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Li J, Yang S, Wu Y, Wang R, Liu Y, Liu J, Ye Z, Tang R, Whiteway M, Lv Q, Yan L. Alternative Oxidase: From Molecule and Function to Future Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12478-12499. [PMID: 38524433 PMCID: PMC10955580 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In the respiratory chain of the majority of aerobic organisms, the enzyme alternative oxidase (AOX) functions as the terminal oxidase and has important roles in maintaining metabolic and signaling homeostasis in mitochondria. AOX endows the respiratory system with flexibility in the coupling among the carbon metabolism pathway, electron transport chain (ETC) activity, and ATP turnover. AOX allows electrons to bypass the main cytochrome pathway to restrict the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inhibition of AOX leads to oxidative damage and contributes to the loss of adaptability and viability in some pathogenic organisms. Although AOXs have recently been identified in several organisms, crystal structures and major functions still need to be explored. Recent work on the trypanosome alternative oxidase has provided a crystal structure of an AOX protein, which contributes to the structure-activity relationship of the inhibitors of AOX. Here, we review the current knowledge on the development, structure, and properties of AOXs, as well as their roles and mechanisms in plants, animals, algae, protists, fungi, and bacteria, with a special emphasis on the development of AOX inhibitors, which will improve the understanding of respiratory regulation in many organisms and provide references for subsequent studies of AOX-targeted inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Li
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute
of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy
of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiyun Yang
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruina Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiacun Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zi Ye
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Renjie Tang
- Beijing
South Medical District of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100072, China
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Department
of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6 Quebec, Canada
| | - Quanzhen Lv
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Basic
Medicine Innovation Center for Fungal Infectious Diseases, (Naval Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biosafety Defense (Naval Medical University), Ministry
of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lan Yan
- School
of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Basic
Medicine Innovation Center for Fungal Infectious Diseases, (Naval Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biosafety Defense (Naval Medical University), Ministry
of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai 200433, China
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Targeting the alternative oxidase (AOX) for human health and food security, a pharmaceutical and agrochemical target or a rescue mechanism? Biochem J 2022; 479:1337-1359. [PMID: 35748702 PMCID: PMC9246349 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most threatening human diseases are due to a blockage of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). In a variety of plants, fungi, and prokaryotes, there is a naturally evolved mechanism for such threats to viability, namely a bypassing of the blocked portion of the ETC by alternative enzymes of the respiratory chain. One such enzyme is the alternative oxidase (AOX). When AOX is expressed, it enables its host to survive life-threatening conditions or, as in parasites, to evade host defenses. In vertebrates, this mechanism has been lost during evolution. However, we and others have shown that transfer of AOX into the genome of the fruit fly and mouse results in a catalytically engaged AOX. This implies that not only is the AOX a promising target for combating human or agricultural pathogens but also a novel approach to elucidate disease mechanisms or, in several cases, potentially a therapeutic cure for human diseases. In this review, we highlight the varying functions of AOX in their natural hosts and upon xenotopic expression, and discuss the resulting need to develop species-specific AOX inhibitors.
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Li XY, Wang DP, Li S, Xue WH, Qian XH, Liu KL, Li YH, Lin QQ, Dong G, Meng FH, Jian LY. Discovery of N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzamide derivatives containing a 6,7-methoxyquinoline structure as novel EGFR/HER-2 dual-target inhibitors against cancer growth and angiogenesis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105469. [PMID: 34915285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Targeting EGFR and HER-2 is an essential direction for cancer treatment. Here, a series of N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzamide derivatives containing a 6,7-methoxyquinoline structure was designed and synthesized to serve as EGFR/HER-2 dual-target inhibitors. The kinase assays verified that target compounds could inhibit the kinase activity of EGFR and HER-2 selectively. The results of CCK-8 and 3D cell viability assays confirmed that target compounds had excellent anti-proliferation ability against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and SK-BR-3) and lung cancer cells (A549 and H1975), particularly against SK-BR-3 cells, while the inhibitory effect on healthy breast cells (MCF-10A) and lung cells (Beas-2B) was weak. Among them, the hit compound YH-9 binded to EGFR and HER-2 stably in molecular dynamics studies. Further studies found thatYH-9could induce the release of cytochrome c and inhibit proliferation by promoting ROS expression in SK-BR-3 cells. Moreover,YH-9could diminish the secretion of VEGF and bFGF factors in SK-BR-3 cells, then inhibited tube formation and angiogenesis. Notably,YH-9could effectively inhibit breast cancer growth and angiogenesis with little toxicity in the SK-BR-3 cell xenograft model. Taken together,in vitroandin vivoresults revealed that YH-9 had high drug potential as a dual-target inhibitor of EGFR/HER-2 to inhibit breast cancer growth and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - De-Pu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Wen-Han Xue
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Qian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yu-Heng Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Qi-Qi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Gang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Ling-Yan Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
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