Surface activity and cleaning performance of Gemini surfactants with rosin groups

Advances in surfactants for photolithography

The advancement of dense integrated circuits requires the miniaturization of feature sizes, which has driven continuous progress in photolithography. However, there are still some challenges in achieving a high patterning resolution for photolithography such as surface contaminants, defect formation, pattern collapse, etc. Surfactants have been extensively investigated for several decades as essential wet chemicals to resolve these issues due to their outstanding performance in reducing surface tension, enhancing wettability, and improving solubility. Recently, it has been revealed that surfactants with diverse chemical structures can exhibit distinct functionalities at various stages of the photolithography process, yet comprehensive discussions on their structures, performance, and mechanisms remain limited. In this review, we first address the structure-performance relationships for anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic surfactants and then provide a general introduction to photolithography from a historical and technological perspective. Specifically, various surfactants used as additives in cleaners, developers, etchants, and strippers for photolithography are thoroughly summarized and discussed, where their key parameters, used concentrations, and underlying mechanisms have been introduced to provide a valuable guide for future research. Finally, we propose three strategic directions for the development of innovative surfactants to address emerging challenges and drive sustainable progress in photolithography: (1) high-performance surfactants, (2) switchable surfactants, and (3) bio-based surfactants.

Exploring the Performance Advantages of p-Aminobenzenesulfonate-Based Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants in Oil Recovery

To investigate the specific performance enhancement of oilfield surfactants by using sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate as a connecting group, cationic surfactant N,N-dimethyl-N-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)dodecan-1-aminium (DDPA) and zwitterionic gemini surfactant sodium 4-[bis(3-(dodecyldimethylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]benzenesulfonate (DDBS) were synthesized. The oil recovery performance of these surfactants was compared, revealing that DDBS outperforms DDPA in thermal stability, wettability, adsorption, and resistance to temperature and salinity variations, as well as surface/interface activity, except for emulsification. Core flooding experiments, simulating the conditions of the Xinjiang oilfield, demonstrated that DDBS can achieve the same enhanced oil recovery effect at a concentration that is 1/15 of that of DDPA. Compared with water, DDBS and DDPA can incrementally enhance recovery rates by 7.9% and 8.5%. Furthermore, the synergistic formulation of DDBS with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDS) significantly optimized performance, achieving a reduction in interfacial tension to 0.0301 mN m-1. This study provides a research and data foundation for the application of new surfactants in petroleum extraction.

Amide-Linked Alkylpyridinium Gemini Surfactants for Corrosion Mitigation of Low-Carbon Steel

The anticorrosion properties of three amide-linked alkylpyridinium gemini surfactants (ALAPGS), viz., 3,3'-(propanediamide)bis(1-n-dodecylpyridinium) dibromide (ALDPGS), 3,3'-(propanediamide)bis(1-n-tetradecylpyridinium) dibromide (ALTPGS), and 3,3'-(propanediamide)bis(1-n-octadecylpyridinium) dibromide (ALOPGS), were studied on low-carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl through weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) methods. The anticorrosive efficiency of ALAPGS on low-carbon steel was contingent upon the concentration and length of the alkyl tails. In addition, the corrosion inhibition efficiency was found to be the highest when the concentration of the gemini reaches close to the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and followed the order ALOPGS > ALTPGS > ALDPGS. The results obtained from EIS agreed with the findings of PDP and weight loss experiments. The PDP studies indicated that the studied gemini acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. Furthermore, the morphology of low-carbon steel was studied through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to understand the interaction between ALAPGS and low-carbon steel. The results suggested that ALAPGS are effective corrosion inhibitors for low-carbon steel.

Enhancing surface/interface activity and wettability via trimeric surfactant-containing mixtures

The aggregation behaviors of a trimeric surfactant (Citric-3C12) in combination with anionic-nonionic surfactants of varying hydrophobic tail lengths (9-EOS/12-EOS) at different molar fractions were explored by surface tension measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ potential analysis, and Cryo-TEM. Surface activity parameters, the interaction parameter (β), and the interfacial and micellar composition were evaluated by both the ideal mixing model and the regular solution model, with the values of βσ and βm found to be negative. The combination of the trimeric cationic surfactant with anionic-nonionic surfactants exhibits a pronounced synergistic effect driven by electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. The surface tension and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the mixed system are significantly lower than those of the individual surfactants. Above the CMC, the surfactants form vesicles, with vesicle size tending to decrease as charge neutralization occurred. Furthermore, the adsorption behaviors of the binary mixtures were examined through surface tension, interfacial tension, and contact angle measurements. The synergistic effect is also evident in the interface adsorption behavior, where the mixed system exhibits enhanced oil-water interface activity and superior wettability on the hydrophobic surfaces.

Low-Foaming Nonionic Gemini Surfactants Containing Hydrophilic Poly(oxyethylene) Chain and Hydrophobic Di-tert-pentylbenzenes Groups

Low-foaming nonionic gemini surfactants have a wide range of applications in industrial cleaning and photoresist development. In this study, three low-foaming nonionic gemini surfactants (S1, S2, and S3) with different poly(oxyethylene) chain lengths have been synthesized by using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) and 2,5-di-tert-pentylhydroquinone. The chemical structures of the novel surfactants are confirmed by 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and their properties such as surface tension, wetting properties, emulsifying properties, and foaming properties are investigated. The surface tension values of S1, S2, and S3 at the critical micelle concentration are 40.29, 37.14, and 41.64 mN/m, exhibiting good surface activity. When the surfactant concentration is higher than 2 mM, the contact angles of S1 and S2 no longer change and can maintain 62 and 64°, showing good wetting properties. In addition, S3 can keep an emulsion state for 2 months at high concentrations, exhibiting good emulsion stability. Furthermore, all the prepared surfactants show good low-foaming properties. The initial foaming volumes of S1 are very low, less than 0.1 mL at various concentrations, less than 2% of the conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. For S2, the initial foaming volumes at the concentration of 0.1, 1, 2, and 3 g/L are 1, 0.5, 0.55, and 0.45 mL, respectively. For S3, the initial foaming volumes show a general trend of increasing with concentration. The surfactants with longer poly(oxyethylene) chains possess more initial foaming volumes at the same concentration, which is because the greater cohesion between the surfactant molecules can increase the elasticity of the bubble film. Our study enriches the design rationales for low-foaming surfactants and motivates researchers to develop more advanced surfactants for industrial cleaning and photoresist development.

Application progress of rosin in food packaging: A review

Foodborne illness caused by Gram bacteria is the most important food safety issue worldwide. Food packaging film is a very important means to extend the shelf life of food. It reduces microbial contamination and provides food safety assurance during the sales process. However, the food packaging material is derived from plastic. Most plastics are not only non-degradable but also harmful to human health. Biodegradable natural polymers are an ideal substitute, but their poor mechanical properties, hydrophilicity and weak antibacterial properties limit their applications. Rosin is an oily pine ester in the pine family, which is a natural renewable resource with a wide range of sources. It is widely used in various fields, such as surfactants, adhesives, drug loading, antibacterial, etc. However, there are only a few reports on the application of rosin in food packaging. It is worth noting that the unique hydrogenated phenanthrene ring structure of rosin can enhance the thermal stability, hydrophobicity and antibacterial properties of food packaging. More importantly, rosin has a wide range of sources, good biocompatibility, and can be degraded in nature. These advantages are conducive to the application of rosin in food packaging. However, previous reviews focused on resins, silicone rubbers and surfactants. In this review we will focus on the application of rosin in food packaging.

From rosin to novel bio-based silicone rubber: a review

Rosin is a characteristic natural renewable resource. In view of the unique hydrogenated phenanthrene ring skeleton structure of rosin, it can be designed and synthesized to modify silicone rubber for improving its mechanical properties, thermal stability, and other properties. In this paper, the research progress of silicone rubber modified by rosin and its derivatives is reviewed, including internal or surface modification of room temperature or high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber. The different chemical modifications and polymerization pathways to obtain bio-based silicone rubber (e.g. rosin-based silicone cross-linking agent, filler compound rosin-based silicone cross-linking agent, rosin-based polymer, and rosin quaternary ammonium salt bifunctional antibacterial coating) are discussed and its research prospect is reviewed. Overall, the present review article will provide a quantitative experimental basis for rosin to produce bio-renewable multifunctional silicone rubber to increase our level of understanding of the behavior of this important class of silicone rubber and other similar bio-based polymers.

A Comparative Study on the Properties of Rosin-Based Epoxy Resins with Different Flexible Chains

This study aims to reveal the effects of flexible chain lengths on rosin-based epoxy resin's properties. Two rosin-based epoxy monomers with varying chain lengths were synthesized: AR-EGDE (derived from ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether-modified acrylic acid rosin) and ARE (derived from acrylic acid rosin and epichlorohydrin). Diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with different flexible chain lengths were used as curing agents. The adhesion, impact, pencil hardness, flexibility, water and heat resistance, and weatherability of the epoxy resins were systematically examined. It was found that when the flexible chains of rosin-based epoxy monomers were grown from ARE to AR-EGDE, due to the increased space of rosin-based fused rings, the toughness, adhesion, and water resistance of the rosin-based epoxy resins were enhanced, while the pencil hardness and heat resistance decreased. However, when the flexible chains of curing agents were lengthened, the resin's performance did not change significantly because the space between the fused rings changed little. This indicates that the properties of the rosin-based resins can only be altered when the introduced flexible chain increases the space between the fused rings. The study also compared rosin-based resins to E20, a commercial petroleum-based epoxy of the bisphenol A type. The rosin-based resins demonstrated superior adhesion, water resistance, and weatherability compared to the E20 resins, indicating the remarkable durability of the rosin-based resin.

Glutamic acid-glucose Gemini surfactants: physico-chemical properties and effect on the dyeability of polyester fabric

In this study we used glutamic acid as a linking group and glucose, propylene glycol, and fatty alcohols as raw materials to prepare glutamic acid-glucose Gemini surfactants. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to verify the structures of the surfactants. We investigated their surface properties (surface tension, contact angles), and their effect on the fluorescence of pyrene. To test their potential application, we prepared emulsions with the surfactants and olive oil, and evaluated the emulsion stability with a particle size analyzer. We also investigated the ability to dye polyester fabrics in the presence of the glutamic acid-glucose-gemini surfactants. Among our synthesized materials, those with shorter alkyl chains exhibited better surface activities and emulsification properties, resulting in excellent dye uptake and leveling.