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Freedman MS, Coyle PK, Hellwig K, Singer B, Wynn D, Weinstock-Guttman B, Markovic-Plese S, Galazka A, Dangond F, Korich J, Reder AT. Twenty Years of Subcutaneous Interferon-Beta-1a for Multiple Sclerosis: Contemporary Perspectives. Neurol Ther 2024; 13:283-322. [PMID: 38206453 PMCID: PMC10951191 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-023-00565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), the most common form of the disease, is characterized by transient neurological dysfunction with concurrent accumulation of disability. Over the past three decades, disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) capable of reducing the frequency of relapses and slowing disability worsening have been studied and approved for use in patients with RRMS. The first DMTs were interferon-betas (IFN-βs), which were approved in the 1990s. Among them was IFN-β-1a for subcutaneous (sc) injection (Rebif®), which was approved for the treatment of MS in Europe and Canada in 1998 and in the USA in 2002. Twenty years of clinical data and experience have supported the efficacy and safety of IFN-β-1a sc in the treatment of RRMS, including pivotal trials, real-world data, and extension studies lasting up to 15 years past initial treatment. Today, IFN-β-1a sc remains an important therapeutic option in clinical use, especially around pregnancy planning and lactation, and may also be considered for aging patients, in which MS activity declines and long-term immunosuppression associated with some alternative therapies is a concern. In addition, IFN-β-1a sc is used as a comparator in many clinical studies and provides a framework for research into the mechanisms by which MS begins and progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Freedman
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Patricia K Coyle
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr University, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Barry Singer
- The MS Center for Innovations in Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, 3009 N. Ballas Road, Suite 105B, St. Louis, MO, 63131, USA
| | - Daniel Wynn
- Neurology MS Center, Consultants in Neurology, Ltd, 1535 Lake Cook Road, Suite 601, Northbrook, IL, 60062, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
- Jacobs MS Center for Treatment and Research, Buffalo, NY, 14202, USA
- Pediatric MS Center, NY State MS Consortium, 1010 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Silva Markovic-Plese
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut St, Rm 305-B, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | | | - Fernando Dangond
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Inc., an affiliate of Merck GKaA, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Julie Korich
- EMD Serono Inc., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Rockland, MA, 02370, USA
| | - Anthony T Reder
- Department of Neurology A-205, University of Chicago Medicine, MC-2030, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Wu L, Liu B, Wei Y, Lu P. Association between MEF2 family gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Chinese population. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:141-149. [PMID: 37572262 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory demyelinating lesions in the white matter of the central nervous system. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family genes play important roles in the immune response. This study focuses on the relationship between MEF2 family gene polymorphisms and MS. METHODS A total of 174 MS patients and 120 healthy controls were recruited. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to analyze the gene polymorphisms of MEF2D and MEF2C. In addition, peripheral blood was collected and leukocytes were isolated. The transcription level of MEF2D in the two groups of samples was detected with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS We found that the C allele frequency and CC genotype frequency of rs2274316 in MEF2D were significantly higher in MS patients. The C allele and CT genotype distribution for rs3790455 were significantly more frequent in MS patients. Female patients showed higher CC genotype frequency of rs2274316. The genotype frequency distribution of rs2274316 and rs3790455 were not related to onset age and phenotype of MS patients. In addition, this study also proved that MEF2D was significantly overexpressed in the peripheral blood leukocytes of MS patients. The transcription level of MEF2D was significantly higher in patients with CC genotype of rs2274316. CONCLUSION These findings suggest rs2274316 and rs3790455 of MEF2D gene are potential genetic risk factors for MS in Chinese population. The transcription level of MEF2D is also associated with susceptibility to MS and MEF2D gene polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yanbing Wei
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Peng Lu
- Hangzhou Cred Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Zettl UK, Rommer PS, Aktas O, Wagner T, Richter J, Oschmann P, Cepek L, Elias-Hamp B, Gehring K, Chan A, Hecker M. Interferon beta-1a sc at 25 years: a mainstay in the treatment of multiple sclerosis over the period of one generation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:1343-1359. [PMID: 37694381 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2248391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interferon beta (IFN beta) preparations are an established group of drugs used for immunomodulation in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Subcutaneously (sc) applied interferon beta-1a (IFN beta-1a sc) has been in continuous clinical use for 25 years as a disease-modifying treatment. AREAS COVERED Based on data published since 2018, we discuss recent insights from analyses of the pivotal trial PRISMS and its long-term extension as well as from newer randomized studies with IFN beta-1a sc as the reference treatment, the use of IFN beta-1a sc across the patient life span and as a bridging therapy, recent data regarding the mechanisms of action, and potential benefits of IFN beta-1a sc regarding vaccine responses. EXPERT OPINION IFN beta-1a sc paved the way to effective immunomodulatory treatment of MS, enabled meaningful insights into the disease process, and remains a valid therapeutic option in selected vulnerable MS patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Klaus Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Paulus Stefan Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Basile MS, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. The Role of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081319. [PMID: 35893056 PMCID: PMC9394409 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system that presents heterogeneous clinical manifestations and course. It has been shown that different immune checkpoints, including Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4), can be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. CTLA-4 is a critical regulator of T-cell homeostasis and self-tolerance and represents a key inhibitor of autoimmunity. In this scopingreview, we resume the current preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of CTLA-4 in MS with different approaches. While some of these studies assessed the expression levels of CTLA-4 on T cells by comparing MS patients with healthy controls, others focused on the evaluation of the effects of common MS therapies on CTLA-4 modulation or on the study of the CTLA-4 blockade or deficiency in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. Moreover, other studies in this field aimed to discover if the CTLA-4 gene might be involved in the predisposition to MS, whereas others evaluated the effects of treatment with CTLA4-Ig in MS. Although these results are of great interest, they are often conflicting. Therefore, further studies are needed to reveal the exact mechanisms underlying the action of a crucial immune checkpoint such as CTLA-4 in MS to identify novel immunotherapeutic strategies for MS patients.
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Factors Determining Plasticity of Responses to Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042068. [PMID: 35216184 PMCID: PMC8877660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of responses to drugs is an ever-present confounding factor for all aspects of pharmacology, influencing drug discovery and development, clinical use and the expectations of the patient. As an introduction to this Special Issue of the journal IJMS on pharmacological plasticity, we address the various levels at which plasticity appears and how such variability can be controlled, describing the ways in which drug responses can be affected with examples. The various levels include the molecular structures of drugs and their receptors, expression of genes for drug receptors and enzymes involved in metabolism, plasticity of cells targeted by drugs, tissues and clinical variables affected by whole body processes, changes in geography and the environment, and the influence of time and duration of changes. The article provides a rarely considered bird’s eye view of the problem and is intended to emphasize the need for increased awareness of pharmacological plasticity and to encourage further debate.
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Aliaga-Gaspar P, Hurtado-Guerrero I, Ciano-Petersen NL, Urbaneja P, Brichette-Mieg I, Reyes V, Rodriguez-Bada JL, Alvarez-Lafuente R, Arroyo R, Quintana E, Ramió-Torrentà L, Alonso A, Leyva L, Fernández O, Oliver-Martos B. Soluble Receptor Isoform of IFN-Beta (sIFNAR2) in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Their Association With the Clinical Response to IFN-Beta Treatment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778204. [PMID: 34975865 PMCID: PMC8716373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interferon beta receptor 2 subunit (IFNAR2) can be produced as a transmembrane protein, but also as a soluble form (sIFNAR2) generated by alternative splicing or proteolytic cleavage, which has both agonist and antagonist activities for IFN-β. However, its role regarding the clinical response to IFN-β for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is unknown. We aim to evaluate the in vitro short-term effects and after 6 and 12 months of IFN-β therapy on sIFNAR2 production and their association with the clinical response in MS patients. Methods Ninety-four RRMS patients were included and evaluated at baseline, 6 and 12 months from treatment onset. A subset of 41 patients were classified as responders and non-responders to IFN-β therapy. sIFNAR2 serum levels were measured by ELISA. mRNA expression for IFNAR1, IFNAR2 splice variants, MxA and proteases were assessed by RT-PCR. The short-term effect was evaluated in PBMC from RRMS patients after IFN-β stimulation in vitro. Results Protein and mRNA levels of sIFNAR2 increased after IFN-β treatment. According to the clinical response, only non-responders increased sIFNAR2 significantly at both protein and mRNA levels. sIFNAR2 gene expression correlated with the transmembrane isoform expression and was 2.3-fold higher. While MxA gene expression increased significantly after treatment, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 only slightly increased. After short-term IFN-β in vitro induction of PBMC, 6/7 patients increased the sIFNAR2 expression. Conclusions IFN-β administration induces the production of sIFNAR2 in RRMS and higher levels might be associated to the reduction of therapeutic response. Thus, levels of sIFNAR2 could be monitored to optimize an effective response to IFN-β therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Aliaga-Gaspar
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Isaac Hurtado-Guerrero
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen Biocentre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Lundahl Ciano-Petersen
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Urbaneja
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Brichette-Mieg
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Virginia Reyes
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rodriguez-Bada
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Roberto Alvarez-Lafuente
- Grupo de Investigación de Factores Ambientales en Enfermedades Degenerativas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Quintana
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Lluis Ramió-Torrentà
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Leyva
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernández
- Departmento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Begoña Oliver-Martos, ; Oscar Fernández,
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Begoña Oliver-Martos, ; Oscar Fernández,
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Zarzuelo-Romero MJ, Pérez-Ramírez C, Cura Y, Carrasco-Campos MI, Marangoni-Iglecias LM, Ramírez-Tortosa MC, Jiménez-Morales A. Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms on Clinical Outcomes of Glatiramer Acetate in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11101032. [PMID: 34683173 PMCID: PMC8540092 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of autoimmune origin, in which inflammation and demyelination lead to neurodegeneration and progressive disability. Treatment is aimed at slowing down the course of the disease and mitigating its symptoms. One of the first-line treatments used in patients with MS is glatiramer acetate (GA). However, in clinical practice, a response rate of between 30% and 55% is observed. This variability in the effectiveness of the medication may be influenced by genetic factors such as polymorphisms in the genes involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Therefore, this review assesses the impact of genetic variants on the response to GA therapy in patients diagnosed with MS. The results suggest that a relationship exists between the effectiveness of the treatment with GA and the presence of polymorphisms in the following genes: CD86, CLEC16A, CTSS, EOMES, MBP, FAS, TRBC1, IL1R1, IL12RB2, IL22RA2, PTPRT, PVT1, ALOX5AP, MAGI2, ZAK, RFPL3, UVRAG, SLC1A4, and HLA-DRB1*1501. Consequently, the identification of polymorphisms in these genes can be used in the future as a predictive marker of the response to GA treatment in patients diagnosed with MS. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evidence for this and more validation studies need to be conducted to apply this information to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Zarzuelo-Romero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18001 Granada, Spain;
| | - Cristina Pérez-Ramírez
- Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain;
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain; (Y.C.); (M.I.C.-C.); (L.M.M.-I.); (A.J.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yasmín Cura
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain; (Y.C.); (M.I.C.-C.); (L.M.M.-I.); (A.J.-M.)
| | - María Isabel Carrasco-Campos
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain; (Y.C.); (M.I.C.-C.); (L.M.M.-I.); (A.J.-M.)
| | - Luciana María Marangoni-Iglecias
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain; (Y.C.); (M.I.C.-C.); (L.M.M.-I.); (A.J.-M.)
| | - María Carmen Ramírez-Tortosa
- Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain;
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Morales
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain; (Y.C.); (M.I.C.-C.); (L.M.M.-I.); (A.J.-M.)
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Hajian S, Mazdeh M, Nouri F, Roshanaei G, Soleimani M. Association study of promoter polymorphisms of interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) gene and therapeutic response to interferon-beta in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6007-6013. [PMID: 34328599 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease described by inflammatory neuronal losses and resultant failures. The disease could abate by interferon-beta (IFN-β) therapy in MS patients. However, the drug response productivity is changeable between patients, and the accurate mechanism of action of the IFN-β is not obvious. The present study aims to investigate the role of interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) promoter polymorphisms towards IFN-β treatment response in MS patients. METHODS The subjects herein were separated into either responder (n = 57) or non-responder (n = 43) groups according to IFN-β treatment and Expanded Disability Status Scale score. The Sanger sequencing method was used for genotyping. RESULTS Among nearly 64 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), we found a significant association between the rs2850015 polymorphism and the responders and non-responders to IFN-β treatment in the recessive model of inheritance (P = 0.02). The results also revealed a significant change in the two groups of responders and non-responders to the treatment for rs36158718 as an Insertion/Deletion (INDEL) (P = 0.02). Moreover, bioinformatic analyses predicted a remarkable role for both rs2850015 and rs36158718 related to the changes of binding affinity of transcription factors and alterations in their alleles. CONCLUSION The present study results suggest that the genetic heterogeneity in the promoter region of IFNAR1 could affect the response to IFN-β. However, further studies with a larger sample size are needed to further demonstrate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hajian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmide Blvd, 6517838678, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehrdokht Mazdeh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmide Blvd, 6517838678, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Roshanaei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Meysam Soleimani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmide Blvd, 6517838678, Hamadan, Iran.
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de Rivero Vaccari JC, Dietrich WD, Keane RW, de Rivero Vaccari JP. The Inflammasome in Times of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583373. [PMID: 33149733 PMCID: PMC7580384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are members of the genus Betacoronavirus and the Coronaviridiae family responsible for infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and more recently, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). CoV infections present mainly as respiratory infections that lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, CoVs, such as COVID-19, also present as a hyperactivation of the inflammatory response that results in increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and its downstream molecule IL-6. The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex involved in the activation of caspase-1 that leads to the activation of IL-1β in a variety of diseases and infections such as CoV infection and in different tissues such as lungs, brain, intestines and kidneys, all of which have been shown to be affected in COVID-19 patients. Here we review the literature regarding the mechanism of inflammasome activation by CoV infection, the role of the inflammasome in ARDS, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) as well as the potential mechanism by which the inflammasome may contribute to the damaging effects of inflammation in the cardiac, renal, digestive, and nervous systems in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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