An innovative biodevice towards monitoring of miR-153 using specific DNA immobilized on the surface of poly(chitosan) decorated AgNPrs/GQDs-CysA conductive nano-ink: Early-stage diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease using biosensor technology

Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Exosomal microRNA Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Early and precise diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) is crucial for slowing their progression and enhancing patient outcomes. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as promising biomarkers due to their ability to reflect the diseases' pathology, yet their low abundance poses significant detection hurdles. This review article delves into the burgeoning field of electrochemical biosensors, designed for the precise detection of exosomal miRNA biomarkers. Electrochemical biosensors offer a compelling solution, combining the sensitivity required to detect low-abundance biomarkers with the specificity needed to discern miRNA profiles distinctive to neural pathological states. We explore the operational principles of these biosensors, including the electrochemical transduction mechanisms that facilitate miRNA detection. The review also summarizes advancements in nanotechnology, signal enhancement, bioreceptor anchoring, and microfluidic integration that improve sensor accuracy. The evidence of their use in neurodegenerative disease diagnosis is analyzed, focusing on the clinical impact, diagnostic precision, and obstacles faced in practical applications. Their potential integration into point-of-care testing and regulatory considerations for their market entry are discussed. Looking toward the future, the article highlights forthcoming innovations that might revolutionize early diagnostic processes. Electrochemical biosensors, with their impressive sensitivity, specificity, and point-of-care compatibility, are on track to become instrumental in the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, possibly transforming patient care and prognosis.

Exploring the frontiers of emerging sensing of silver nanoprisms: recent progress and challenges

In recent years, the development and use of nanomaterials have transformed numerous aspects of biomedical science. Nanomaterials have played a pivotal role in advancing disease diagnosis and treatment across a wide range of applications. Within this scope, silver nanoprisms (AgNPrs) stand out due to their remarkable properties, such as extensive surface area, chemical robustness, and tunable electrical conductivity, making them excellent candidates for biomedical purposes. By tailoring these nanomaterials through functionalization or coating surface, their multifunctionality can be enhanced, unlocking new opportunities for their application in areas such as diagnosis, imaging, and therapeutic intervention. This review begins with an overview of AgNPrs' synthesis techniques and their unique physicochemical characteristics. Recent advancements in analytical methods utilizing AgNPrs, categorized by sensing mechanisms such as optical and electrochemical approaches, are highlighted in the context of diagnostics. Lastly, the challenges and future prospects of bringing AgNPr-based technologies to commercialization and integrating them into disease diagnostics and medical treatment are explored. The integration of AgNPrs in disease therapy holds promise for the development of advanced chemotherapy agents that effectively address the challenges of efficient cancer treatment looking ahead, the ongoing advancement of nanocarrier systems comprising AgNPrs-based molecules holds great promise for improving the quality of life for patients worldwide.

Micro/nanoengineered agricultural by-products for biomedical and environmental applications

Agriculturally derived by-products generated during the growth cycles of living organisms as secondary products have attracted increasing interest due to their wide range of biomedical and environmental applications. These by-products are considered promising candidates because of their unique characteristics including chemical stability, profound biocompatibility and offering a green approach by producing the least impact on the environment. Recently, micro/nanoengineering based techniques play a significant role in upgrading their utility, by controlling their structural integrity and promoting their functions at a micro and nano scale. Specifically, they can be used for biomedical applications such as tissue regeneration, drug delivery, disease diagnosis, as well as environmental applications such as filtration, bioenergy production, and the detection of environmental pollutants. This review highlights the diverse role of micro/nano-engineering techniques when applied on agricultural by-products with intriguing properties and upscaling their wide range of applications across the biomedical and environmental fields. Finally, we outline the future prospects and remarkable potential that these agricultural by-products hold in establishing a new era in the realms of biomedical science and environmental research.