Stressful life events, socioeconomic status, and the risk of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A population-based case-control study

Research progress on pathogenesis and clinical treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs)

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are characteristically referred to as various central nervous system (CNS)-based inflammatory and astrocytopathic disorders, often manifested by the axonal damage and immune-mediated demyelination targeting optic nerves and the spinal cord. This review article presents a detailed view of the etiology, pathogenesis, and prescribed treatment options for NMOSD therapy. Initially, we present the epidemiology of NMOSDs, highlighting the geographical and ethnical differences in the incidence and prevalence rates of NMOSDs. Further, the etiology and pathogenesis of NMOSDs are emphasized, providing discussions relevant to various genetic, environmental, and immune-related factors. Finally, the applied treatment strategies for curing NMOSD are discussed, exploring the perspectives for developing emergent innovative treatment strategies.

Fatigue in multiple sclerosis is associated with socioeconomic factors

OBJECTIVES

Fatigue is one of the leading causes of reduced quality of life and inability to work in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Currently, no treatment effectively ameliorates fatigue. We still know little about what causes fatigue and which factors may contribute to fatigue. Knowledge about socioeconomic factors' role in fatigue might help us recognize strategies for the management of fatigue. Our aim was to explore whether socioeconomic factors are associated with the presence or level of perceived fatigue.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study of the MS population in three Norwegian counties. We used the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions to assess self-reported fatigue, and obtained socioeconomic data from Statistics Norway and questionnaires. To assess self-reported anxiety and depression, we employed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Clinical data were gathered from the hospital record system.

RESULTS

The response rate was 64% (1599/2512). Seventy percent of the respondents were female, and the mean age was 52 years. Higher levels of education were associated with lower levels of fatigue. Receiving a disability pension, being divorced and having children were all factors associated with higher levels of fatigue, as were low parental education, low income, current smoking, and autoimmune comorbidities. We found a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in pwMS with fatigue compared to those without fatigue CONCLUSION: Female sex, high level of disability, anxiety, depression and socioeconomic factors were independently associated with fatigue in contemporary patients with MS. These factors should be considered when devising management strategies.

Physical, Emotional, Medical, and Socioeconomic Status of Patients With NMOSD: A Cross-Sectional Survey of 123 Cases From a Single Center in North China

Objective: This study aimed to assess the physical, emotional, medical, and socioeconomic conditions of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in North China.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of patients with NMOSD was performed, based on an established questionnaire from the Multiple Sclerosis Patient Survival Report 2018. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to define the significant determinants of certain physical or emotional characteristics of patients. A total of 123 patients were included.

Results: A total of 63.4% of participants were initially diagnosed with conditions other than NMOSD, with a median delay of 6 months for accurate diagnosis. An aggregate of 72.2% of patients had one or more relapses, corresponding to an annual relapse rate of 0.8. Paresthesia was the most frequent physical symptom among patients both at disease onset (53.7%) and throughout the duration of the disease (86.2%). Onset in elderly (>50 years) patients was associated with an annual Expanded Disability Status Scale increase ≥1, compared with onset in younger (<30 years) patients (P = 0.001, OR = 7.83). A total of 76.4% of patients had received attack-prevention treatments in the remission phase, and 31.7 and 10.6% of patients had ever been administered rituximab and traditional Chinese medicine, respectively. Additionally, 63.4 and 43.1% of patients reported participating in few or no social activities and being out of work because of the disease. To be noted, 76.4% of patients reported suffering from negative emotions, with the most frequent being worry (60.2%), with 20.3% of patients experiencing suicidal thoughts. The inability to work and participating in few or no social activities due to NMOSD were two determinants of experiencing negative emotions (P_work = 0.03, OR_work = 3.34; P_{socialactivities} = 0.02, OR_{socialactivities} = 3.19).

Conclusion: This study reported patient perspectives on NMOSD in North China, whereby demonstrating that the inability to work and participating in few or no social activities due to NMOSD rather than the physical impairment caused by the disease, was directly associated with patients experiencing negative emotions. This insight offers potential ways to manage patients' negative emotions by enhancing family and social support and facilitating active employment.

Dietary risk factors of primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A population-based case-control study

OBJECTIVES

There are growing evidences on the role of nutritional factors in multiple sclerosis (MS) occurrence. But dietary data are limited in primary progressive type of MS (PPMS). We assessed the role of dietary factors during adolescence in PPMS risk.

METHODS

An incident case-control study on 143 PPMS cases with definite diagnosis and 400 controls were conducted in Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran. Demographic data were collected. Data on nutritional habits during adolescence were obtained using questionnaire designed for multinational case-control studies of environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis (EnvIMS-Q). Logistic regression models were run to evaluate the role of diet in PPMS risk.

RESULTS

A significant association was founded between higher intake of dairy, seafood, red meat, poultry, vegetable, fruit and nut and lower risk of PPMS (P< 00.5). This association was dose dependent for all mentioned food groups except fruit. In the fully adjusted model, more intake of dairy (OR: 0.27; 95%CI: 0.14-0.53), seafood (OR: 0.21; 95%CI: 0.10-0.44), red meat (OR:0.44; 95%CI: 0.22-0.90), vegetable (OR: 0.19; 95%CI: 0.09-0.39), fruit (OR: 0.47; 95%CI: 0.22-0.99) and nut (OR: 0.29; 95%CI: 0.15-0.56) in the third tertiles resulted in significant reduction in PPMS risk. In case of poultry consumption, the association was meaningful just in the third tertile of crude model (OR: 0.54; 95%CI: 0.30-0.95). Nutrient supplementation with calcium, iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 and C were also related with more than 84% lower risk of PPMS.

CONCLUSION

Our data proposed that adequate intake of food groups and nutrient supplementation during adolescence may be effective in reducing adult-onset PPMS risk.

Multi-Level Analyses of Genome-Wide Association Study to Reveal Significant Risk Genes and Pathways in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Background

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and it is understandable that environmental and genetic factors underlie the etiology of NMOSD. However, the susceptibility genes and associated pathways of NMOSD patients who are AQP4-Ab positive and negative have not been elucidated.

Methods

Secondary analysis from a NMOSD Genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset originally published in 2018 (215 NMOSD cases and 1244 controls) was conducted to identify potential susceptibility genes and associated pathways in AQP4-positive and negative NMOSD patients, respectively (132 AQP4-positive and 83 AQP4-negative).

Results

In AQP4-positive NMOSD cases, five shared risk genes were obtained at chromosome 6 in AQP4-positive NMOSD cases by using more stringent p-Values in both methods (p < 0.05/16,532), comprising CFB, EHMT2, HLA-DQA1, MSH5, and SLC44A4. Fifty potential susceptibility gene sets were determined and 12 significant KEGG pathways were identified. Sixty-seven biological process pathways, 32 cellular-component pathways, and 29 molecular-function pathways with a p-Value of <0.05 were obtained from the GO annotations of the 128 pathways identified. In the AQP4 negative NMOSD group, no significant genes were obtained by using more stringent p-Values in both methods (p < 0.05/16,485). The 22 potential susceptibility gene sets were determined. There were no shared potential susceptibility genes between the AQP4-positive and negative groups, furthermore, four significant KEGG pathways were also identified. Of the GO annotations of the 165 pathways identified, 99 biological process pathways, 37 cellular-component pathways, and 29 molecular-function pathways with a p-Value of <0.05 were obtained.

Conclusion

The potential molecular mechanism underlying NMOSD may be related to proteins encoded by these novel genes in complements, antigen presentation, and immune regulation. The new results may represent an improved comprehension of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying NMOSD.

Asian and African/Caribbean AQP4-NMOSD patient outcomes according to self-identified race and place of residence

BACKGROUND

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune astrocytopathy characterized by aquaporin-4 antibodies, whose prognosis is influenced by onset age, race, environmental exposures and immunosuppression. Distinguishing the contribution of environment from genetics is challenging. We aimed to compare neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patient outcomes according to self-identified racial group and place of residence.

METHODS

This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data included non-white anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positive NMOSD patients under follow-up from 15 centers [United Kingdom, France, Germany, Denmark, Martinique, United States of America, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, China (including Hong Kong) and India]. Racial groups were designated: African/Caribbean; South Asian; East Asian (including Southeast Asia). Patients from these racial groups residing outside Africa/Caribbean or Asia were compared with those living in the Caribbean or the Asian areas. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox models were generated using time to sustained Expanded Disability Status Scale≥6.0 or death; time to sustained Kurtzke Visual Function Score≥3.0 or a composite endpoint of all three.

RESULTS

Among 821 patients, African/Caribbean patients (n = 206) had the shortest time to immunosuppression and higher visual disability at onset. South Asian patients (n = 65) were younger, had lower visual disability at onset and higher mortality rate. East Asians (n = 550) had the lowest relapse rate and lowest accrued motor disability. Survival analysis of African/Caribbean outside Africa/Caribbean vs those in the Caribbean showed a significant difference in the composite endpoint (p = 0.024,log-rank test), not apparently related to treatment differences. No significant differences between native and those residing outside Asia were found for other racial groups.

CONCLUSION

This NMOSD study reports the effects of place of residence on the outcomes in different races. Place of residence may not be a significant driver of disability among Asian patients, while it may influence African/Caribbean patient outcomes. Validating these findings could help distinguish between genetic causes and potentially modifiable environmental factors.

Stressful life events and the risk of primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A population-based case-control study

BACKGROUND

The onset and presentation of primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) like any other autoimmune diseases can be triggered by unexpected lifetime stressful events, which require to be assessed in order to minimize our exposure to such events as much as possible.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to determine the possible role of socioeconomic status (SES) and stressful events in PPMS development METHODS: The present population-based case-control study recruited PPMS cases and healthy controls from the general population during 2019-2020 in Tehran, Iran. Clinical diagnosis of cases was based on the 2017 McDonald criteria and confirmed by a neurologist. The selection of sex-matched controls from the same source population of cases was performed using the standard method of Random Digit Dialing (RDD). The study questionnaire was filled out over telephone interviews. Matched logistic regression was administered to estimate the adjusted and unadjusted odds ratio (OR) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for sex, age, and marital status using SPSS 23.

RESULTS

This study examined 146 PPMS cases and 294 controls. Mean ages (SD) for cases and controls were 46.97 (9.4) and 37.67 (6.12), respectively (P < 0.001). No stressful events over five years prior to the disease onset were associated with an increased risk of PPMS. Marriage (OR: 0.04; 95% CI (0.01- 0.37), P = 0.004), close family members' serious disease (OR: 0.10; 95% CI (0.02-0.60), P = 0.01), and being in debt (OR: 0.03; 95% CI (0-0.37), P = 0.006) were found to have a negative association with the risk of disease occurrence. Death of a loved one, family disruption, jail term, homelessness period, Conquer(national university entrance exam), death of spouse, getting fired from a job, joblessness, divorce, migration, close family members' suicide, and retirement were not associated with the risk of PPMS (P > 0.05). History of depression before the PPMS presentation was considerably associated with the incidence of PPMS (P < 0.001). Self-rated health status was scored noticeably lower by cases as compared with controls (P < 0.001). Participants with the paternal educational degree of guidance school showed a higher risk of PPMS by 2.83 time (OR: 2.83; 95% CI (1.02 - 7.80), P = 0.04) than participants with university educated fathers. In total, SES during adolescence did not indicate any association with the risk of PPMS (with the exception of levels 2 (P = 0.02) and 7 (P = 0.05)).

CONCLUSION

No stressful life events were identified as possible increasing risk factors for PPMS. Marriage, close family members' serious disease, and being in debt had a negative association with the disease risk. The history of depression may elevate the risk of PPMS. While the highest and lowest SES levels in adolescence were not remarkable determiners for PPMS, levels 2 and 7 had a positive association with the risk of PPMS. The maternal educational level was not an important factor; however, the paternal educational degree of guidance school as compared to university degree made individuals more susceptible to PPMS. Self-rated health status score was higher in controls.