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Segmentation of Articular Cartilage and Early Osteoarthritis based on the Fuzzy Soft Thresholding Approach Driven by Modified Evolutionary ABC Optimization and Local Statistical Aggregation. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage assessment, with the aim of the cartilage loss identification, is a crucial task for the clinical practice of orthopedics. Conventional software (SW) instruments allow for just a visualization of the knee structure, without post processing, offering objective cartilage modeling. In this paper, we propose the multiregional segmentation method, having ambitions to bring a mathematical model reflecting the physiological cartilage morphological structure and spots, corresponding with the early cartilage loss, which is poorly recognizable by the naked eye from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The proposed segmentation model is composed from two pixel’s classification parts. Firstly, the image histogram is decomposed by using a sequence of the triangular fuzzy membership functions, when their localization is driven by the modified artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization algorithm, utilizing a random sequence of considered solutions based on the real cartilage features. In the second part of the segmentation model, the original pixel’s membership in a respective segmentation class may be modified by using the local statistical aggregation, taking into account the spatial relationships regarding adjacent pixels. By this way, the image noise and artefacts, which are commonly presented in the MR images, may be identified and eliminated. This fact makes the model robust and sensitive with regards to distorting signals. We analyzed the proposed model on the 2D spatial MR image records. We show different MR clinical cases for the articular cartilage segmentation, with identification of the cartilage loss. In the final part of the analysis, we compared our model performance against the selected conventional methods in application on the MR image records being corrupted by additive image noise.
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Dam EB, Runhaar J, Bierma-Zienstra S, Karsdal M. Cartilage cavity-an MRI marker of cartilage lesions in knee OA with Data from CCBR, OAI, and PROOF. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1219-1232. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik B. Dam
- Biomediq; Copenhagen Denmark
- University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery
| | - Jos Runhaar
- Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery
| | - Sita Bierma-Zienstra
- Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery
| | - Morten Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience; Copenhagen Denmark
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery
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Raghuraman S, Schrauth JHX, Weber DL, Resmer F, Haddad-Weber M, Breuer FA, Nöth U, Jakob PM, Lanz T, Haddad D. Dynamic MR imaging of a minipig's knee using a high-density multi-channel receive array and a movement device. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 26:215-228. [PMID: 23014944 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-012-0341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT To construct an optimised, high-density receive array and a movement device to achieve dynamic imaging of the knee in orthopedic large animal models (e.g., minipigs) at 1.5 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 13-channel RF receive array was constructed, and the crucial choice of the array element size (based on considerations like region of interest, geometry of the minipig's knee, achievable signal-to-noise ratio, applicability of parallel imaging, etc.) was determined using the Q factors of loops with different sizes. A special movement device was constructed to guide and produce a reproducible motion of the minipig's knee during acquisition. RESULTS The constructed array was electrically characterised and the reproducibility of the cyclic motion was validated. Snapshots of dynamic in vivo images taken at a temporal resolution (308 ms) are presented. Some of the fine internal structures within the minipig's knee, like cruciate ligaments, are traced in the snapshots. CONCLUSION This study is a step towards making dynamic imaging which can give additional information about joint injuries when static MRI is not able to give sufficient information, a routine clinical application. There, the combination of a high-density receive array and a movement device will be highly helpful in the diagnosis and therapy monitoring of knee injuries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairamesh Raghuraman
- Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria (MRB), Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Gomoll AH, Yoshioka H, Watanabe A, Dunn JC, Minas T. Preoperative Measurement of Cartilage Defects by MRI Underestimates Lesion Size. Cartilage 2011; 2:389-93. [PMID: 26069597 PMCID: PMC4297136 DOI: 10.1177/1947603510397534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anecdotal evidence suggests that MRI frequently underestimates the size of cartilage defects when compared with final lesion size after debridement of all degenerated tissue. This has potential implications for the choice of cartilage repair technique since most treatment algorithms are primarily driven by defect size. We conducted an investigation comparing size estimates based on preoperative MRI with final defect size after debridement. Our aim was to provide surgeons with more objective data to assist in predicting true defect size based on MRI scanning. DESIGN Patients were included in this retrospective study if they had undergone preoperative MRI and open cartilage repair within 12 months to minimize potential confounding by defect progression on MRI. Defect sizes measured after debridement were obtained from surgical notes and compared with MRI size estimates by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients were enrolled with a median age of 37 years, median number of 1.7 defects, and a total median defect area of 6 cm(2) per knee. Preoperative MRI scanning had predicted a median defect area of 3.6 cm(2). This reflected a difference of 65% (P < 0.001) between MRI and final defect area after debridement when 85% of all individual defects were larger than predicted by preoperative MRI. CONCLUSIONS Our study compared the size of cartilage defects measured by preoperative MRI with surgical measurements after debridement. On average, the final total defect area per knee was 65% larger than estimated preoperatively by MRI. Individual defects were larger than predicted by 47% to 377%, depending on defect location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H. Gomoll
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Andreas H. Gomoll, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cartilage Repair Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 850 Boylston Street, Suite 112, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
| | | | | | | | - Tom Minas
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Winalski CS, Rajiah P. The evolution of articular cartilage imaging and its impact on clinical practice. Skeletal Radiol 2011; 40:1197-222. [PMID: 21847750 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-011-1226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past four decades, articular cartilage imaging has developed rapidly. Imaging now plays a critical role not only in clinical practice and therapeutic decisions but also in the basic research probing our understanding of cartilage physiology and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl S Winalski
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abstract
Background To describe a semi-quantitative score for multi-feature, whole-organ evaluation of the knee in osteoarthritis based on the results of arthroscopic evaluation. Methods This was a study of 1,199 patients who were suffering from knee pain for over 3 months (range 3 to 48 months) and had undergone arthroscopy. The mean age of patients was 49.8 (range 17 to 85) years old. Cartilage lesions were graded according to the ICRS protocol (grade 0 to 4 and for osteophytes "grade 5"). Meniscus lesions were classified regarding to the extent of resection which was needed (grade 0: intact meniscus, grade 1: partial meniscectomy, grade 2: subtotal meniscectomy, and grade 3: total meniscectomy). The whole grade of cartilage lesions was calculated as the sum of ICRS grades in all joint surfaces (bearing and non-bearing margin). The whole grade of meniscus lesions was calculated as the sum of the points for medial and lateral meniscus surgery. The Whole-Organ Arthroscopic Knee Score (WOAKS) was the sum of the cartilage and meniscus score. Results The mean knee osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) of all patients was 67.3 ± 26.0 (range 21 to 128) points. The WOAKS was significantly associated (p = 0.001) with patient age (R = 0.399), the subjective complaints (R = 0.630) in KOOS, and the radiological grade of OA (R = 0.731). Conclusion The good correlation between the WOAKS and the subjective complaints as well as the radiological grade of OA suggests that the score can be used as an instrument for description of the "whole organ" knee. This score may be useful for clinical or epidemiological studies in the future.
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Carballido-Gamio J, Link TM, Majumdar S. New techniques for cartilage magnetic resonance imaging relaxation time analysis: texture analysis of flattened cartilage and localized intra- and inter-subject comparisons. Magn Reson Med 2008; 59:1472-7. [PMID: 18506807 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
MR relaxation time measurements of knee cartilage have shown potential to characterize knee osteoarthritis (OA). In this work, techniques that allow localized intra- and inter-subject comparisons of cartilage relaxation times, as well as cartilage flattening for texture analysis parallel and perpendicular to the natural cartilage layers, are presented. The localized comparisons are based on the registration of bone structures and the assignment of relaxation time feature vectors to each point in the bone-cartilage interface. Cartilage flattening was accomplished with Bezier splines and warping, and texture analysis was performed with second-order texture measures using gray-level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM). In a cohort of five normal subjects the performance and reproducibility of the techniques were evaluated using T1rho maps of femoral knee cartilage. The feasibility of creating a mean cartilage relaxation time map is also presented. Successful localized intra- and inter-subject T1rho comparisons were obtained with reproducibility similar to that reported in the literature for regional T2. Improvement of the reproducibility of GLCM features was obtained by flattening the T1rho maps. The results indicate that the presented techniques have potential in longitudinal and population studies of knee OA at different stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Carballido-Gamio
- Musculoskeletal and Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
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Eckstein F, Burstein D, Link TM. Quantitative MRI of cartilage and bone: degenerative changes in osteoarthritis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2006; 19:822-54. [PMID: 17075958 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative image analysis technology has recently started to generate a great wealth of quantitative information on articular cartilage and bone physiology, pathophysiology and degenerative changes in osteoarthritis. This paper reviews semiquantitative scoring of changes of articular tissues (e.g. WORMS = whole-organ MRI scoring or KOSS = knee osteoarthritis scoring system), quantification of cartilage morphology (e.g. volume and thickness), quantitative measurements of cartilage composition (e.g. T2, T1rho, T1Gd = dGEMRIC index) and quantitative measurement of bone structure (e.g. app. BV/TV, app. TbTh, app. Tb.N, app. Tb.Sp) in osteoarthritis. For each of these fields we describe the hardware and MRI sequences available, the image analysis systems and techniques used to derive semiquantitative and quantitative parameters, the technical accuracy and precision of the measurements reported to date and current results from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in osteoarthritis. Moreover, the paper summarizes studies that have compared MRI-based measurements with radiography and discusses future perspectives of quantitative MRI in osteoarthritis. In summary, the above methodologies show great promise for elucidating the pathophysiology of various tissues and identifying risk factors of osteoarthritis, for developing structure modifying drugs (DMOADs) and for combating osteoarthritis with new and better therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Eckstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Musculoskeletal Research, Paracelsus Private Medical University (PMU), A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Eckstein F, Cicuttini F, Raynauld JP, Waterton JC, Peterfy C. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of articular cartilage in knee osteoarthritis (OA): morphological assessment. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14 Suppl A:A46-75. [PMID: 16713720 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a three-dimensional imaging technique with unparalleled ability to evaluate articular cartilage. This report reviews the current status of morphological assessment of cartilage with quantitative MRI (qMRI), and its relevance for identifying disease status, and monitoring progression and treatment response in knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHOD An international panel of experts in MRI of knee OA, with direct experience in the analysis of cartilage morphology with qMRI, reviewed the existing published and unpublished data on the subject, and debated the findings at the OMERACT-OARSI Workshop on Imaging technologies (December 2002, Bethesda, MA) with scientists and clinicians from academia, the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory agencies. This report reviews (1) MRI pulse sequence considerations for morphological analysis of articular cartilage; (2) techniques for segmenting cartilage; (3) semi-quantitative scoring of cartilage status; and (4) technical validity (accuracy), precision (reproducibility) and sensitivity to change of quantitative measures of cartilage morphology. RESULTS Semi-quantitative scores of cartilage status have been shown to display adequate reliability, specificity and sensitivity, and to detect lesion progression at reasonable observation periods (1-2 years). Quantitative assessment of cartilage morphology (qMRI), with fat-suppressed gradient echo sequences, and appropriate image analysis techniques, displays high accuracy and adequate precision (e.g., root-mean-square standard deviation medial tibia=61 microl) for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in OA patients. Longitudinal studies suggest that changes of cartilage volume of the order of -4% to -6% occur per annum in OA in most knee compartments (e.g., -90 microl in medial tibia). Annual changes in cartilage volume exceed the precision errors and appear to be associated with clinical symptoms as well as with time to knee arthroplasty. CONCLUSIONS MRI provides reliable and quantitative data on cartilage status throughout most compartments of the knee, with robust acquisition protocols for multi-center trials now being available. MRI of cartilage has tremendous potential for large scale epidemiological studies of OA progression, and for clinical trials of treatment response to structure modifying OA drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Eckstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Musculoskeletal Research, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria & Chondrometrics GmbH, Ainring, Germany.
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Link TM, Sell CA, Masi JN, Phan C, Newitt D, Lu Y, Steinbach L, Majumdar S. 3.0 vs 1.5 T MRI in the detection of focal cartilage pathology--ROC analysis in an experimental model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:63-70. [PMID: 16188466 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis for assessing the diagnostic performance of three cartilage-specific MR sequences at 1.5 and 3 T in detecting cartilage lesions created in porcine knees. DESIGN Eighty-four cartilage lesions were created in 27 porcine knee specimens at the patella, the medial and lateral femoral and the medial and lateral tibial cartilage. MR imaging was performed using a fat saturated spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) sequence (in plane spatial resolution/slice thickness: 0.20 x 0.39 mm2/1.5 mm) and two fat saturated proton density weighted (PDw) sequences (low spatial resolution: 0.31 x 0.47 mm2/3 mm and high spatial resolution: 0.20 x 0.26 mm2/2 mm). The images were independently analyzed by three radiologists concerning the absence or presence of lesions using a five-level confidence scale. Significances of the differences for the individual sequences were calculated based on comparisons of areas under ROC curves (A(Z)). RESULTS The highest A(Z)-values for all three radiologists were consistently obtained for the SPGR (A(Z) = 0.84) and the high-resolution (hr) PDw (A(Z) = 0.79) sequences at 3T. The corresponding A(Z)-values at 1.5 T were 0.77 and 0.69; the differences between 1.5 and 3 T were statistically significant (P < 0.05). A(Z)-values for the low-resolution PDw sequence were lower: 0.59 at 3 T and 0.55 at 1.5 T and the differences between 1.5 and 3T were not significant. CONCLUSION With optimized hr MR sequences diagnostic performance in detecting cartilage lesions was improved at 3 T. For a standard, lower spatial resolution PDw sequence no significant differences, however, were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Link
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
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Lee KY, Masi JN, Sell CA, Schier R, Link TM, Steinbach LS, Safran M, Ma B, Majumdar S. Computer-aided quantification of focal cartilage lesions using MRI: accuracy and initial arthroscopic comparison. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:728-37. [PMID: 15908235 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to validate a Gradient Peak Method (GPM) by evaluating its accuracy and consistency at different magnetic field strengths. The GPM using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was previously proposed to quantitatively assess the morphology of focal cartilage lesions, and its feasibility was demonstrated. METHODS GPM quantifies the morphologic properties of cartilage lesions based on their three-dimensional geometry. Twenty-two conical and cylindrical lesions were surgically created on fresh porcine knees, and the results obtained by GPM were compared with manually measured lesion dimensions. Another 15 focal lesions of various shapes were created and scanned, and the quantification results were compared at 1.5 Tesla and 3 Tesla. Additionally, cartilage lesions in three patients were scanned, quantified by GPM, and compared with arthroscopic visualization and measurements. RESULTS The average absolute errors of GPM (depth: < or =0.4mm; diameter: < or =1.4mm) were within twice the in-plane resolution in depth estimates and within the slice thickness in diameter estimates. Analysis also suggested that the quantifications of GPM using 1.5 Tesla and 3 Tesla data were not statistically different. Moreover, the GPM results were shown to be consistent with the lesion measurements obtained arthroscopically. CONCLUSIONS The GPM using MRI provides estimates of lesion thickness, depth, diameter, and area. With this validation, the method can be potentially used as an auxiliary tool to help radiologists and physicians assess cartilage lesions quantitatively and monitor disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keh-Yang Lee
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Current awareness in NMR in biomedicine. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2005; 18:205-12. [PMID: 15920785 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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