Double w/o/w self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system of imatinib mesylate for colon cancer treatment

68 Ga-labeled, imatinib encapsulated, theranostic liposomes: Formulation, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of anticancer activity

Cancer is still a global health problem. Among cancer types, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed one, and it causes a high mortality rate if not diagnosed in the early stages. In our study, imatinib encapsulated, nanosized, neutral/cationic liposome formulations were prepared as theranostic agents for breast cancer. After the characterization studies in which all liposomes exhibited proper profile owing to their particle size between 133 and 250 nm, polydispersity index values lower than 0.4, neutral and cationic zeta potential values, and high drug encapsulation efficiency, controlled drug release behaviors with zero-order kinetic were obtained. The higher than 90% radiolabeling efficiency values were obtained thanks to the determination of optimum radiolabeling condition (80°C temperature, 5 mCi radioactivity, and 10 min incubation period). According to the resazurin assay evaluating the cytotoxic profile of liposomes on MCF7 cells, neutral empty liposome was found as biocompatible, while both cationic liposomes (empty and drug-loaded ones) exhibited high nonspecific cytotoxicity at even low drug concentration due to the existence of stearyl amine in the formulations. However, dose-dependent cytotoxic effect and the highest cellular binding capacity were obtained by imatinib loaded neutral liposomes. In conclusion, 68 Ga-radiolabeled, imatinib-loaded, neutral, nanosized liposome formulation is the most promising one as a theranostic agent among all formulations.

Prediction for Plasma Trough Concentration and Optimal Dosing of Imatinib under Multiple Clinical Situations Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling

(1) Purpose: This study aimed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict the trough concentration (C _trough) of imatinib (IMA) at steady state in patients and to explore the role of free concentration (f _up), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) level, and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) activity/expression in clinical efficacy. (2) Methods: The population PBPK model was built using physicochemical and biochemical properties, metabolizing and transporting kinetics, tissue distribution, and human physiological parameters. (3) Results: The PBPK model successfully predicted the C _trough of IMA administered alone in chronic phase (CP) and accelerated phase (AP) patients, the C _trough of IMA co-administered with six modulators, and C _trough in CP patients with hepatic impairment. Most of the ratios between predicted and observed data are within 0.70-1.30. Additionally, the recommendations for dosing adjustments for IMA have been given under multiple clinical uses. The sensitivity analysis showed that exploring the f _up and AGP level had a significant influence on the plasma C _trough of IMA. Meanwhile, the simulations also revealed that OCT1 activity and expression had a significant impact on the intracellular C _trough of IMA. (4) Conclusion: The current PBPK model can accurately predict the IMA C _trough and provide appropriate dosing adjustment recommendations in a variety of clinical situations.

Insights into Lipid-Based Delivery Nanosystems of Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy

According to the WHO, cancer caused almost 10 million deaths worldwide in 2020, i.e., almost one in six deaths. Among the most common are breast, lung, colon and rectal and prostate cancers. Although the diagnosis is more perfect and spectrum of available drugs is large, there is a clear trend of an increase in cancer that ends fatally. A major advance in treatment was the introduction of gentler antineoplastics for targeted therapy-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Although they have undoubtedly revolutionized oncology and hematology, they have significant side effects and limited efficacy. In addition to the design of new TKIs with improved pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, and being more resistant to the development of drug resistance, high expectations are placed on the reformulation of TKIs into various drug delivery lipid-based nanosystems. This review provides an insight into the history of chemotherapy, a brief overview of the development of TKIs for the treatment of cancer and their mechanism of action and summarizes the results of the applications of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems, nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers used as drug delivery systems of TKIs obtained in vitro and in vivo.