Aggregation properties and structural studies of anticancer drug Irinotecan in DMSO solution based on NMR measurements

Drug-Induced Conformational Dynamics of P-Glycoprotein Underlies the Transport of Camptothecin Analogs

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) plays a pivotal role in drug bioavailability and multi-drug resistance development. Understanding the protein's activity and designing effective drugs require insight into the mechanisms underlying Pgp-mediated transport of xenobiotics. In this study, we investigated the drug-induced conformational changes in Pgp and adopted a conformationally-gated model to elucidate the Pgp-mediated transport of camptothecin analogs (CPTs). While Pgp displays a wide range of conformations, we simplified it into three model states: 'open-inward', 'open-outward', and 'intermediate'. Utilizing acrylamide quenching of Pgp fluorescence as a tool to examine the protein's tertiary structure, we observed that topotecan (TPT), SN-38, and irinotecan (IRT) induced distinct conformational shifts in the protein. TPT caused a substantial shift akin to AMPPNP, suggesting ATP-independent 'open-outward' conformation. IRT and SN-38 had relatively moderate effects on the conformation of Pgp. Experimental atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging supports these findings. Further, the rate of ATPase hydrolysis was correlated with ligand-induced Pgp conformational changes. We hypothesize that the separation between the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) creates a conformational barrier for substrate transport. Substrates that reduce the conformational barrier, like TPT, are better transported. The affinity for ATP extracted from Pgp-mediated ATP hydrolysis kinetics curves for TPT was about 2-fold and 3-fold higher than SN-38 and IRT, respectively. On the contrary, the dissociation constants (KD) determined by fluorescence quenching for these drugs were not significantly different. Saturation transfer double difference (STDD) NMR of TPT and IRT with Pgp revealed that similar functional groups of the CPTs are accountable for Pgp-CPTs interactions. Efforts aimed at modifying these functional groups, guided by available structure-activity relationship data for CPTs and DNA-Topoisomerase-I complexes, could pave the way for the development of more potent next-generation CPTs.

Preparation of Nanosized Clusters of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Trihydrate for Injection Concentrate to Reduce Carbon Footprint

The surprisingly stable irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate injection concentrate having a supersaturated concentration of 20 mg/mL at 25 °C was due to the frustration of 150-nm sized liquid-like nanosized clusters formed by the aggregation of dimers of 1.5 nm in an aqueous phase, evidenced by the non-linearity of van't Hoff plot and dynamic light scattering measurement. The adoption of this stable supersaturated solution at 20 mg/mL by manufacturers as the commercial concentration was beneficial due to the less volume being involved throughout the manufacturing, handling, storage and transportation of the commercial product, while also enabling a versatile on-site concentration adjustment by dilution prior to intravenous administration. Regarding the physical characteristic of the solid state of irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate, it was found to exist as a channel hydrate as evidenced by single-crystal, and high-temperature X-ray diffraction experiments. Dehydration takes place at approximately 35 °C as demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis. Because of its non-stoichiometric nature under various RH values revealed by dynamic vapor sorption, the irinotecan hydrate salt raw material must be kept at 25 °C or below, and under the relative humidity of 40% to 60% to maintain the original stoichiometric ratio of the raw material.

DFT studies of camptothecins cytotoxicity IV — active and inactive forms of irinotecan

Structures of irinotecan (CPT-11) in neutral lactone, neutral carboxyl, and anionic carboxylate forms in singlet ground states and of their complexes with Cu(II) in doublet ground states are optimized using B3LYP/6-311G* treatment. Metal ion affinities (MIA), Cu charges and Laplacians of Cu-ligand bond critical points of possible CPT active sites are evaluated. The formation of Cu(II) complexes with the anionic carboxylate ligand leads to the release of CO2 that can cause a decrease in the concentration of the active lactone form due to equilibria between all forms of the drug. MIA values and electron density transfer to Cu increase in the sequence lactone < neutral carboxyl < anionic carboxylate. Both neutral forms of irinotecan exhibit lower MIA values than those of camptothecin, unlike the anionic carboxylate form.

Interplay Between π-Stacking and Hydrogen Bonding in the Self-Association of Different Isomers of Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid

Using proton and carbon chemical shifts, we investigated the self-association of three isomers of naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, a model for the aggregation of asphaltenes. Experimental proton chemical shifts of each isomer were measured as a function of concentration in an aprotic solvent. Several potential structures of the monomer and dimer of each naphthalenedicarboxylic acid were considered, and calculated proton chemical shifts for the potential monomer and dimer structures were compared to the experimental chemical shifts to find the weighted average structure that best fit the experimental shifts. Calculated carbon chemical shifts were also compared to experimental values. The chemical shift comparison and calculated energies indicate that π-stacked dimers are not likely to contribute significantly to the dimer structure of any of the three naphthalenedicarboxylic acid isomers studied.