Host-quest inclusion complex of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide derivative with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity

Exploring quinoxaline derivatives: An overview of a new approach to combat antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a long-standing global issue ever since the introduction of penicillin, the first antibiotic. Scientists are constantly working to develop innovative antibiotics that are more effective and superior. Unfortunately, the misuse of antibiotics has resulted in their declining effectiveness over the years. By 2050, it is projected that approximately 10 million lives could be lost annually due to antibiotic resistance. Gaining insight into the mechanisms behind the development and transmission of AMR in well-known bacteria including Escherichia coli, Bacillus pumilus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and the gut microbiota is crucial for researchers. Environmental contamination in third world and developing countries also plays a significant role in the increase of AMR. Despite the availability of numerous recognized antibiotics to combat bacterial infections, their effectiveness is diminishing due to the growing problem of AMR. The overuse of antibiotics has led to an increase in resistance rates and negative impacts on global health. This highlights the importance of implementing strong antimicrobial stewardship and improving global monitoring, as emphasized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations. In the face of these obstacles, quinoxaline derivatives have emerged as promising candidates. They are characterized by their remarkable efficacy against a broad spectrum of harmful bacteria, including strains that are resistant to multiple drugs. These compounds are known for their strong structural stability and adaptability, making them a promising and creative solution to the AMR crisis. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of quinoxaline derivatives in treating drug-resistant infections, with the goal of making a meaningful contribution to the global fight against AMR.

A Focussed Analysis of β-cyclodextrins for Quinoxaline Derivatives Synthesis

Abstract:

Cyclodextrins (CDs), which are a type of cyclic oligosaccharides, are widely used in supramolecular chemistry. For example, they can be used to encapsulate volatile compounds, such as drugs, within their hydrophobic cavity. This encapsulation reduces the volatility of the compounds and helps to retain their desired properties. Due to its extraordinary properties, cyclodextrins have been utilized as catalysts in numerous organic synthesis processes. An intrinsic objective of organic chemists is to optimize the efficacy of organic synthesis through the mitigation of chemical waste and energy expenditure. Utilizing water as a green solvent is, therefore, economical, environmentally sustainable, and secure. It appears that employing water in conjunction with a recyclable catalyst is the most effective method for supramolecular catalysis. As a consequence, we focused this review on the use of water as a solvent and cyclodextrin as a polymer catalyst to produce quinoxaline derivatives in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.

Recent Methods for the Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives and their Biological Activities

Quinoxaline derivatives have been incorporated into numerous marketed drugs used for the treatment of various diseases. Examples include glecaprevir (Mavyret), voxilaprevir (Vosevi), Balversa (L01EX16) (erdafitinib), carbadox, XK469R (NSC698215), and becampanel (AMP397). These quinoxaline derivatives exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anticancer, antiproliferative, antitumor, kinase inhibition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and analgesic effects. Recognizing the significance of these bioactive quinoxaline derivatives, researchers have dedicated their efforts to developing various synthetic methods for their production. This review aimed to compile the most recent findings on the synthesis and biological properties of quinoxaline derivatives from 2015 to 2023.

Complexation of phycocyanin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and its application in blue beer containing quinoa saponins as foaming agents

Introduction

With the increasing importance attached to human health, the inclusion complex (IC) of phycocyanin (PC) into hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) have been devoted to developing the use of food preservation in this study.

Methods

In this experiment, the IC of PC into HP-β-CD was prepared by the freeze-drying method and characterized by OM, TEM, UV, FTIR and TG/DSC methods.

Results and discussion

The spectroscopic features were evaluated by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirming that PC was located in the hydrophobic cavity of HP-β-CD. Consistent with the structural properties, optical microscopy (OM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observed that the addition of PC subjected the IC to an aggregation state with irregular lamellar structures. Stability assessment showed that pH, heat and light tolerance of PC significantly regulated and improved due to the PC/HP-β-CD complexation. The formation of ICs was helpful to enhancing the antioxidant activity of PC. Molecular modeling suggested that the D-pyrrole ring and its associated C=C group of phycocyanin entered the HP-β-CD cavity from the wider edge. On this basis, the development of blue beer with quinoa saponins as foaming agent and ICs as colorant was explored. The addition of quinoa saponins made the foam richer and more delicate without destroying the overall taste coordination of beer. Moreover, the protective effect of HP-β-CD presents a positive impact on the stability of blue beer pigment. Hence, PC encapsulated into HP-β-CD will be an impressive approach in food-related application of PC.

Micro-matrix cartridge extraction followed by online micro-solid phase extraction based on polystyrene@hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin nanofibers for selective determination of fipronil and its metabolites in soil

Micro-matrix cartridge extraction coupled on-line to micro-solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (μ-MCE-online-μ-SPE-HPLC-MS) is presented. Micro-matrix cartridge extraction (μ-MCE) was applied to highly efficient desorption of adsorbed pesticides from contaminated soil with favorable extraction efficiency (100%). Novel polystyrene@hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (PS@HPCD) electrospun nanofibers with 3D network structure were prepared to selectively capture fipronil and its metabolites. High selectivity was obtained with adsorption efficiency ≥ 86.64% via complexation, hydrophobic affinity, and π-π interactions. PS@HPCD nanofibers exhibited remarkable advantages such as excellent enrichment factors (24-55), superior permeability, and long service life (> 65 times). Under the optimum conditions, wide linear range (0.1-1000 ng g^-1), low detection limits (0.0032-0.0067 ng g^-1), high recoveries (84-124.5%), favorable repeatability (RSD ≤ 10.4%, n = 5), and reproducibility (RSD ≤ 7.2%, n = 3) were acquired for fipronil and three metabolites. The developed method was applied to the pesticide determination in actual soils and the ISO-certified soil with satisfactory recoveries (96.5%). The method developed provides a green, efficient, and miniaturized method for the determination of trace pesticide residues in soil.

Preparation, Cellular Uptake, and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Remdesivir-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex

Covid-19 was mainly treated by a broad-spectrum antiviral called Remdesivir. A truncated cone molecular structure of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin can enhance the solubility and cellular uptake of the poorly soluble drug's through biological membranes. This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, observe cellular uptake and evaluate the cytotoxicity of remdesivir-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (RDV-HPβCD) inclusion complex. The RDV-HPβCD inclusion complex was synthesized by the solvent evaporation method. Furthermore, the inclusion complex characteristic was evaluated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry; particle size analyzer (PSA); Fourier infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR); X-ray diffraction (XRD); and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Further, fluorescence microscopy was used to evaluate the cellular uptake and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used in the cytotoxicity study. In the UV-Vis spectrum, both the inclusion complex and pure remdesivir showed a maximum peak at 246 nm. The inclusion complex has a particle size of 1697 ± 738.02 nm with -22.4 ± 1.58 mV of zeta potential. Shifted FTIR spectrum, broad XRD peak, and broad DSC thermogram peak at 72.93 °C indicated the successful formation of the RDV-HPβCD inclusion complex. Furthermore, cellular uptake observation of RDV-HPβCD inclusion complex conjugated to FITC showed better intensity inside the Vero cell than pure remdesivir conjugated to FITC. Further, Inclusion complex showed higher cell viability than pure remdesivir at a certain concentration.

Visible Light Photocatalyst and Antibacterial Activity of BFO (Bismuth Ferrite) Nanoparticles from Honey

Visible light-driven photocatalyst BiFeO3 (BFO) nanoparticles were synthesised by the auto-combustion method. The honey was used to fuel the auto combustion method to synthesise the BFO nanoparticles. The structural, optical and morphological activities of the bismuth loaded BFO nanoparticles were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, UV, photoluminescence (PL) and SEM analysis, respectively. The bismuth content modifies the lattice parameters of XRD and reduces the bandgap energy. The observed crystallite size varies from 19 to 27 nm and the bandgap region is 2.07 to 2.21 eV. The photo-charge carriers increased upon the BFO nanoparticles and their emission at 587 nm in the visible region of the PL spectrum. The 2% bismuth loaded BFO nanoparticles showed better morphology than 0% and 5% bismuth loaded BFO nanoparticles. The oxidation state of BFO nanoparticles and their binding energies were characterised by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The methylene blue dye (MB) degradation against 2% BFO nanoparticles showed enhanced catalytic activity (81%) than the remaining samples of BFO nanoparticles. The bacterial activity of BFO nanoparticles was assessed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including S. aureus and E. coli. 2% Excess bismuth BFO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity. Comparatively, 2% Excess bismuth BFO nanoparticles derived an outstanding crystallinity, charge separation, and reduced bandgap activities. Based on these findings, BFO nanoparticles may be applicable in drug delivery and water remediation applications.

JAK2V617F Positive Endothelial Cells Induce Apoptosis and Release JAK2V617F Positive Microparticles

Objective:

Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have a high propensity for thrombosis, which has been attributed to increased blood counts, endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, and inflammation. The presence of the JAK2V617F mutation in the ECs of MPN patients has been confirmed, but the consequences of EC involvement by JAK2V617F in the pathogenesis of thrombosis are unclear. Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) released from ECs play an important role in endothelial dysfunction and also in the intercellular exchange of biological signals and information. Several studies have revealed that patients with JAK2V617F and a thrombosis history have increased numbers of MPs in their circulation.

Materials and Methods:

The current study utilized a lentiviral transduction model of JAK2 wild type (JAK2wt) or JAK2V617F encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) into human umbilical vein ECs to determine the effect of JAK2V617F on ECs. EC infected with JAK2V617F, JAK2WT, and only-GFP were tested after two days of culture.

Results:

The proteins of ECs that potentially play a role in the development of thrombosis, including endothelial protein C receptor, thrombomodulin, and tissue factor, were detected by flow cytometry analysis with no statistical significance. Increased annexin-V uptake of JAK2V617F and JAK2wt ECs compared to GFP-alone ECs was detected. The EMP production in the supernatants of the EC culture was investigated. Genotyping of the EMPs revealed the presence of genomic DNA and RNA fragments in EMP cargos. JAK2V617F-positive DNA was detected in EMPs released from JAK2V617F-infected ECs and EMPs were shown to carry the genotype of the cell of origin.

Conclusion:

JAK2V617F-positive EMPs were shown for the first time in the literature. This novel research provides the first evidence that EMPs might regulate neighboring and distant cells via their cargo materials. Thus, the direct effect of JAK2V617F on ECs and their functions suggests that different mechanisms might play a role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in MPNs.

Preparation, Characterization, and Bioavailability of Host-Guest Inclusion Complex of Ginsenoside Re with Gamma-Cyclodextrin

This work aimed at improving the water solubility of Ginsenoside (G)-Re by forming an inclusion complex. The solubility parameters of G-Re in alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) cyclodextrin (CD) were investigated. The phase solubility profiles were all classified as AL-type that indicated the 1:1 stoichiometric relationship with the stability constants Ks which were 22 M⁻¹ (α-CD), 612 M⁻¹ (β-CD), and 14,410 M⁻¹ (γ-CD), respectively. Molecular docking studies confirmed the results of phase solubility with the binding energy of −4.7 (α-CD), −5.10 (β-CD), and −6.70 (γ-CD) kcal/mol, respectively. The inclusion complex (IC) of G-Re was prepared with γ-CD via the water-stirring method followed by freeze-drying. The successful preparation of IC was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In-vivo absorption studies were carried out by LC-MS/MS. Dissolution rate of G-Re was increased 9.27 times after inclusion, and the peak blood concentration was 2.7-fold higher than that of pure G-Re powder. The relative bioavailability calculated from the ratio of Area under the curve AUC₀–_∞ of the inclusion to pure G-Re powder was 171%. This study offers the first report that describes G-Re’s inclusion into γ-CD, and explored the inclusion complex’s mechanism at the molecular level. The results indicated that the solubility could be significantly improved as well as the bioavailability, implying γ-CD was a very suitable inclusion host for complex preparation of G-Re.