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Jia ZJ, Lan XW, Lu K, Meng X, Jing WJ, Jia SR, Zhao K, Dai YJ. Synthesis, molecular docking, and binding Gibbs free energy calculation of β-nitrostyrene derivatives: Potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. J Mol Struct 2023; 1284:135409. [PMID: 36993878 PMCID: PMC10033154 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has had a significant impact on human health and the economic development. SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease (3CLpro) is highly conserved and plays a key role in mediating the transcription of virus replication. It is an ideal target for the design and screening of anti-coronavirus drugs. In this work, seven β-nitrostyrene derivatives were synthesized by Henry reaction and β-dehydration reaction, and their inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease were identified by enzyme activity inhibition assay in vitro. Among them, 4-nitro-β-nitrostyrene (compound a) showed the lowest IC50 values of 0.7297 μM. To investigate the key groups that determine the activity of β-nitrostyrene derivatives and their interaction mode with the receptor, the molecular docking using the CDOCKER protocol in Discovery Studio 2016 was performed. The results showed that the hydrogen bonds between β-NO2 and receptor GLY-143 and the π-π stacking between the aryl ring of the ligand and the imidazole ring of receptor HIS-41 significantly contributed to the ligand activity. Furthermore, the ligand-receptor absolute binding Gibbs free energies were calculated using the Binding Affinity Tool (BAT.py) to verify its correlation with the activity of β-nitrostyrene 3CLpro inhibitors as a scoring function. The higher correlation(r2=0.6) indicates that the absolute binding Gibbs free energy based on molecular dynamics can be used to predict the activity of new β-nitrostyrene 3CLpro inhibitors. These results provide valuable insights for the functional group-based design, structure optimization and the discovery of high accuracy activity prediction means of anti-COVID-19 lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Jia
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Lan
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Kui Lu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Xuan Meng
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Wen-Jie Jing
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Shi-Ru Jia
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Hebei Kaisheng Medical Technology Co. LTD, No.319 of Xiangjiang Road, High-tech Zone, Shijiazhuang 050000, PR China
- Jiangxi Oushi Pharmaceutical Co. LTD, 1115 Saiwei Dadao, Yushui District, Xinyu 338004, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Dai
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
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Ordoñez ME, Borges VS, Souza AC, Ferreira LR, Costa FM, Melo FP, Vale JK, Borges RS. Molecular modifications on β-nitro-styrene derivatives increase their antioxidant capacities. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sağırli A, Dürüst Y, Kariuki B, Knight DW. A practical isocyanide-based multicomponent synthesis of polysubstituted cyclopentenes. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar P Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, 645 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, USA.
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Milhazes N, Martins P, Uriarte E, Garrido J, Calheiros R, Marques MPM, Borges F. Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterisation of amphetamine-like drugs: Application to the screening of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its synthetic precursors. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 596:231-41. [PMID: 17631101 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A complete physicochemical characterisation of MDMA and its synthetic precursors MDA, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde (piperonal) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-beta-methyl-beta-nitrostyrene was carried out through voltammetric assays and Raman spectroscopy combined with theoretical (DFT) calculations. The former provided important analytical redox data, concluding that the oxidative mechanism of the N-demethylation of MDMA involves the removal of an electron from the amino-nitrogen atom, leading to the formation of a primary amine and an aldehyde. The vibrational spectroscopic experiments enable to afford a rapid and reliable detection of this type of compounds, since they yield characteristic spectral patterns that lead to an unequivocal identification. Moreover, the rational synthesis of the drug of abuse 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy") from one of its most relevant precursors 3,4-methylene-dioxyamphetamine (MDA), is reported. In addition, several approaches for the N-methylation of MDA, a limiting synthetic step, were attempted and the overall yields compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Milhazes
- CEQOFFUP, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Zhang SQ, Wang HG, Pei KM, Zheng X, Phillips DL. Resonance Raman and density functional theory investigation of the photodissociation dynamics of the A-band absorption of (E)-β-nitrostyrene in cyclohexane solution. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:194505. [PMID: 17523820 DOI: 10.1063/1.2736685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectra were obtained for (E)-beta-nitrostyrene in cyclohexane solution with excitation wavelengths in resonance with the charge transfer (CT)-band absorption spectrum. These spectra indicate that the Franck-Condon region photodissociation dynamics have multidimensional character with motion predominantly along the nominal NO(2) symmetric stretch mode (nu(14)), the nominal C=C stretch mode (nu(8)), the nominal benzene ring stretch mode (nu(9)), accompanied by a smaller amount of motion along the nominal ONO symmetric bend/benzene ring stretch mode (nu(34)), the nominal CCH in-plane bending mode (nu(20)), the nominal HC=CH in-plane bending mode (nu(18)), the nominal NO(2) asymmetric stretch mode (nu(11)), the nominal C-N stretch/benzene ring breathing mode (nu(27)), and the nominal CCC trigonal bending mode (nu(25)). A preliminary resonance Raman intensity analysis was done and these results for (E)-beta-nitrostyrene were compared to results previously reported for several nitrobenzene and trans-stilbene compounds. The differences and similarities between the CT-band resonance Raman spectra and vibrational reorganizational energies for (E)-beta-nitrostyrene relative to those for nitrobenzene and trans-stilbene were briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ATMMT (MOE), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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Milhazes N, Cunha-Oliveira T, Martins P, Garrido J, Oliveira C, Rego AC, Borges F. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Profile of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”) and Its Metabolites on Undifferentiated PC12 Cells: A Putative Structure−Toxicity Relationship. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 19:1294-304. [PMID: 17040098 DOI: 10.1021/tx060123i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The toxicological and redox profiles of MDMA and its major metabolites (MDA, alpha-methyldopamine, N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine, 6-hydroxy-alpha-methyldopamine, 3-methoxy-alpha-methyldopamine) were studied to establish a structure-toxicity relationship and determine their individual contribution to cell death induction by apoptosis and/or necrosis. The results of the comparative toxicity study, using undifferentiated PC12 cells, strongly suggest that the metabolites possessing a catecholic group are more toxic to the cells than MDMA and metabolites with at least one protected phenolic group. Redox studies reveal that an oxidative mechanism seems to play an important role in metabolite cytotoxicity. Nuclear features of apoptosis and/or necrosis show that most of the metabolites, particularly N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine, induce cell death by apoptosis, largely accompanied by necrotic features. No significant differences were found between MDMA and the metabolites, concerning overall characteristics of cell death. These results may be useful to ascertain the contribution of metabolism in MDMA neurotoxicity molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Milhazes
- CEQOFFUP, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal
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Milhazes N, Calheiros R, Marques MPM, Garrido J, Cordeiro MNDS, Rodrigues C, Quinteira S, Novais C, Peixe L, Borges F. Beta-nitrostyrene derivatives as potential antibacterial agents: a structure-property-activity relationship study. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4078-88. [PMID: 16497504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A multidisciplinary project was developed, combining the synthesis of a series of beta-nitrostyrene derivatives and the determination of their physicochemical parameters (redox potentials, partition coefficients), to the evaluation of the corresponding antibacterial activity. A complete conformational analysis was also performed, in order to get relevant structural information. Subsequently, a structure-property-activity (SPAR) approach was applied, through linear regression analysis, aiming at obtaining a putative correlation between the physicochemical parameters of the compounds investigated and their antibacterial activity (both against standard strains and clinical isolates). The beta-nitrostyrene compounds displayed a lower activity towards all the tested bacteria relative to the beta-methyl-beta-nitrostyrene analogues. This was observed particularly for the 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-beta-methyl-beta-nitrostyrene (IVb) against the Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium). The SPAR results revealed the existence of a clear correlation between the redox potentials and the antibacterial activity of the series of beta-nitrostyrene derivatives under study.
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Sousa J, Calheiros R, Rio V, Borges F, Marques M. Conformational analysis of the potential anticancer agent ethyl trihydroxycinnamate—A combined raman spectroscopy and ab initio study. J Mol Struct 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Milhazes N, Borges F, Calheiros R, Marques MPM. Identification of synthetic precursors of amphetamine-like drugs using Raman spectroscopy and ab initio calculations: β-Methyl-β-nitrostyrene derivatives. Analyst 2004; 129:1106-17. [PMID: 15508041 DOI: 10.1039/b405290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports a vibrational spectroscopic study of several beta-methyl-beta-nitrostyrene derivatives, which are important intermediates in the synthesis of illicit amphetamine-like drugs, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and 4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA). A complete conformational analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxy-beta-methyl-beta-nitrostyrene (3,4-MD-MeNS), 4-methoxy-beta-methyl-beta-nitrostyrene (4-MeO-MeNS), 4-methylthio-beta-methyl-beta-nitrostyrene (4-MeS-MeNS), was carried out by Raman spectroscopy coupled to ab initio MO calculations--both complete geometry optimisation and harmonic frequency calculation. The Raman spectra show characteristic features of these precursors, which allow their ready differentiation and identification. It was verified that the conformational behaviour of these systems is mainly determined by the stabilising effect of pi-electron delocalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Milhazes
- Departmento de Química Orgânica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-47 Porto, Portugal
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