Molecular encapsulation study of indole-3-methanol in cyclodextrins: Effect on antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity

Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Depression: Improving Antidepressant Bioavailability and Targeted Central Nervous System Delivery

Cyclodextrin (CD)-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome limitations commonly encountered in antidepressant therapy, including low bioavailability, poor solubility, and suboptimal penetration of the blood-brain barrier. This review synthesizes current evidence demonstrating that complexing various classes of antidepressants-such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and atypical antidepressants-with β-CD or its derivatives significantly enhances drug solubility and stability. In addition, encapsulation with CDs can diminish systemic toxicity and improve pharmacokinetics, thereby helping to optimize dosage regimens and reduce adverse effects. Analysis of published in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that CD formulations not only boost therapeutic efficacy but also enable sustained or targeted release, which is critical for drugs requiring precise plasma and tissue concentrations. When compared to other carriers (e.g., liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers), CD-based systems often stand out for their ease of formulation, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness, although limited drug-loading capacity can be a drawback. We recommend expanding in vivo trials to substantiate the clinical benefits of CD-antidepressant complexes, particularly for treatment-resistant cases or specific subpopulations (e.g., elderly and pediatric patients). Additional investigations should also explore hybrid systems-combining CDs with advanced nano- or macroparticles-to amplify their advantages and address any limitations. Ultimately, integrating CDs into antidepressant regimens holds substantial potential to refine therapy outcomes, reduce adverse events, and pave the way for more personalized, effective interventions for depression.

Bisindole Compounds-Synthesis and Medicinal Properties

The indole nucleus stands out as a pharmacophore, among other aromatic heterocyclic compounds with remarkable therapeutic properties, such as benzimidazole, pyridine, quinoline, benzothiazole, and others. Moreover, a series of recent studies refer to strategies for the synthesis of bisindole derivatives, with various medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-Alzheimer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, etc. Also, a series of natural bisindole compounds are mentioned in the literature for their various biological properties and as a starting point in the synthesis of other related bisindoles. Drawing from these data, we have proposed in this review to provide an overview of the synthesis techniques and medicinal qualities of the bisindolic compounds that have been mentioned in recent literature from 2010 to 2024 as well as their numerous uses in the chemistry of materials, nanomaterials, dyes, polymers, and corrosion inhibitors.

Investigation of Host-Guest Inclusion Complex of Mephenesin with α-Cyclodextrin for Innovative Application in Biological System

The goal of this study was to use coevaporation to look into how polyether compounds like mephenesin (MEP) can be encapsulated into the host molecule α-cyclodextrin's nanohydrophobic cage. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) investigations, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and 1H NMR were among the spectroscopic techniques used to describe the inclusion complex. Additionally, Job's plot has been utilized to illustrate how MEP is encapsulated with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) at a 1:1 molar ratio. The thermal stability of MEP increased after encapsulation according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) experiments. Mephenesin fits into the cavity of α-cyclodextrin in a 1:1 ratio, as observed by molecular docking for the inclusion complex to find the most appropriate orientation. This observation is further supported by the Job plot. Furthermore, a comparison was carried out based on a cell viability study between the medication and its inclusion complex.

"Synthesis and characterization of a novel pyridinium iodide-tagged Schiff base and its metal complexes as potential ACHN inhibitors"

In quest of developing an efficient and effective drug against the ACHN human renal adenocarcinoma cell line herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a novel Pyridinium iodide-tagged Schiff base (5) and its Cu (II)/Zn (II)/Cd (II)-complexes (6). The synthesized compounds are well characterized by Elemental analysis, UV-Visible, FTIR, Magnetic Susceptibility, NMR, HRMS, MALDI, and PXRD techniques. They were then subsequently tested on the ACHN cell lines using MTT assays and their IC50 values were determined, followed by their ROS production capacity. Among the tested compounds Zn (II)-complex 6(b) was found to be the most potent one with a minimum IC50 value while the ligand (5) was the least.

Preparation of pH-responsive oxidized regenerated cellulose hydrogels compounded with nano-ZnO/chitosan/aminocyclodextrin ibuprofen complex for wound dressing

Recently, using oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) to build a hydrogel system on promoting healing in wounds has a fast-growing market. However, it remains a challenge to improve the degree of oxidation of regenerated cellulose (RC) and to prepare matrices that are uniquely responsive to the wound environment. Herein, highly oxidized aldehyde-based cellulose from porous RC was prepared by NaBH4-HCl swelling and then NaIO4 oxidation pathway. Chitosan (CS), ethylenediamine-cyclodextrin (EDA-CD) along with ORC have been used to construct hydrogel matrices that are pH-responsive and capable of controlled drug release for use as future wound dressings. And zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with antimicrobial effect and ibuprofen (IBU) with analgesic effect were piggybacked into the hydrogel system. XRD was used to study the presence of ZnO. SEM was used to observe the surface structure of the prepared hydrogel. TEM was used to observe the particle size of the ZnO NPs. Meanwhile, the oxidation conditions of the ORC were explored. Furthermore, the mechanical, swelling, water retention, cytotoxicity, bacterial inhibition properties and treatment effect, which are closely related to the application of wound dressing, were carefully researched. The unique characteristics of prepared hydrogel, including pH-responsive degradability and sustained release properties of IBU, were also investigated.

Host-Guest Encapsulation of RIBO with TSC4X: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Application by Physicochemical and Computational Investigations

In our present work, we synthesized a new encapsulated complex denoted as RIBO-TSC4X, which was derived from an important vitamin riboflavin (RIBO) and p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene(TSC4X). The synthesized complex RIBO-TSC4X was then characterized by utilizing several spectroscopic techniques such as ¹H-NMR, FT-IR, PXRD, SEM, and TGA. Job's plot has been employed to show the encapsulation of RIBO (guest) with TSC4X (host) having a 1:1 molar ratio. The molecular association constant of the complex entity (RIBO-TSC4X) was found to be 3116.29 ± 0.17 M^-1, suggesting the formation of a stable complex. The augment in aqueous solubility of the RIBO-TSC4X complex compared to pure RIBO was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, and it was viewed that the newly synthesized complex has almost 30 times enhanced solubility over pure RIBO. The enhancement of thermal stability upto 440 °C for the RIBO-TSC4X complex was examined by TG analysis. This research also forecasts RIBO's release behavior in the presence of CT-DNA, and at the same time, BSA binding study was also carried out. The synthesized RIBO-TSC4X complex exhibited comparatively better free radical scavenging activity, thereby minimizing oxidative injury of the cell as evident from a series of antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation assay. Furthermore, the RIBO-TSC4X complex showed peroxidase-like biomimetic activity, which is very useful for several enzyme catalyst reactions.

Exploring inclusion complex of an anti-cancer drug (6-MP) with β-cyclodextrin and its binding with CT-DNA for innovative applications in anti-bacterial activity and photostability optimized by computational study

The co-evaporation approach was used to examine the host-guest interaction and to explore the cytotoxic and antibacterial properties of an important anti-cancer medication, 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate (6-MP) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The UV-Vis investigation confirmed the inclusion complex's (IC) 1 : 1 stoichiometry and was also utilized to oversee the viability of this inclusion process. FTIR, NMR, and XRD, among other spectrometric techniques, revealed the mechanism of molecular interactions between β-CD and 6-MP which was further hypothesized by DFT to verify tentative outcomes. TGA and DSC studies revealed that 6-MP's thermal stability increased after encapsulation. Because of the protection of drug 6-MP by β-CD, the formed IC was found to have higher photostability. This work also predicts the release behavior of 6-MP in the presence of CT-DNA without any chemical changes. An evaluation of the complex's antibacterial activity in vitro revealed that it was more effective than pure 6-MP. The in vitro cytotoxic activity against the human kidney cancer cell line (ACHN) was also found to be significant for the IC (IC50 = 4.18 μM) compared to that of pure 6-MP (IC50 = 5.49 μM). These findings suggest that 6-MP incorporation via β-CD may result in 6-MP stability and effective presentation of its solubility, cytotoxic and antibacterial properties.

Dual encapsulation of β-carotene by β-cyclodextrin and chitosan for 3D printing application

Dual encapsulation of β-carotene (CAT) by β-cyclodextrin (CCLD) and chitosan (CS) are prepared via self-assembly process by special addition order and concentration. CCLD and CS alone could not effectively stabilize CAT, while CAT could be encapsulated in cavity of CCLD and the inclusion complex could be further strengthened by CS, due to hydrogen-bonding between CCLD and CS via groups including NH₂ and OH. The dispersion system based on dual encapsulation of CAT had outstanding shear-thinning behavior, proper pseudoplastic properties, satisfactory yield stress, excellent thermal stability and great thixotropy, illustrating high potential for 3D printing. 3D printing of CAT-encapsulated system with high-content CS on paper and bread proves its excellent extrudability and printability, with possible potential in nutrition personalization. The designed host encapsulation structure by CCLD and CS plays a guiding role in incorporating functional materials including bioactives, probiotics, enzymes, vitamins, etc., and provides a reference in innovative food technology.

Synthesis and Characterization of an Inclusion Complex of dl-Aminoglutethimide with β-Cyclodextrin and Its Innovative Application in a Biological System: Computational and Experimental Investigations

Our present study intended to investigate the encapsulation of DL-AGT within the lipophilic cavity of a β-CD molecule. The consequential inclusion system was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy and ¹H NMR, PXRD, SEM, and FT-IR studies. Molecular docking was performed for the inclusion complex to discover the most proper orientation, and it was seen that the drug DL-AGT fits into the cavity of β-CD in a 1:1 ratio, which was also confirmed from the Job plot. Furthermore, a comparison was done on the basis of cell viability between the drug and its inclusion complex.

Thermodynamic Studies of Interactions between Sertraline Hydrochloride and Randomly Methylated β-Cyclodextrin Molecules Supported by Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy and Molecular Docking Results

The interaction between sertraline hydrochloride (SRT) and randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RMβCD) molecules have been investigated at 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure. The method used-Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) enabled to determine values of the thermodynamic functions like the enthalpy (ΔH), the entropy (ΔS) and the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of binding for the examined system. Moreover, the stoichiometry coefficient of binding (n) and binding/association constant (K) value have been calculated from the experimental results. The obtained outcome was compared with the data from the literature for other non-ionic βCD derivatives interacting with SRT and the enthalpy-entropy compensation were observed and interpreted. Furthermore, the connection of RMβCD with SRT was characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and complexes of βCD derivatives with SRT were characterized through the computational studies with the use of molecular docking (MD).

Exploring the Inclusion Complex of a Drug (Umbelliferone) with α-Cyclodextrin Optimized by Molecular Docking and Increasing Bioavailability with Minimizing the Doses in Human Body

In this study, umbelliferone and α-cyclodextrin host molecules have been mixed up through a coprecipitation method to prepare a supramolecular complex to provide physical insights into the formation and stability of the inclusion complex (IC). The prepared hybrid was characterized by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, DSC, and fluorescence spectroscopic studies. Job's plot provides a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 and the Benesi-Hildebrand double reciprocal plot gives binding constant values using fluorescence spectroscopic titrations and the ESI mass data support the experimental observations. The results of molecular modeling were systematically analyzed to validate the inclusion complexation. In preliminary computational screening, α-cyclodextrin IC of umbelliferone was found to be quite stable based on the docking score, binding free energies, and dynamic simulations. In addition, the results obtained from ¹H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy studies supported the inclusion complexation phenomenon. The results obtained from computational studies were found to be consistent with the experimental data to ascertain the encapsulation of umbelliferone into α-cyclodextrin.