensitive adhesive transdermal patch) were revealed through the modulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. The SIHDD-PSA significantly reduced paw swelling and inflammation in the rat model, and stimulatory properties evaluation confirmed the safety of SIHDD-PSA. In conclusion, these findings provide a novel approach for the effective treatment of RA, and the semi-ionic hydrogen bonding strategy contributes a new theoretical basis for developing TDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dongkai Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; (F.Z.)
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2
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Aravena RI, Hallett JP. Protic ionic liquids based on fatty acids: a mixture of ionic and non-ionic molecules. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Brown SJ, Yalcin D, Pandiancherri S, Le TC, Orhan I, Hearn K, Han Q, Drummond CJ, Greaves TL. Characterising a Protic Ionic Liquid Library with Applied Machine Learning Algorithms. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Maksó L, Kovács K, Andreidesz K, Gömöry Á, Mahó S, Skoda‐Földes R. Synthesis of Steroidal Thioethers via [HDBU][OAc]‐Mediated Michael Addition of Thiols to 16‐Dehydropregnenolone. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Maksó
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Pannonia Egyetem u. 10. P.O.Box 158) H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry University of Pécs, Medical School Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs Hungary
| | - Kitti Andreidesz
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry University of Pécs, Medical School Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs Hungary
| | - Ágnes Gömöry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar tudósok körútja 2. H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Sándor Mahó
- Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc. Gyömrői út 19–21 Hungary
| | - Rita Skoda‐Földes
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Pannonia Egyetem u. 10. P.O.Box 158) H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
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5
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Li H, Li X, Zhou J, Sheng W, Lang X. Extending aromatic acids on TiO2 for cooperative photocatalysis with triethylamine: Violet light-induced selective aerobic oxidation of sulfides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Andreev I, Boichenko M, Ratmanova N, Ivanova O, Levina I, Khrustalev V, Sedov I, Trushkov I. 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridinium Azide in Protic Ionic Liquid Media as a Stable Equivalent of Hydrazoic Acid. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Andreev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Immunology RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Maksim Boichenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Department of Chemistry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Nina Ratmanova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Immunology RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | - Irina Levina
- FSBSI Institute of Biochemical Physics named after N M Emanuel of the Russian Academy of Sciences RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | - Igor Sedov
- Kazan Federal University RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Igor Trushkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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7
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Abstract
In this Perspective, I review the current state of computational simulations on ionic liquids with an emphasis on the recent biocompatible variants. These materials are used here as an example of relatively complex systems that highlights the limits of some of the approaches commonly used to study their structure and dynamics. The source of these limits consists of the coexistence of nontrivial electrostatic, many-body quantum effects, strong hydrogen bonds, and chemical processes affecting the mutual protonation state of the constituent molecular ions. I also provide examples on how it is possible to overcome these problems using suitable simulation paradigms and recently improved techniques that, I expect, will be gradually introduced in the state-of-the-art of computational simulations of ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bodo
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P. A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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8
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Naz S, Uroos M. Ionic Liquids: Designer Solvents for Cleaner Technologies. LETT ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178619666220110142647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Naz
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maliha Uroos
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan
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9
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Le Donne A, Russo S, Bodo E. Assessing the propensity toward ionization in nanosized clusters of protic ionic liquids by Ab-initio methods. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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11
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Bodo E. Modelling biocompatible ionic liquids based on organic acids and amino acids: challenges for computational models and future perspectives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4002-4013. [PMID: 33978045 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00011j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this short review I shall highlight the basic principle and the difficulties that arise in attempting the computational modeling of seemingly simple systems which hide an unexpected complexity. Biocompatible ionic liquids which are based on the coupling of organic or amino acid anions with metabolic cations such as cholinium are the target of this review. These substances have been the subject of intense research activities in the last few years and have attracted the attention of computational chemists. I shall show that the computational description of these substances is far from trivial and requires the use of sophisticated techniques in order to account for a surprisingly rich chemistry that is due to several phenomena such as polarization, charge transfer, proton transfer equilibria and tautomerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bodo
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P. A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
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We present a computational
analysis of the short-range structure
of three protic ionic liquids based on strong organic acids: trifluoracetate,
methanesulfonate, and triflate of triethylammonium. Accurate ab initio computations carried out on the gas-phase dimers
show that the protonation of triethylamine is spontaneous. We have
identified the anion-cation binding motif that is due to the presence
of a strong hydrogen bond and to electrostatic interactions. The strength
of the hydrogen bond and the magnitude of the binding energy decrease
in the order trifluoroacetate ≳ methanesulfonate > triflate.
The corresponding simulations of the bulk phases, obtained using a
semiempirical evaluation of the interatomic forces, reveal that on
short timescales, the state of the three liquids remains highly ionized
and that the gas-phase cation-/anion-binding motif is preserved while
no other peculiar structural features seem to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bodo
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonomo
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/A, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
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13
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Martini MB, Fernández JL, Adam CG. Insights on the catalytic behaviour of sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) in transesterification reactions - voltammetric characterization of sulfonic task-specific ILs with bisulfate anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2731-2741. [PMID: 33491717 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05674j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work shows for the first time the link between the amount of free sulfuric acid (as detected by cyclic voltammetry) and the activity of sulfonic-acid-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) as acid catalysts for a transesterification reaction, and demonstrates that sulfonic acid groups, while are not directly involved in the catalysis, release the free acid during the reaction. Two imidazolic ILs with bisulfate as the counterion and their corresponding task-specific ILs (TSILs) that resulted from the addition of a sulfonic acid group inside the imidazolic-base structure were studied. The outstanding catalytic activity at room temperature of the TSILs 1-(4-sulfonic acid)-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bisulfate ([bsmim]HSO4) and 1-(4-sulfonic acid)-butyl-imidazolium bisulfate ([bsHim]HSO4) for the transesterification of p-nitrophenyl acetate with methanol was associated to the significant amounts of free sulfuric acid in equilibria with the ionic pairs. It was concluded that these TSILs function as reservoirs for releasing the free acid, which is the actual acid catalyst. In contrast, the corresponding non-sulfonic ILs supply very little amounts of free acid and consequently present low catalytic activities at room temperature, which in fact can be improved by increasing the reaction temperature up to 100 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Martini
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - José L Fernández
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina. and Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada e Ingeniería Electroquímica (PRELINE), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia G Adam
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
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14
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Mariani A, Bonomo M, Gao X, Centrella B, Nucara A, Buscaino R, Barge A, Barbero N, Gontrani L, Passerini S. The unseen evidence of Reduced Ionicity: The elephant in (the) room temperature ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Würdemann MA, Niţu C, De Wildeman SMA, Bernaerts KV, Orru RVA. The Forgotten Pyrazines: Exploring the Dakin-West Reaction. Chemistry 2020; 26:8090-8100. [PMID: 32216072 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazines are an underreported class of N-heterocycles available from nitrogen-rich biomass presenting an interesting functional alternative for current aromatics. In this work, access to pyrazines obtained from amino acids by using the 90 year old Dakin-West reaction was explored. After a qualitative screening several functional proteinogenic amino acids proved good substrates for this reaction, which were successfully scaled to multigram scale synthesis of the corresponding intermediate α-acetamido ketones. Subsequently, the conditions towards pyrazine formation using δ-amino-levulinic acid were optimized, and these were employed to synthesize a relevant set of five functional dimethylpyrazines in high purity. These pyrazines can be considered a versatile toolbox of aromatic building blocks for a wide range of applications, such as in the synthesis of polymers or metal-organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien A Würdemann
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Niţu
- Maastricht Science Program, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, 6211 KW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefaan M A De Wildeman
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Romano V A Orru
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
I have explored the structural features and the dynamics of triethylammonium acetate by means of semi-empirical (density functional tight binding, DFTB) molecular dynamics. I find that the results from the present simulations agree with recent experimental determinations with only few minor differences in the structural interpretation. A mixture of triethylamine and acetic acid does not form an ionic liquid, but gives rise to a very complex system where ionization is only a partial process affecting only few molecules (1 over 4 experimentally). I have also found that the few ionic couples are stable and remain mainly embedded inside the AcOH neutral moiety.
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17
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Adenusi H, Le Donne A, Porcelli F, Bodo E. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study of Phospho-Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids: Formation of Zwitterionic Anions in the Presence of Acidic Side Chains. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1955-1964. [PMID: 32037824 PMCID: PMC7997564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
present a computational analysis of the complex proton-transfer
processes in two protic ionic liquids based on phosphorylated amino
acid anions. The structure and the short time dynamics have been analyzed
via ab initio and semi-empirical molecular dynamics. Given the presence
of mobile protons on the side chain, such ionic liquids may represent
a viable prototype of highly conductive ionic mediums. The results
of our simulations are not entirely satisfactory in this respect.
Our results indicate that conduction in these liquids may be limited
due to a quick quenching of the proton-transfer processes. In particular,
we have found that, while proton migration does occur on very short
timescales, the amino groups act as proton scavengers preventing an
efficient proton migration. Despite their limits as conductive mediums,
we show that these ionic liquids possess an unconventional microscopic
structure, where the anionic component is made by amino acid anions
that the aforementioned proton transfer has transformed into zwitterionic
isomers. This unusual chemical structure is relevant because of the
recent use of amino acid-based ionic liquids, such as CO2 absorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Adenusi
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Andrea Le Donne
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Porcelli
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Enrico Bodo
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome Italy
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18
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Bravo MV, Fernández JL, Adam CG, Della Rosa CD. Understanding the Role of Protic Ionic Liquids (PILs) in Reactive Systems: Rational Selection of PILs for the Design of Green Synthesis Strategies for Allylic Amines and β-Amino Esters. Chempluschem 2020; 84:919-926. [PMID: 31943991 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reactive behaviour of protic ionic liquids (PILs) has been shown to be governed not only by their chemical structures but also by their global compositions, which include the presence of free acids and bases at equilibrium with ionic pairs. Six PILs composed of primary, secondary, or tertiary alkyl ammonium cations with two couterions, nitrate or acetate, were tested in model reactions with unsaturated substrates. The free species that were naturally present in these liquids were identified by cyclic voltammetry. Only tributylammonium nitrate was found to be mostly composed just of the ionic pair; the other five PILs also contain variable amounts of free acid and amine. In reactive systems, these free species determine the products of the reaction. In particular, allylic amines and β-amino esters were obtained in good yields (91 and 75 %, respectively) by reaction of conjugated dienes and acrylates in the presence of PILs. By taking into account the actual composition of each PIL, it was possible to direct the reaction path towards a specific product with good yields, to ensure acid catalysis, to avoid polymerization of the substrate, and to promote phase transfer of products. These results establish some useful guidelines for the rational design of new PIL-based one-step synthetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Bravo
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José L Fernández
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.,Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada e Ingeniería Electroquímica (PRELINE) Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia G Adam
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia D Della Rosa
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL, UNL-CONICET) and Facultad de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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19
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Asim AM, Uroos M, Naz S, Sultan M, Griffin G, Muhammad N, Khan AS. Acidic ionic liquids: Promising and cost-effective solvents for processing of lignocellulosic biomass. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Yalcin D, Drummond CJ, Greaves TL. High throughput approach to investigating ternary solvents of aqueous non-stoichiometric protic ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6810-6827. [PMID: 30534703 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05894f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of ionic liquids (ILs) is limited for many applications due to their cost and/or viscosity. An efficient solution is to make mixtures of ILs with molecular solvents. However, it is well known that there are a large number of possible cation and anion combinations resulting in ILs, and this becomes a vast number when these are then combined with a molecular solvent. Therefore, we need structure-property relationships to design new IL-molecular solvent systems. In this work we have applied high throughput methods to investigate IL containing solutions to provide systematic data of a broad compositional space. We have principally focused on the surface tension, apparent pH and liquid nanostructure to identify potential self-assembly and protein stabilizing ability of solvent systems. Non-stoichiometric and aqueous IL-solvents were prepared in a high-throughput manner based on a deliberate experimental design approach such that 26 samples were prepared for each cation-anion-water combination. A selection of 8 protic ionic liquids (PILs) were used as starting materials, comprising ethanol-, ethyl-, butyl-, and pentylammonium cations combined with formate, acetate and nitrate anions. This resulted in a total of 208 different solvent systems. The measured solvent properties showed different trends in base-rich and acid-rich solvent combinations. Surface tensions of base-rich samples exhibited a relatively linear relationship with increasing excess amine, while acid-rich samples were more dominantly affected by the change in water content. Liquid nanostructure of acid-rich samples was retained upon water dilution, whereas a significant SAXS peak shift towards lower scattering angles was observed in the presence of excess amines, indicating larger nanosized aggregates were forming. The design of experiment approach used here is considered to be applicable to any multi-component solvent compositional space due to its suitability in using small data sets to cover large compositional spaces, and hence can be employed to decrease the time and sample quantities required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Yalcin
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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