Synthesis, molecular structure, DFT studies and antimicrobial activities of some novel 3-(1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indole derivatives and its molecular docking studies

In-vitro anticancer evaluation of newly designed and characterized tri/tetra-substituted imidazole congeners- maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase inhibitors: Molecular docking and MD simulation approaches

Our cascading attempt to develop new potent molecules now involves designing a series of imidazole derivatives and synthesizing two sets of 2,4,5- tri-substituted (4a-4d) and 1,2,4,5-tetra-substituted (6a-6d) imidazole by the principle of Debus-Radziszewski multicomponent synthesis reaction. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by 1H/13C NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, purity and the retention time was analyzed by HPLC. Based upon the binding affinity in the molecular docking studies, we have synthesized different imidazole derivatives from which compound 6c have been found to show more anti-proliferative activity by inducing apoptosis at a higher rate than the other compounds corroborating the in-silico prediction. The structure and crystallinity of compound 4d have been confirmed by single XRD analysis. The synthesized molecules were screened for their in vitro anti-cancer properties in triple negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA PaCa-2) and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (H357) and results indicated that all the compounds inhibited the cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner at different time points. The compounds 4b and 6d were found to be effective against the S. aureus bacterial strain whereas only compound 4d fairly inhibited the fungal strain of T. rubrum with a MIC 12.5 μg/mL. Molecular docking study reveals good interaction of the synthesized compounds with known target MELK involved in oncogenesis having high binding profiles. The lead compound 6c was further analyzed by the detailed molecular dynamics study to establish the stability of the ligand-enzyme complex.

One-pot synthesis, NMR, quantum chemical approach, molecular docking studies, drug-likeness and in-silico ADMET prediction of novel 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-(furan-2-yl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivatives

A novel drug to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections and hydroxyl chloroquine analogue, 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-(furan-2-yl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (DDFDI) compound has been synthesized in one pot reaction. The novel compound DDFDI had been characterized by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectral techniques. The geometrical structure was optimized by density functional theory (DFT) method at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) as the basis set. The smaller energy value provides the higher reactivity of DDFDI compound than hydroxyl chloroquine and was corrected by high electrophilic and low nucleophilic reactions. The stability and charge delocalization of the molecule were also considered by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The HOMO-LUMO energies describe the charge transfer which takes place within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential has also been analysed. Drug likeness and oral activity have been carried out based on Lipinski's rule of five. Molecular docking studies are implemented to analyse the binding energy of the DDFDI compound against Covid-19/6W41, COVID-19/6WCF, COVID-19/6Y84 and COVID-19/6W4B receptors and found to be considered as a better antiviral agents.

An insight into the recent developments in anti-infective potential of indole and associated hybrids

Prevention, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment of infections are the main challenges in the overall management of infectious diseases. The best example is the ongoing SARs-COV-2(COVID-19) pandemic; the entire world is extremely worried about at present. Interestingly, heterocyclic moieties provide an ideal scaffold on which suitable pharmacophores can be designed to construct novel drugs. Indoles are amongst the most essential class of heteroaromatics in medicinal chemistry, which are ubiquitous across natural sources. The aforesaid derivatives have become invaluable scaffolds because of their wide spectrum therapeutic applications. Therefore, many researchers are focused on the design and synthesis of indole and associated hybrids of biological relevance. Hence, in the present review, we concisely discuss the indole containing natural sources, marketed drugs, clinical candidates, and their biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-TB, antiviral, antimalarial, and anti-leishmanial activities. The structure-activity relationships study of indole derivatives is also presented for a better understanding of the identified structures. The literature data presented for the anti-infective agents herein covers largely for the last twelve years.

Fabrication, depiction, DNA interaction, anti-bacterial, DFT and molecular docking studies of Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-[(E)-(pyridin-2-yl)diazenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-ol ligand

Cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes of the (3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-[E-(1iazinyl-2-yl)1iazinyl]-1H-pyrazole-5-ol) ligand were obtained by the diazotization reaction of 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one with 2-amino pyridine. The synthesized compounds were confirmed by analytical, and spectroscopic analyses (like, UV-Visible, FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy). Calf thymus DNA interaction with metal complexes is inspected by UV-Visible spectra, viscosity measurements, and thermal denaturation techniques. The intrinsic binding constant (K_b) was found to be 1.17 × 10⁶ M^-1, and 0.98 × 10⁶ M^-1 for Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes respectively. The Cleavage of pUC-19 DNA was monitored by gel electrophoresis. The computerized in silico molecular dockage studies of the composites with the target receptor Glu-6p and results showed that the compounds are potent drugs for the target enzyme. Further, the optimized structure of the azo dye ligand was obtained by the density functional theory (DFT) by Gaussian09 program by the RB3LYP at 6-311 G (++, g, d, p) basis set. Furthermore, screened for the bacterial action in contradiction of pathogenic organism's gram-negative Klebsiella pneumonia, gram-positive Bacillus subtills by a diffusion method.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2021.1991373 .

Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Indole Based Novel Small Molecules

Aim:

In this study experiments were carried out to explore antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic properties of novel indole derivative 1-ethyl-2-phenyl-3-phenylethyl-3-thiophen-2-yl-1Hindole (EPI) together with its effect on glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells.

Background::

Indoles probably represent one of the most important heterocyclic structures that have been attracting the interest of many scientists in drug discovery.

Objective:

The present study was carried out to explore antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic properties of novel indole derivative 1-ethyl-2-phenyl-3-phenylethyl-3-thiophen-2-yl-1H-indole (EPI) and its effect on glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells.

Materials and Methods:

Pd-catalyst Sonogashira coupling reactions, MTT Assay, Antioxidant capacity test, Antimicrobial test, GST enzyme activity test.

Results:

1-ethyl-2-phenyl-3-(phenylethynyl)-1H-indole had antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. It displayed significant induction in glutathione S-transferases (GST) enzyme activity in human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2), but cytotoxic effect on all tested cancer cell lines could not be observed.

Conclusion::

All of these results showed that 1-ethyl-2-phenyl-3-(phenylethynyl)-1H-indole had antioxidant and antimicrobial properties without cytotoxic effect, which could make it a promising active component with further studies.

Indole/isatin-containing hybrids as potential antibacterial agents

The emergence and worldwide spread of drug-resistant bacteria have already posed a serious threat to human life, creating the urgent need to develop potent and novel antibacterial drug candidates with high efficacy. Indole and isatin (indole-2,3-dione) present a wide structural and mechanistic diversity, so their derivatives possess various pharmacological properties and occupy a salient place in the development of new drugs. Indole/isatin-containing hybrids, which demonstrate a promising activity against a panel of clinically important Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, are privileged scaffolds for the discovery of novel antibacterial candidates. This review, covering articles published between January 2015 and May 2020, focuses on the development and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of indole/isatin-containing hybrids with potential application for fighting bacterial infections, to facilitate further rational design of novel drug candidates.

Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Indole and its Derivatives

BACKGROUND

Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen have been known to possess a very important role in the field of medicinal chemistry. Indole and its derivatives displayed a wide range of biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-convulsant, antidepressant, anti-diabetic, antihelmintic and anti-allergic activities etc. The diverse biological activities exhibited by compounds containing indole moiety has provided the impetus to explore its anti-microbial activity in order to save the valuable life of patients.

OBJECTIVE

The review focuses on the advances in the synthesis of indole derivatives and antimicrobial properties exhibited by them.

CONCLUSION

A great deal of work has been done in order to synthesize indole derivatives and to evaluate antimicrobial potential, as indicated by the review. The information provided in this article may be helpful for the researchers for the development of efficient antimicrobial drugs.

Current Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pharmacologically Relevant 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted-1H-Imidazole Derivatives

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In recent years, the synthesis and evaluation of the biological properties of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole derivatives have been the subject of a large number of studies by academia and industry. In these studies it has been shown that this large and highly differentiated class of heteroarene derivatives includes high valuable compounds having important biological and pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, antifibrotic, antiuricemic, antidiabetic, antileishmanial and antiulcer activities.

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The present review with 411 references, in which we focused on the literature data published mainly from 2011 to 2017, aims to update the readers on the recent developments on the synthesis and biological evaluation of pharmacologically relevant 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole derivatives with an emphasis on their different molecular targets and their potential use as drugs to treat various types of diseases. Reference was also made to substantial literature data acquired before 2011 in this burgeoning research area.

Medicinal chemistry of indole derivatives: Current to future therapeutic prospectives

Indole is a versatile pharmacophore, a privileged scaffold and an outstanding heterocyclic compound with wide ranges of pharmacological activities due to different mechanisms of action. It is an superlative moiety in drug discovery with the sole property of resembling different structures of the protein. Plenty of research has been taking place in recent years to synthesize and explore the various therapeutic prospectives of this moiety. This review summarizes some of the recent effective chemical synthesis (2014-2018) for indole ring. This review also emphasized on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) to reveal the active pharmacophores of various indole analogues accountable for anticancer, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antitubercular, antimalarial, antiviral, antidiabetic and other miscellaneous activities which have been investigated in the last five years. The precise features with motives and framework of each research topic is introduced for helping the medicinal chemists to understand the perspective of the context in a better way. This review will definitely offer the platform for researchers to strategically design diverse novel indole derivatives having different promising pharmacological activities with reduced toxicity and side effects.