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Gao X, Yang J, Song J, Wu S, Li M, Li J, Chen X, Qin H, Luan H, Chen Z, Yu K, Liu W. Toxicity removal from contaminated water by constructed wetlands assessed using multiple biomarkers in human stem cell assays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171682. [PMID: 38494012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been developed rapidly as a sustainable water treatment technique. However, the capability of CWs for remediating the contaminated water based on toxicity assessment remains largely unknown. Four surface flow CWs and two integrated surface-subsurface flow CWs, from five cities in central and eastern region of China were evaluated, concerning the adverse effects of effluents and the toxicity reduction efficiency. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were employed as a human relevant in vitro model. The influent extractions caused cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The non-cytotoxic dilutions of the influents enhanced the genotoxicity marker γ-H2AX and reactive oxygen species levels. In addition, the influent repressed the osteogenic and neurogenic differentiation, and stimulated the adipogenic differentiation. Cytotoxicity of the contaminated water was reduced by 54 %-86 % after treatment with CWs. CWs were effective to remove part of the sub-lethal effects, with lower reduction than cytotoxicity. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) value of the effluents from the six CWs is lower than that of four secondary and one tertiary wastewater treatment plants. The IBR of the six CWs influents were in the range of 8.6-10.6, with a reduction of 15-50 % after the pollution restoration in CWs. The two integrated surface-subsurface flow CWs achieved higher IBR removal than the four surface flow CWs, possibly due to improved treatment effects by the combined systems. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of polar fractions in the CW effluents were stronger than the medium-polar and the non-polar fractions. Besides, PPARγ agonists present in the effluents played crucial roles and ERα agonists may make modest contributions. The present study enhances understanding of the role of CWs in achieving safe wastewater reclamation and provides evidence for further improving toxicity reduction in CWs performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Ministry of Water Resources Key Laboratory for Hydro-ecology and Hydraulic Heritage, College of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Ministry of Water Resources Key Laboratory for Hydro-ecology and Hydraulic Heritage, College of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haiyang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Kongjian Yu
- Ministry of Water Resources Key Laboratory for Hydro-ecology and Hydraulic Heritage, College of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Carrothers E, Appleby M, Lai V, Kozbenko T, Alomar D, Smith BJ, Hamada N, Hinton P, Ainsbury EA, Hocking R, Yauk C, Wilkins RC, Chauhan V. AOP report: Development of an adverse outcome pathway for deposition of energy leading to cataracts. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2024. [PMID: 38644659 DOI: 10.1002/em.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Cataracts are one of the leading causes of blindness, with an estimated 95 million people affected worldwide. A hallmark of cataract development is lens opacification, typically associated not only with aging but also radiation exposure as encountered by interventional radiologists and astronauts during the long-term space mission. To better understand radiation-induced cataracts, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework was used to structure and evaluate knowledge across biological levels of organization (e.g., macromolecular, cell, tissue, organ, organism and population). AOPs identify a sequence of key events (KEs) causally connected by key event relationships (KERs) beginning with a molecular initiating event to an adverse outcome (AO) of relevance to regulatory decision-making. To construct the cataract AO and retrieve evidence to support it, a scoping review methodology was used to filter, screen, and review studies based on the modified Bradford Hill criteria. Eight KEs were identified that were moderately supported by empirical evidence (e.g., dose-, time-, incidence-concordance) across the adjacent (directly linked) relationships using well-established endpoints. Over half of the evidence to justify the KER linkages was derived from the evidence stream of biological plausibility. Early KEs of oxidative stress and protein modifications had strong linkages to downstream KEs and could be the focus of countermeasure development. Several identified knowledge gaps and inconsistencies related to the quantitative understanding of KERs which could be the basis of future research, most notably directed to experiments in the range of low or moderate doses and dose-rates, relevant to radiation workers and other occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Carrothers
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan Appleby
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vita Lai
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatiana Kozbenko
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dalya Alomar
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Smith
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
| | - Patricia Hinton
- Defense Research & Development Canada, Canadian Forces Environmental Medicine Establishment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsbury
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Division, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, UK
- Environmental Research Group within the School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robyn Hocking
- Learning and Knowledge and Library Services, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carole Yauk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth C Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Qin Y, Yuan X, Cui Z, Chen W, Xu S, Chen K, Wang F, Zheng F, Ni H, Shen HM, Wu Y, Xia D. Low dose PFDA induces DNA damage and DNA repair inhibition by promoting nuclear cGAS accumulation in ovarian epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115503. [PMID: 37742570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the versatile anthropogenic chemicals, are popular with the markets and manufactured in large quantities yearly. Accumulation of PFAS has various adverse health effects on human. Albeit certain members of PFAS were found to have genotoxicity in previous studies, the mechanisms underlying their effects on DNA damage repair remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) on DNA damage and DNA damage repair in ovarian epithelial cells through a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments. At environmentally relevant concentration, we firstly found that PFDA can cause DNA damage in primary mouse ovarian epithelial cells and IOSE-80 cells. Moreover, nuclear cGAS increased in PFDA-treated cells, which leaded to the efficiency of DNA homologous recombination (HR) decreased and DNA double-strand breaks perpetuated. In vivo experiments also verified that PFDA can induce more DNA double-strand breaks lesions and nuclear cGAS in ovarian tissue. Taken together, our results unveiled that low dose PFDA can cause deleterious effects on DNA and DNA damage repair (DDR) in ovarian epithelial cells and induce genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Qin
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yuan
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyan Cui
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhan Chen
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sinan Xu
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kelie Chen
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heng Ni
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dajing Xia
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Brandão F, Costa C, Bessa MJ, Valdiglesias V, Hellack B, Haase A, Fraga S, Teixeira JP. Multiparametric in vitro genotoxicity assessment of different variants of amorphous silica nanomaterials in rat alveolar epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2023; 17:511-528. [PMID: 37855675 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2265481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The hazard posed to human health by inhaled amorphous silica nanomaterials (aSiO2 NM) remains uncertain. Herein, we assessed the cyto- and genotoxicity of aSiO2 NM variants covering different sizes (7, 15, and 40 nm) and surface modifications (unmodified, phosphonate-, amino- and trimethylsilyl-modified) on rat alveolar epithelial (RLE-6TN) cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated at 24 h after exposure to the aSiO2 NM variants by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and WST-1 reduction assays, while genotoxicity was assessed using different endpoints: DNA damage (single- and double-strand breaks [SSB and DSB]) by the comet assay for all aSiO2 NM variants; cell cycle progression and γ-H2AX levels (DSB) by flow cytometry for those variants that presented higher cytotoxic and DNA damaging potential. The variants with higher surface area demonstrated a higher cytotoxic potential (SiO2_7, SiO2_15_Unmod, SiO2_15_Amino, and SiO2_15_Phospho). SiO2_40 was the only variant that induced significant DNA damage on RLE-6TN cells. On the other hand, all tested variants (SiO2_7, SiO2_15_Unmod, SiO2_15_Amino, and SiO2_40) significantly increased total γ-H2AX levels. At high concentrations (28 µg/cm2), a decrease in G0/G1 subpopulation was accompanied by a significant increase in S and G2/M sub-populations after exposure to all tested materials except for SiO2_40 which did not affect cell cycle progression. Based on the obtained data, the tested variants can be ranked for its genotoxic DNA damage potential as follows: SiO2_7 = SiO2_40 = SiO2_15_Unmod > SiO2_15_Amino. Our study supports the usefulness of multiparametric approaches to improve the understanding on NM mechanisms of action and hazard prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Costa
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bessa
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Departamento de Biología, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo NanoToxGen, Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía - CICA, A Coruña, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Bryan Hellack
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e.V, Duisburg, Germany
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sónia Fraga
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Schönrock N, Tillmans F, Sebens S, Kähler W, Klapa S, Rieger B, Scherthan H, Koch A. Analysis of Single- and Double-Stranded DNA Damage in Osteoblastic Cells after Hyperbaric Oxygen Exposure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040851. [PMID: 37107226 PMCID: PMC10135236 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure induces oxidative stress that may lead to DNA damage, which has been observed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or non-human cells. Here, we investigated the impact of hyperbaric conditions on two human osteoblastic cell lines: primary human osteoblasts, HOBs, and the osteogenic tumor cell line SAOS-2. (2) Methods: Cells were exposed to HBO in an experimental hyperbaric chamber (4 ATA, 100% oxygen, 37 °C, and 4 h) or sham-exposed (1 ATA, air, 37 °C, and 4 h). DNA damage was examined before, directly after, and 24 h after exposure with an alkaline comet assay and detection of γH2AX+53BP1 colocalizing double-strand break (DSB) foci and apoptosis. The gene expression of TGFß-1, HO-1, and NQO1, involved in antioxidative functions, was measured with qRT-PCR. (3) Results: The alkaline comet assay showed significantly elevated levels of DNA damage in both cell lines after 4 h of HBO, while the DSB foci were similar to sham. γH2AX analysis indicated a slight increase in apoptosis in both cell lines. The increased expression of HO-1 in HOB and SAOS-2 directly after exposure suggested the induction of an antioxidative response in these cells. Additionally, the expression of TGF-ß1 was negatively affected in HOB cells 4 h after exposure. (4) Conclusions: in summary, this study indicates that osteoblastic cells are sensitive to the DNA-damaging effects of hyperbaric hyperoxia, with the HBO-induced DNA damage consisting largely of single-strand DNA breaks that are rapidly repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Schönrock
- Naval Institute for Maritime Medicine, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Frauke Tillmans
- Naval Institute for Maritime Medicine, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany
- Divers Alert Network, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wataru Kähler
- Naval Institute for Maritime Medicine, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klapa
- Naval Institute for Maritime Medicine, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Bente Rieger
- Naval Institute for Maritime Medicine, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Koch
- Naval Institute for Maritime Medicine, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany
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Kciuk M, Mujwar S, Marciniak B, Gielecińska A, Bukowski K, Mojzych M, Kontek R. Genotoxicity of Novel Pyrazolo[4,3- e]tetrazolo[1,5- b][1,2,4]triazine Sulfonamides in Normal and Cancer Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044053. [PMID: 36835469 PMCID: PMC9966268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine sulfonamides constitute a novel group of heterocyclic compounds with broad biological activities including anticancer properties. The compounds investigated in this study (MM134, -6, -7, and 9) were found to have antiproliferative activity against BxPC-3 and PC-3 cancer cell lines in micromolar concentrations (IC50 0.11-0.33 µM). Here, we studied the genotoxic potential of the tested compounds with alkaline and neutral comet assays, accompanied by immunocytochemical detection of phosphorylated γH2AX. We found that pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine sulfonamides induce significant levels of DNA damage in BxPC-3 and PC-3 cells without causing genotoxic effects in normal human lung fibroblasts (WI-38) when used in their respective IC50 concentrations (except for MM134) and showed a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage following 24 h incubation of tested cancer cells with these agents. Furthermore, the influence of MM compounds on DNA damage response (DDR) factors was assessed using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Beata Marciniak
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrianna Gielecińska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karol Bukowski
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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7
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Rotheneder M, Stakyte K, van de Logt E, Bartho JD, Lammens K, Fan Y, Alt A, Kessler B, Jung C, Roos WP, Steigenberger B, Hopfner KP. Cryo-EM structure of the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex reveals the molecular mechanism of scaffolding functions. Mol Cell 2023; 83:167-185.e9. [PMID: 36577401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The DNA double-strand break repair complex Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) detects and nucleolytically processes DNA ends, activates the ATM kinase, and tethers DNA at break sites. How MRN can act both as nuclease and scaffold protein is not well understood. The cryo-EM structure of MRN from Chaetomium thermophilum reveals a 2:2:1 complex with a single Nbs1 wrapping around the autoinhibited Mre11 nuclease dimer. MRN has two DNA-binding modes, one ATP-dependent mode for loading onto DNA ends and one ATP-independent mode through Mre11's C terminus, suggesting how it may interact with DSBs and intact DNA. MRNs two 60-nm-long coiled-coil domains form a linear rod structure, the apex of which is assembled by the two joined zinc-hook motifs. Apices from two MRN complexes can further dimerize, forming 120-nm spanning MRN-MRN structures. Our results illustrate the architecture of MRN and suggest how it mechanistically integrates catalytic and tethering functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rotheneder
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Stakyte
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Erik van de Logt
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph D Bartho
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Lammens
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Yilan Fan
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Aaron Alt
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Kessler
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Christophe Jung
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Institute for Toxicology, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Steigenberger
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany.
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Peterson HM, Manley CI, Trepanier LA, Pritchard JC. Genotoxicity from metronidazole detected in vitro, but not in vivo, in healthy dogs in a randomized clinical trial. Am J Vet Res 2022; 84:ajvr.22.07.0112. [PMID: 36346697 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.07.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether metronidazole (MTZ), at recommended therapeutic dosages in dogs, induces peripheral blood cell (PMBC) genotoxicity, using the γ-H2AX assay as a sensitive measure of DNA breaks. The secondary aim was to assess dose-dependent genotoxicity in vitro in dog and cat PBMCs exposed to increasing MTZ concentrations. ANIMALS 12 healthy employee- and student-owned dogs and blood samples from 2 other healthy untreated dogs and 2 healthy untreated cats. PROCEDURES Screened dogs were randomized to receive lower-dose MTZ (7.5 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) or higher-dose MTZ (20 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) for 7 days. Blood was drawn at baseline, after the 1 week of treatment, and after a 1-week washout, for DNA damage assessment and serum MTZ concentration measurements. For in vitro studies, PBMCs from untreated healthy dogs and cats were exposed to 0 to 500 μg/mL MTZ. RESULTS No dogs showed a significant increase in DNA damage at these MTZ dosages for 1 week. The highest serum MTZ concentration observed 1 hour after dosing was 36 μg/mL. In vitro, MTZ led to a significant increase in DNA damage at 100 μg/mL in both canine and feline PBMCs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although MTZ was not significantly genotoxic in vivo in the healthy dogs in this study, MTZ was significantly genotoxic to canine PBMCs in vitro at 3-fold higher concentrations than those documented in vivo. The safety of MTZ in clinically ill dogs, which may have impaired MTZ clearance or DNA repair, should be assessed next.
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Thá EL, Gagosian VSC, Canavez ADPM, Schuck DC, Brohem CA, Gradia DF, de Freitas RA, Prado KB, Cestari MM, Lorencini M, Leme DM. In vitro evaluation of the inhalation toxicity of the cosmetic ingredient aluminum chlorohydrate. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:2016-2029. [PMID: 35883269 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) is a major aerosol component frequently used as the active ingredient in antiperspirants, and in vivo studies have raised a concern about its inhalation toxicity. Still, few studies have addressed its effects on the human respiratory tract. Therefore, we developed a study on ACH inhalation toxicity using an in vitro human alveolar cell model (A549 cells) with molecular and cellular markers of oxidative stress, immunotoxicity, and epigenetic changes. The chemical characterization of ACH suspensions indicated particle instability and aggregation; however, side-scatter analysis demonstrated significant particle uptake in cells exposed to ACH. Exposure of A549 cells to non-cytotoxic concentrations of ACH (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml) showed that ACH induced reactive oxygen species. Moreover, ACH upregulated TNF, IL6, IL8, and IL1A genes, but not the lncRNAs NEAT1 and MALAT1. Finally, no alterations on the global DNA methylation pattern (5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine) or the phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) were observed. Our data suggest that ACH may induce oxidative stress and inflammation on alveolar cells, and A549 cells may be useful to identify cellular and molecular events that may be associated with adverse effects on the lungs. Still, further research is needed to ensure the inhalation safety of ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanoela Lundgren Thá
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics-Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carla Abdo Brohem
- Product Safety Management-Q&PP, Grupo Boticário, São José dos Pinhais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karin Braun Prado
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Lorencini
- Product Safety Management-Q&PP, Grupo Boticário, São José dos Pinhais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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10
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Wang TS, Ruchirawat M, Narasumrit P, Xia ZL, Au WW. Lymphocyte-based challenge DNA-repair assays for personalized health risk assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 790:108427. [PMID: 35688302 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the development of many human diseases, such as cancer, as demonstrated using various biomarkers. Within this scenario, DNA repair holds a gate-keeper position which determines outcomes after appearance of DNA damage and, therefore, adverse cellular consequences, e.g., initiation of carcinogenesis. DNA repair deficiency and some of the subsequent events can be validated from studies using live cells from cancer patients. However, these deficiencies/events are difficult to demonstrate in live cells from normal individuals because individual variations in DNA repair capacities (DRC) are too low to be measured easily. Such lack of information has been hindering progress in developing personalized disease prevention and intervention protocols, especially among exposed populations. However, using a variety of challenge assays as biomarkers, variations in individual's DRC can be amplified in live cells and be determined. Furthermore, evidence indicates that DRC are not only inherited but can also be modified by environmental factors (e.g., nutritional status and exposure to genotoxic substances). Using these challenge assays, e.g., in live lymphocytes, individual's DRC can be holistically and functionally determined as well as quantitated. With the more precise information, assessment of health risk can be better determined on an individual rather than on a population basis. This review provides a succinct summary on the development and application of recent challenge assays in lymphocytes which can provide measurements of individuals' DRC, and on the latest data for more precise disease prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Shuai Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Bangkok, Thailand; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panida Narasumrit
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Bangkok, Thailand; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zhao-Lin Xia
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - William W Au
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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11
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Hanisch D, Krumm A, Diehl T, Stork CM, Dejung M, Butter F, Kim E, Brenner W, Fritz G, Hofmann TG, Roos WP. Class I HDAC overexpression promotes temozolomide resistance in glioma cells by regulating RAD18 expression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:293. [PMID: 35365623 PMCID: PMC8975953 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in cancer commonly causes resistance to genotoxic-based therapies. Here, we report on the novel mechanism whereby overexpressed class I HDACs increase the resistance of glioblastoma cells to the SN1 methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). The chemotherapeutic TMZ triggers the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) in resistant glioma cells, leading to DNA lesion bypass and cellular survival. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the catalytic activity of class I HDACs stimulates the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18. Furthermore, the data showed that RAD18 is part of the O6-methylguanine-induced DDR as TMZ induces the formation of RAD18 foci at sites of DNA damage. Downregulation of RAD18 by HDAC inhibition prevented glioma cells from activating the DDR upon TMZ exposure. Lastly, RAD18 or O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) overexpression abolished the sensitization effect of HDAC inhibition on TMZ-exposed glioma cells. Our study describes a mechanism whereby class I HDAC overexpression in glioma cells causes resistance to TMZ treatment. HDACs accomplish this by promoting the bypass of O6-methylguanine DNA lesions via enhancing RAD18 expression. It also provides a treatment option with HDAC inhibition to undermine this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hanisch
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Krumm
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tamara Diehl
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carla M Stork
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Dejung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ella Kim
- Laboratory for Experimental Neurooncology, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Medical Center of the University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Hill P, Zellmann F, Vukova T, Marini F, Kolmar S, Kaina B, Hofmann TG, Nikolova T. Dose response to methylating agents in the γH2AX, SCE and colony formation assays: Effect of MGMT and MPG overexpression. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503462. [PMID: 35483785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells have developed diverse protective mechanisms that enable them to tolerate low doses of genotoxic compounds. DNA repair processes attenuate the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of alkylating agents, and multiple studies indicate a key role of specific DNA repair factors and pathways in establishing non-linear dose response relationships. Using an overexpression approach, we investigated the impact of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), which repairs O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) in a damage reversal reaction, and N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which acts as an apical enzyme in the BER pathway, on the DNA damage response to the alkylating agents MNNG and MMS. Our data indicate a clear protective effect of MGMT against MNNG-induced nuclear γH2AX foci formation, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cytotoxicity, as determined in the colony formation assay. MGMT protected with similar efficiency against MMS-induced cytotoxicity and γH2AX foci formation, but suppressed SCE induction only weakly, which indicates that recombination events induced by MMS result from other lesions than O6MeG. In contrast, overexpression of MPG had only a very mild protective effect on the cellular defense against MMS and MNNG. Collectively, our data indicate that overexpression of MGMT results in non-linear DNA damage responses to O6MeG inducers. In contrast, MPG overexpression has only minor impact on the DNA damage response to alkylating drugs, indicating that other downstream enzymes in the BER pathway are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hill
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Zellmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tsvetomira Vukova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Kolmar
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Beltzig L, Frumkina A, Schwarzenbach C, Kaina B. Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Senolytic Potential of Native and Micellar Curcumin. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072385. [PMID: 34371895 PMCID: PMC8308652 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin, a natural polyphenol and the principal bioactive compound in Curcuma longa, was reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and anti-rheumatic activity. Curcumin is not only considered for preventive, but also for therapeutic, purposes in cancer therapy, which requires a killing effect on cancer cells. A drawback, however, is the low bioavailability of curcumin due to its insolubility in water. To circumvent this limitation, curcumin was administered in different water-soluble formulations, including liposomes or embedded into nanoscaled micelles. The high uptake rate of micellar curcumin makes it attractive also for cancer therapeutic strategies. Native curcumin solubilised in organic solvent was previously shown to be cytotoxic and bears a genotoxic potential. Corresponding studies with micellar curcumin are lacking. METHODS We compared the cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of native curcumin solubilised in ethanol (Cur-E) with curcumin embedded in micells (Cur-M). We measured cell death by MTT assays, apoptosis, necrosis by flow cytometry, senolysis by MTT and C12FDG and genotoxicity by FPG-alkaline and neutral singe-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). RESULTS Using a variety of primary and established cell lines, we show that Cur-E and Cur-M reduce the viability in all cell types in the same dose range. Cur-E and Cur-M induced dose-dependently apoptosis, but did not exhibit senolytic activity. In the cytotoxic dose range, Cur-E and Cur-M were positive in the alkaline and the neutral comet assay. Genotoxic effects vanished upon removal of curcumin, indicating efficient and complete repair of DNA damage. For inducing cell death, which was measured 48 h after the onset of treatment, permanent exposure was required while 60 min pulse-treatment was ineffective. In all assays, Cur-E and Cur-M were equally active, and the concentration above which significant cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were observed was 10 µM. Micelles not containing curcumin were completely inactive. CONCLUSIONS The data show that micellar curcumin has the same cytotoxicity and genotoxicity profile as native curcumin. The effective concentration on different cell lines, including primary cells, was far above the curcumin concentration that can be achieved systemically in vivo, which leads us to conclude that native curcumin and curcumin administered as food supplement in a micellar formulation at the ADI level are not cytotoxic/genotoxic, indicating a wide margin of safety.
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14
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Tatin X, Muggiolu G, Sauvaigo S, Breton J. Evaluation of DNA double-strand break repair capacity in human cells: Critical overview of current functional methods. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108388. [PMID: 34893153 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious lesions, responsible for mutagenesis, chromosomal translocation or cell death. DSB repair (DSBR) is therefore a critical part of the DNA damage response (DDR) to restore molecular and genomic integrity. In humans, this process is achieved through different pathways with various outcomes. The balance between DSB repair activities varies depending on cell types, tissues or individuals. Over the years, several methods have been developed to study variations in DSBR capacity. Here, we mainly focus on functional techniques, which provide dynamic information regarding global DSB repair proficiency or the activity of specific pathways. These methods rely on two kinds of approaches. Indirect techniques, such as pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the comet assay and immunofluorescence (IF), measure DSB repair capacity by quantifying the time-dependent decrease in DSB levels after exposure to a DNA-damaging agent. On the other hand, cell-free assays and reporter-based methods directly track the repair of an artificial DNA substrate. Each approach has intrinsic advantages and limitations and despite considerable efforts, there is currently no ideal method to quantify DSBR capacity. All techniques provide different information and can be regarded as complementary, but some studies report conflicting results. Parameters such as the type of biological material, the required equipment or the cost of analysis may also limit available options. Improving currently available methods measuring DSBR capacity would be a major step forward and we present direct applications in mechanistic studies, drug development, human biomonitoring and personalized medicine, where DSBR analysis may improve the identification of patients eligible for chemo- and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Tatin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France; LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | | | - Sylvie Sauvaigo
- LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean Breton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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15
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Heylmann D, Ponath V, Kindler T, Kaina B. Comparison of DNA repair and radiosensitivity of different blood cell populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2478. [PMID: 33510180 PMCID: PMC7843614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the frequent use of ionising radiation (IR) in therapy and diagnostics and the unavoidable exposure to external radiation sources, our knowledge regarding the radiosensitivity of human blood cell populations is limited and published data, obtained under different experimental conditions, are heterogeneous. To compare the radiosensitivity of different hematopoietic cell populations, we set out to determine the responses of cells obtained from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers under identical conditions (resting, non-stimulated cells). First, we measured the radiation response of T cells (Treg, Th, CTL), B cells, NK cells, CD34+ progenitor cells and monocytes obtained from peripheral blood and monocyte-derived macrophages (Mph) and immature dendritic cells (iDC) ex vivo and show that T and B cells are highly sensitive, starting to undergo apoptosis following IR with a dose as low as 0.125 Gy. Importantly, there was no clear threshold dose and cell death/apoptosis increased up to a saturation level with a dose of 2 Gy. The sensitivity decreased in the order of T cells > NK and B cells > monocytes > macrophages and iDC. The data confirm a previous report that Mph and iDC are radiation-resistant compared to their progenitor monocytes. Although non-stimulated T and B cells were highly radiation-sensitive compared to monocytes and macrophages, they were competent in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, as shown by a decline in γH2AX foci in the post-exposure period. CD34+ cells obtained from peripheral blood also showed γH2AX decline post-exposure, indicating they are repair competent. Granulocytes (CD15+) did not display any γH2AX staining following IR. Although peripheral blood lymphocytes, the main fraction are T cells, were significantly more radiation-sensitive than monocytes, they displayed the expression of the repair proteins XRCC1, ligase III and PARP-1, which were nearly non-expressed in monocytes. To assess whether monocytes are depleted in vivo following IR, we measured the amount of T cells and monocytes in cancer patients who received total-body radiation (TBR, 6 × 2 Gy). We observed that the number of T cells in the peripheral blood significantly declined already after the first day of TBR and remained at a low level, which was accompanied by an increase in the number of γH2AX foci in the surviving CD3+ T cell fraction. In contrast, the number of monocytes did not decline extensively, reflecting their radiation resistance compared to T cells. Monocytes also showed an accumulation of γH2AX foci in vivo, but the levels were significantly lower than in T cells. CD56+ NK cells displayed a response similar to T cells. The data support the notion that unstimulated T cell subfractions are nearly equally radiation sensitive. There are, however, remarkable differences in the radiation sensitivity between the lymphoid and the myeloid lineage, with lymphoid cells being significantly more sensitive than cells of the myeloid lineage. In the myeloid lineage, macrophages and iDCs were the most radio-resistant cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heylmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Viviane Ponath
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kindler
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Cordelli E, Bignami M, Pacchierotti F. Comet assay: a versatile but complex tool in genotoxicity testing. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:68-78. [PMID: 33613974 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The comet assay is a versatile method for measuring DNA strand breaks in individual cells. It can also be applied to cells isolated from treated animals. In this review, we highlight advantages and limitations of this in vivo comet assay in a regulatory context. Modified versions of the standard protocol detect oxidized DNA bases and may be used to reveal sites of DNA base loss, DNA interstrand crosslinks, and the extent of DNA damage induced indirectly by reactive oxygen species elicited by chemical-induced oxidative stress. The assay is, however, at best semi-quantitative, and we discuss possible approaches to improving DNA damage quantitation and highlight the necessity of optimizing protocol standardization to enhance the comparability of results between laboratories. As a genotoxicity test in vivo, the in vivo comet assay has the advantage over the better established micronucleus erythrocyte test that it can be applied to any organ, including those that are specific targets of chemical carcinogens or those that are the first sites of contact of ingested or inhaled mutagens. We illustrate this by examples of its use in risk assessment for the food contaminants ochratoxin and furan. We suggest that improved quantitation is required to reveal the full potential of the comet assay and enhance its role in the battery of in vivo approaches to characterize the mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals and to aid the determination of safe human exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cordelli
- Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, Health Protection Technology Division, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Margherita Bignami
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, Health Protection Technology Division, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
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17
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Cytotoxic and Senolytic Effects of Methadone in Combination with Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197006. [PMID: 32977591 PMCID: PMC7582495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methadone is an analgesic drug used for pain treatment and heroin substitution. Recently, methadone has been proposed to be useful also for cancer therapy, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most severe form of brain cancer, because experiments on cultured glioma cells treated with doxorubicin showed promising results. Doxorubicin, however, is not used first-line in GBM therapy. Therefore, we analyzed the cytotoxic effect of methadone alone and in combination with temozolomide, a DNA-alkylating drug that is first-line used in GBM treatment, utilizing GBM-derived cell lines and a human fibroblast cell line. We show that methadone is cytotoxic on its own, inducing apoptosis and necrosis, which was observed at a concentration above 20 µg/mL. Methadone was similar toxic in isogenic MGMT expressing and non-expressing cells, and in LN229 glioblastoma and VH10T human fibroblasts. The apoptosis-inducing activity of methadone is not bound on the opioid receptor (OR), since naloxone, a competitive inhibitor of OR, did not attenuate methadone-induced apoptosis/necrosis. Administrating methadone and temozolomide together, temozolomide had no impact on methadone-induced apoptosis (which occurred 3 days after treatment), while temozolomide-induced apoptosis (which occurred 5 days after treatment) was unaffected at low (non-toxic) methadone concentration (5 µg/mL), and at high (toxic) methadone concentration (20 µg/mL) the cytotoxic effects of methadone and temozolomide were additive. Methadone is not genotoxic, as revealed by comet and γH2AX assay, and did not ameliorate the genotoxic effect of temozolomide. Further, methadone did not induce cellular senescence and had no effect on temozolomide-induced senescence. Although methadone was toxic on senescent cells, it cannot be considered a senolytic drug since cytotoxicity was not specific for senescent cells. Finally, we show that methadone had no impact on the MGMT promoter methylation. Overall, the data show that methadone on glioblastoma cells in vitro is cytotoxic and induces apoptosis/necrosis at doses that are above the level that can be achieved in vivo. It is not genotoxic, and does not ameliorate the cell killing or the senescence-inducing effect of temozolomide (no synergistic effect), indicating it has no impact on temozolomide-induced signaling pathways. The data do not support the notion that concomitant methadone treatment supports temozolomide-based chemotherapy.
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18
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Dussert F, Arthaud PA, Arnal ME, Dalzon B, Torres A, Douki T, Herlin N, Rabilloud T, Carriere M. Toxicity to RAW264.7 Macrophages of Silica Nanoparticles and the E551 Food Additive, in Combination with Genotoxic Agents. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071418. [PMID: 32708108 PMCID: PMC7408573 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is used in a plethora of applications and included in many daily products to which humans are exposed via inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. This poses the question of their potential toxicity, particularly towards macrophages, which show specific sensitivity to this material. SAS represents an ideal candidate for the adsorption of environmental contaminants due to its large surface area and could consequently modulate their toxicity. In this study, we assessed the toxicity towards macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells of three SAS particles, either isolated SiO2 nanoparticles (LS30) or SiO2 particles composed of agglomerated-aggregates of fused primary particles, either food-grade (E551) or non-food-grade (Fumed silica). These particles were applied to cells either alone or in combination with genotoxic co-contaminants, i.e., benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and methane methylsulfonate (MMS). We show that macrophages are much more sensitive to these toxic agents than a non-differenciated co-culture of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, used here as a model of intestinal epithelium. Co-exposure to SiO2 and MMS causes DNA damage in a synergistic way, which is not explained by the modulation of DNA repair protein mRNA expression. Together, this suggests that SiO2 particles could adsorb genotoxic agents on their surface and, consequently, increase their DNA damaging potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Dussert
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Pierre-Adrien Arthaud
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Marie-Edith Arnal
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Bastien Dalzon
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France; (B.D.); (A.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Anaëlle Torres
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France; (B.D.); (A.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Thierry Douki
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Nathalie Herlin
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, IRAMIS NIMBE UMR 3685, 91191 Gif/Yvette CEDEX, France;
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France; (B.D.); (A.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Marie Carriere
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-3878-0328
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In Vitro Assessment of the Genotoxic Hazard of Novel Hydroxamic Acid- and Benzamide-Type Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACi). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134747. [PMID: 32635356 PMCID: PMC7370100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are already approved for the therapy of leukemias. Since they are also emerging candidate compounds for the treatment of non-malignant diseases, HDACi with a wide therapeutic window and low hazard potential are desirable. Here, we investigated a panel of 12 novel hydroxamic acid- and benzamide-type HDACi employing non-malignant V79 hamster cells as toxicology guideline-conform in vitro model. HDACi causing a ≥10-fold preferential cytotoxicity in malignant neuroblastoma over non-malignant V79 cells were selected for further genotoxic hazard analysis, including vorinostat and entinostat for control. All HDACi selected, (i.e., KSK64, TOK77, DDK137 and MPK77) were clastogenic and evoked DNA strand breaks in non-malignant V79 cells as demonstrated by micronucleus and comet assays, histone H2AX foci formation analyses (γH2AX), DNA damage response (DDR) assays as well as employing DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair-defective VC8 hamster cells. Genetic instability induced by hydroxamic acid-type HDACi seems to be independent of bulky DNA adduct formation as concluded from the analysis of nucleotide excision repair (NER) deficient mutants. Summarizing, KSK64 revealed the highest genotoxic hazard and DDR stimulating potential, while TOK77 and MPK77 showed the lowest DNA damaging capacity. Therefore, these compounds are suggested as the most promising novel candidate HDACi for subsequent pre-clinical in vivo studies.
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20
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K W, J O, P P, K DG, K K, M Z, M B, M S. Residential exposure to radon and levels of histone γH2AX and DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of residents of Kowary city regions (Poland). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125748. [PMID: 31954338 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radon-induced biological effects have been studied mainly through epidemiological investigations, and well-controlled in vitro and in vivo experiments. To provide data explaining radon exposure-induced harmful effects in natural environment, exposure assessment under these conditions is needed. The objective of the study was to examine the level of genetic damage assessed with biomarkers of DNA single- and double-strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from individuals continuously exposed to Rn in homes. Naturally elevated Rn concentrations in homes can be found in the South of Poland, in Kowary city. METHODS Measurements of expression of phosphorylated histone γH2AX was used as a marker of DNA double strand breaks. To detect DNA single and double-strand breaks and alkali labile sites, the alkaline comet assay was used. Oxidative damage of DNA was evaluated by formamidopyrimidyne (FPG)-modified comet assay. The blood was collected from 94 volunteers living in Kowary. Subjects were grouped according to their status of living in radon concentration ≥100 Bq/m3 (n = 67), and <100 Bq/m3 (n = 27). RESULTS The statistically significant differences in levels of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes assessed with comet assay were found to be associated with levels of radon exposure in indoor air (p = 0.034). DNA damage in the comet assay was significantly correlated with DNA damage assessed with γH2AX staining. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study indicate the suitability of alkaline comet assay for the detection of DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of people environmentally exposed to radon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walczak K
- Radiological Protection Dept, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Olszewski J
- Radiological Protection Dept, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
| | - Politański P
- Radiological Protection Dept, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
| | - Domeradzka-Gajda K
- Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Dept, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
| | - Kowalczyk K
- Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Dept, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
| | - Zmyślony M
- Radiological Protection Dept, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
| | - Brodecki M
- Radiological Protection Dept, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
| | - Stępnik M
- Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Dept, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
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21
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Xu J, Sram RJ, Cebulska-Wasilewska A, Miloradov MV, Sardas S, Au WW. Challenge-comet assay, a functional and genomic biomarker for precision risk assessment and disease prevention among exposed workers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 397:115011. [PMID: 32305282 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in genomic technologies have ushered application of innovative changes into biomedical sciences and clinical medicine. Consequently, these changes have created enormous opportunities to implement precision population/occupational disease prevention and target-specific disease intervention (or personalized medicine). To capture the opportunities, however, it is necessary is to develop novel, especially genomic-based, biomarkers which can provide precise and individualized health risk assessment. In this review, development of the Challenge-comet assay is used as an example to demonstrate how assays need to be validated for its sensitivity, specificity, and functional and quantitative features, and how assays can be used to provide individualized health risk assessment for precision prevention and intervention. Other examples of genomic-based novel biomarkers will also be discussed. Furthermore, no biomarkers can be used alone therefore their integrated usage with other biomarkers and with personal data bases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Radim J Sram
- Institute of Experimental Medicine AS, CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Semra Sardas
- Istinye University, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - William W Au
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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22
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Tsafantakis N, Katsanou ES, Kyriakopoulou K, Psarou EC, Raptaki I, Skaltsounis AL, Audebert M, Machera KA, Fokialakis N. Comparative UHPLC-HRMS Profiling, Toxicological Assessment, and Protection Against H 2O 2-Induced Genotoxicity of Different Parts of Opuntia ficus indica. J Med Food 2019; 22:1280-1293. [PMID: 31584314 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Opuntia ficus indica has been an important dietary source and a traditionally used medicinal plant. Given the promising health-promoting properties of this plant, a comparative toxicological assessment and antioxidant bioevaluation of extracts from different parts of the plant were carried out in relation to their chemical profile. Toxicity was examined at multiple endpoints using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Comet and the γH2AX In-Cell Western Assay, while hyphenated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) analysis was carried out to identify main constituents. None of the extracts showed any cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on cell lines used, apart from the flower extract in HepG2 cells at the highest concentration tested (2.5 mg/mL). Both fruit flesh and seed extracts demonstrated a prominent protective effect against H2O2-induced genotoxicity in almost all concentrations tested, while extracts originated from flowers and cladodes were effective only at the low non-cytotoxic (0.312 and 0.625 mg/mL) and high (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) concentrations, respectively. In total, 2 phenolic acids, 12 flavonoids, along with 3 feruloyl derivatives and the plant pigment indicaxanthin, were tentatively identified by UHPLC-HRMS analysis. Phenolic acids (compounds 1 and 2) were mainly distributed in cladodes (64.6%), while flavonoids (3-14) in the flowers (81.8%). Overall, the highest amount of total flavonoids (22.76 ± 0.015 mg of quercetin equivalent [QE]/g) and total phenolics (62.80 ± 0.009 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g) was found in the flower extract. Flavonoid glycosides have not been detected in the seeds and the flesh, while the fruit seed extract contained mainly feruloyl derivatives. Our data provide convincing evidences for the lack of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of O. ficus indica aqueous extracts and, in parallel, support the potential for further exploitation of this plant in the food supplement or functional food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsafantakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efrosini S Katsanou
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Kyriakopoulou
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini-Christina Psarou
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Iliana Raptaki
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios L Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marc Audebert
- UMR1331 Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, Toulouse, France
| | - Kyriaki A Machera
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolas Fokialakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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23
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Kress JM, Dio LD, Heck L, Pulliero A, Izzotti A, Laarmann K, Fritz G, Kaina B. Human primary endothelial cells are impaired in nucleotide excision repair and sensitive to benzo[a]pyrene compared with smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13800. [PMID: 31551436 PMCID: PMC6760230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49953-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium represents the inner cell layer of blood vessels and is supported by smooth muscle cells and pericytes, which form the vessel structure. The endothelium is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including the development of atherosclerosis. Due to direct blood contact, the blood vessel endothelium is inevitably exposed to genotoxic substances that are systemically taken up by the body, including benzo[a]pyrene, which is a major genotoxic component in cigarette smoke and a common environmental mutagen and human carcinogen. Here, we evaluated the impact of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE), which is the reactive metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene, on the three innermost vessel cell types. Primary human endothelial cells (HUVEC), primary human smooth muscle cells (HUASMC) and primary human pericytes (HPC) were treated with BPDE, and analyses of cytotoxicity, cellular senescence and genotoxic effects were then performed. The results showed that HUVEC were more sensitive to the cytotoxic activity of BPDE than HUASMC and HPC. We further show that HUVEC display a detraction in the repair of BPDE-induced adducts, as determined through the comet assay and the quantification of BPDE adducts in post-labelling experiments. A screening for DNA repair factors revealed that the nucleotide excision repair (NER) proteins ERCC1, XPF and ligase I were expressed at lower levels in HUVEC compared with HUASMC and HPC, which corresponds with the impaired NER-mediated removal of BPDE adducts from DNA. Taken together, the data revealed that HUVEC exhibit an unexpected DNA repair-impaired phenotype, which has implications on the response of the endothelium to genotoxicants that induce bulky DNA lesions, including the development of vascular diseases resulting from smoking and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Kress
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Lorella Di Dio
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Larissa Heck
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Alessandra Pulliero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, 16132, Italy.,Hospital Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, 16132, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Hospital Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, 16132, Italy
| | - Kathrin Laarmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, 55131, Germany.
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24
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He Y, Kaina B. Are There Thresholds in Glioblastoma Cell Death Responses Triggered by Temozolomide? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071562. [PMID: 30925722 PMCID: PMC6480213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of high-grade malignant glioma, notably glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive form of brain cancer. The drug induces a dozen DNA methylation adducts, including O6-methylguanine (O6MeG), which is the most toxic primary DNA lesion as it causes the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that trigger apoptosis. In p53 wild-type cells, TMZ activates p-p53ser15 and p-p53ser46, which have opposing dual functions regulating survival and death, respectively. Since the use of TMZ in a therapeutic setting is limited because of its side effects, the question arises as to the existence of threshold doses that activate the death pathway and start apoptosis. To determine whether there is a threshold for the TMZ-induced DNA damage response and exploring the factors regulating the switch between p53 dependent survival and death, the glioblastoma lines LN-229 (deficient in MGMT) and LN-229MGMT (stably transfected with MGMT) were exposed to different doses of TMZ. p53 protein expression and phosphorylation levels of p-p53ser15 and p-p53ser46 were determined by Western blotting. Also, apoptosis, senescence and autophagy levels were checked after different doses of TMZ. The results show that pro-survival p-p53ser15 and pro-death p-p53ser46 were induced by O6MeG in a specific dose- and time-dependent manner. p-p53ser15 was an early response while p-p53ser46 was activated at later times following treatment. Unexpectedly, the dose-response curves for total p53, p-p53ser15 and p-p53ser46 were linear, without an obvious threshold. O6MeG induces apoptosis late after treatment as a linear function of TMZ dose. This was observed for both p53 proficient LN-229 and p53 lacking LN-308 cells. A linear dose-response after TMZ was also observed for senescence and autophagy as well as γH2AX, an indicator of DSBs that are considered to be the downstream trigger of apoptosis, senescence and autophagy. LN-229MGMT cells were highly resistant to all measured endpoints because of repair of the critical primary lesion. Although LN-308 were less responsive than LN-229 to TMZ, they displayed the same TMZ-induced DSB level. The observed linear dose-responses are not compatible with the view that low DNA damage level evokes survival while high damage level activates death functions. The data bear important therapeutic implications as they indicate that even low doses of TMZ may elicit a cytotoxic response. However, since O6MeG triggers apoptosis, senescence and autophagy in the same dose range, it is likely that the accumulation of senescent cells in the population counteracts the killing effect of the anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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25
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Araldi RP, Sant’Ana TA, Módolo DG, de Melo TC, Spadacci-Morena DD, de Cassia Stocco R, Cerutti JM, de Souza EB. The human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer biology: An overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1537-1556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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26
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Usman M, Volpi EV. DNA damage in obesity: Initiator, promoter and predictor of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 778:23-37. [PMID: 30454680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence linking obesity with increased risk of cancer is steadily growing, although the causative aspects underpinning this association are only partially understood. Obesity leads to a physiological imbalance in the regulation of adipose tissue and its normal functioning, resulting in hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and inflammation. These states promote the generation of oxidative stress, which is exacerbated in obesity by a decline in anti-oxidant defence systems. Oxidative stress can have a marked impact on DNA, producing mutagenic lesions that could prove carcinogenic. Here we review the current evidence for genomic instability, sustained DNA damage and accelerated genome ageing in obesity. We explore the notion of genotoxicity, ensuing from systemic oxidative stress, as a key oncogenic factor in obesity. Finally, we advocate for early, pre-malignant assessment of genome integrity and stability to inform surveillance strategies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonisah Usman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Emanuela V Volpi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
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27
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Kaina B, Izzotti A, Xu J, Christmann M, Pulliero A, Zhao X, Dobreanu M, Au WW. Inherent and toxicant-provoked reduction in DNA repair capacity: A key mechanism for personalized risk assessment, cancer prevention and intervention, and response to therapy. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:993-1006. [PMID: 30041861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genomic investigations reveal novel evidence which indicates that genetic predisposition and inherent drug response are key factors for development of cancer and for poor response to therapy. However, mechanisms for these outcomes and interactions with environmental factors have not been well-characterized. Therefore, cancer risk, prevention, intervention and prognosis determinations have still mainly been based on population, rather than on individualized, evaluations. The objective of this review was to demonstrate that a key mechanism which contributes to the determination is inherent and/or toxicant-provoked reduction in DNA repair capacity. In addition, functional and quantitative determination of DNA repair capacity on an individual basis would dramatically change the evaluation and management of health problems from a population to a personalized basis. In this review, justifications for the scenario were delineated. Topics to be presented include assays for detection of functional DNA repair deficiency, mechanisms for DNA repair defects, toxicant-perturbed DNA repair capacity, epigenetic mechanisms (methylation and miRNA expression) for alteration of DNA repair function, and bioinformatics approach to analyze large amount of genomic data. Information from these topics has recently been and will be used for better understanding of cancer causation and of response to therapeutic interventions. Consequently, innovative genomic- and mechanism-based evidence can be increasingly used to develop more precise cancer risk assessment, and target-specific and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italy
| | - Jianzhen Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | | | - Xing Zhao
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | - William W Au
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu Mures, Romania; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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28
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Paraswani N, Thoh M, Bhilwade HN, Ghosh A. Early antioxidant responses via the concerted activation of NF-κB and Nrf2 characterize the gamma-radiation-induced adaptive response in quiescent human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 831:50-61. [PMID: 29875077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The radiation-induced adaptive response (RI-AR) is a non-targeted effect which is outside the scope of the classical Linear-No-Threshold (LNT) dose-response paradigm. However, the mechanisms of the RI-AR are not well understood. We have studied the RI-AR in quiescent human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs in G0 phase were 'primed' with a low dose (100 mGy gamma radiation) and then, after an 'adaptive window' of 4 h, 'challenged' with a high dose (2 Gy). A small (5.7%) increase in viability and a decrease in DNA strand breaks were seen in primed cells, compared to non-primed cells. This was consistent with lower levels of reactive oxygen species, higher mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, in the primed cells. Reduced oxidative stress in primed PBMCs correlated with greater nuclear translocation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Distinct differences in responses were seen in PBMCs irradiated with low dose (100 mGy) and high dose (2 Gy). These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of radioadaptation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Paraswani
- Radiation Signaling Group, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Maikho Thoh
- Free Radical Biology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Hari N Bhilwade
- Free Radical Biology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Anu Ghosh
- Radiation Signaling Group, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
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29
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Investigation of in vitro genotoxic effects of an anti-diabetic drug sitagliptin. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:235-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Araldi RP, Dos Santos MO, Barbon FF, Manjerona BA, Meirelles BR, de Oliva Neto P, da Silva PI, Dos Santos L, Camargo ICC, de Souza EB. Analysis of antioxidant, cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of Agave sisalana Perrine extracts using Vero cells, human lymphocytes and mice polychromatic erythrocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:873-885. [PMID: 29571258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazilian Northeast is the world's largest producer of Agave sisalana Perrine for the supply of the sisal fiber. About 95% of plant biomass, which comprise the mucilage and sisal juice, is considered a waste residual is discarded in the soil. However, the sisal juice is rich in steroidal saponins, which exhibits different pharmacological properties. Despite this, natural products are not necessarily safe. Based on this, this study analyzed the antioxidant, cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of three extracts derived from acid hydrolysis (AHAS), dried precipitate (DPAS) and hexanic of A. sisalana (HAS). These analyses were performed by in vitro and in vivo methods, using Vero cells, human lymphocytes and mice. Results showed that AHAS 50 and 100 can be considered a useful antineoplastic candidate due to their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, with no genotoxic/clastogenic potential in Vero cells and mice. Although the comet assay in human lymphocytes has showed that the AHAS 25, AHAS 50 and AHAS 100 can lead to DNA breaks, these extracts did not promote DNA damages in mice bone marrow. Considering the different mutagenic responses obtained with the different methods employed, this study suggest that the metabolizing pathways can produce by-products harmful to health. For this reason, it is mandatory to analyze the mutagenic potential by both in vitro and in vivo techniques, using cells derived from different species and origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Biotechnology Interunit Post-Graduation Program, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maristela Oliveira Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Faria Barbon
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Manjerona
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rosa Meirelles
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Oliva Neto
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ismael da Silva
- Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS/CEPID), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Cherici Camargo
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Edislane Barreiros de Souza
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil.
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