Synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluations of novel naphthoquinone conjugated to aryl triazole acetamide derivatives as potential anti-Alzheimer agents

Cinnamic acid conjugated with triazole acetamides as anti-Alzheimer and anti-melanogenesis candidates: an in vitro and in silico study

In this study, new cinnamic acid linked to triazole acetamide derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for anti-Alzheimer and anti-melanogenesis activities. The structural elucidation of all analogs was performed using different analytical techniques, including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds were assessed in vitro for their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase enzymes. Among synthesize derivative compound 3-(4-((1-(2-((2,4-dichlorophenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (10j) exhibited the highest activity against BChE with an IC50 value of 11.99 ± 0.53 µM. Derivative 3-(3-methoxy-4-((1-(2-oxo-2-(p-tolylamino)ethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)acrylic acid (10d), bearing a 4-CH3 group, was identified as the most potent AChE inhibitor. In terms of tyrosinase inhibition, 3-(3-methoxy-4-((1-(2-((2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)acrylic acid (compound 10n), demonstrated 44.87% inhibition at a concentration of 40 µM. Additionally, a kinetic study of compound 10j which 2,4-dichlorophenyl substituents against BChE revealed a mixed-type inhibition pattern. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies of compound 10j were conducted to thoroughly evaluate its mode of action within the BChE active site.

Design, Synthesis and Biological Exploration of Novel N-(9-Ethyl-9H-Carbazol-3-yl)Acetamide-Linked Benzofuran-1,2,4-Triazoles as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents: Combined Wet/Dry Approach Targeting Main Protease (Mpro), Spike Glycoprotein and RdRp

A novel series of substituted benzofuran-tethered triazolylcarbazoles was synthesized in good to high yields (65-89%) via S-alkylation of benzofuran-based triazoles with 2-bromo-N-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)acetamide. The inhibitory potency of the synthesized compounds against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated by enacting molecular docking against its three pivotal proteins, namely, Mpro (main protease; PDB ID: 6LU7), the spike glycoprotein (PDB ID: 6WPT), and RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; PDB ID: 6M71). The docking results indicated strong binding affinities between SARS-CoV-2 proteins and the synthesized compounds, which were thereby expected to obstruct the function of SARS proteins. Among the synthesized derivatives, the compounds 9e, 9h, 9i, and 9j exposited the best binding scores of -8.77, -8.76, -8.87, and -8.85 Kcal/mol against Mpro, respectively, -6.69, -6.54, -6.44, and -6.56 Kcal/mol against the spike glycoprotein, respectively, and -7.61, -8.10, -8.01, and -7.54 Kcal/mol against RdRp, respectively. Furthermore, the binding scores of 9b (-8.83 Kcal/mol) and 9c (-8.92 Kcal/mol) against 6LU7 are worth mentioning. Regarding the spike glycoprotein, 9b, 9d, and 9f expressed high binding energies of -6.43, -6.38, and -6.41 Kcal/mol, accordingly. Correspondingly, the binding affinity of 9g (-7.62 Kcal/mol) against RdRp is also noteworthy. Furthermore, the potent compounds were also subjected to ADMET analysis to evaluate their pharmacokinetic properties, suggesting that the compounds 9e, 9h, 9i, and 9j exhibited comparable values. These potent compounds may be selected as inhibitory agents and provide a pertinent context for further investigations.

2,3-Dichloronaphthoquinone derivatives: Synthesis, antimicrobial activity, molecular modelling and ADMET studies

In the present study, an intermediate namely 2-(3-bromopropylamino)-3-chloronaphthalene-1,4-dione was initially synthesized via the nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction between 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone and 3-bromo-1-aminopropane. Then a coupling reaction between the intermediate and piperazine derivatives yielded a number of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives. Spectroscopic analysis successfully characterized the products that were obtained in good yields. In vitro antibacterial properties of the compounds were examined against different bacterial strains. In vitro antibacterial properties of the compounds were examined against the bacterial strains S. Aureus, E. Faecalis, E. Coli and P. Aeruginosa. While compound 9 was found to be effective against all bacterial strains used, compound 12 was active against three strains and compounds 10 and 11 were effective against the two. None of the compounds are effective against C. albicans strain. In silico molecular docking studies revealed that all compounds had docking scores comparable to the antibacterial drugs ciprofloxacin and gentamicin and might be considered as DNA gyrase B inhibitors. Molecular dynamics simulations were also conducted for a better understanding of the stability and the selected docked complexes. Additionally, the drug similarity of the synthesized compounds and ADMET characteristics were examined in conjunction with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, and drug potentials were then evaluated. Compatible predictions were found with the drug similarity and ADMET parameters.

Phthalazone tethered 1,2,3-triazole conjugates: In silico molecular docking studies, synthesis, in vitro antiproliferative, and kinase inhibitory activities

New phthalazone tethered 1,2,3-triazole derivatives 12-21 were synthesized utilizing the Cu(I)-catalyzed click reactions of alkyne-functionalized phthalazone 1 with functionalized azides 2-11. The new phthalazone-1,2,3-triazoles structures 12-21 were confirmed by different spectroscopic tools, like IR; 1H, 13C, 2D HMBC and 2D ROESY NMR; EI MS, and elemental analysis. The antiproliferative efficacy of the molecular hybrids 12-21 against four cancer cell lines was evaluated, including colorectal cancer, hepatoblastoma, prostate cancer, breast adenocarcinoma, and the normal cell line WI38. The antiproliferative assessment of derivatives 12-21 showed potent activity of compounds 16, 18, and 21 compared to the anticancer drug doxorubicin. Compound 16 showed selectivity (SI) towardthe tested cell lines ranging from 3.35 to 8.84 when compared to Dox., that showed SI ranged from 0.75 to 1.61. Derivatives 16, 18 and 21 were assessed towards VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity and result in that derivative 16 showed the potent activity (IC50 = 0.123 µM) in comparison with sorafenib (IC50 = 0.116 µM). Compound 16 caused an interference with the cell cycle distribution of MCF7 and increased the percentage of cells in S phase by 1.37-fold. In silico molecular docking of the effective derivatives 16, 18, and 21 against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) confirmed the formation of stable protein-ligand interactions within the pocket.

Synthetic Naphthoquinone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents in Ovarian Cancer: Cytotoxicity Assay and Investigation of Possible Biological Mechanisms Action

In this study, eight naphthoquinone derivatives were synthesized in yields ranging from 52 to 96% using easy, fast, and low-cost methodologies. All naphthoquinone derivatives were screened for their in vitro anti-proliferative activities against OVCA A2780 cancer cell lines. Amongst all analysed compounds, derivatives 3-5 presented the most prominent cytotoxic potential. Naphthoquinones 3 and 4, bearing sulfur-containing groups, were identified as having high potential for ROS production, in particular the superoxide anion. Furthermore, 3 and 4 compounds caused a decrease in the cell population in G0/G1 and induced more than 90% of the cell population to apoptosis. Compound 5 did not act in any of these processes. Finally, compounds 3-5 were tested for their inhibitory ability against PI3K and MAPK. Compounds 3 and 4 do not inhibit the PI3K enzyme. On the other hand, the naphthoquinone-polyphenol 5 was only able to inhibit the percentage of cells expressing pERK.

An Overview of 1,2,3-triazole-Containing Hybrids and Their Potential Anticholinesterase Activities

Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system in the brain is involved in learning, memory, stress responses, and cognitive functioning. It is hydrolyzed into choline and acetic acid by two key cholinesterase enzymes, viz., acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). A loss or degeneration of cholinergic neurons that leads to a reduction in ACh levels is considered a significant contributing factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous studies have shown that cholinesterase inhibitors can raise the level of ACh and, therefore, enhance people's quality of life, and, at the very least, it can temporarily lessen the symptoms of NDs. 1,2,3-triazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring, is a privileged moiety, that is, a central scaffold, and is capable of interacting with a variety of receptors and enzymes to exhibit a broad range of important biological activities. Recently, it has been clubbed with other pharmacophoric fragments/molecules in hope of obtaining potent and selective AChE and/or BuChE inhibitors. The present updated review succinctly summarizes the different synthetic strategies used to synthesize the 1,2,3-triazole moiety. It also highlights the anticholinesterase potential of various 1,2,3-triazole di/trihybrids reported in the past seven years (2015-2022), including a rationale for hybridization and with an emphasis on their structural features for the development and optimization of cholinesterase inhibitors to treat NDs.

An Overview of the Biological Evaluation of Selected Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycle Medicinal Chemistry Compounds

Heterocyclic compounds are a class of compounds of natural origin with favorable properties and hence have major pharmaceutical significance. They have an exceptional adroitness favoring their use as diverse smart biomimetics, in addition to possessing an active pharmacophore in a complex structure. This has made them an indispensable motif in the drug discovery field. Heterocyclic compounds are usually classified according to the ring size, type, and the number of heteroatoms present in the ring. Among different heterocyclic ring systems, nitrogen heterocyclic compounds are more abundant in nature. They also have considerable pharmacological significance. This review highlights recent pioneering studies in the biological assessment of nitrogen-containing compounds, namely: triazoles, tetrazoles, imidazole/benzimidazoles, pyrimidines, and quinolines. It explores publications between April 2020 and February 2022 and will benefit researchers in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. The present work is organized based on the size of the heterocyclic ring.