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Polyelectrolyte Multilayers: An Overview on Fabrication, Properties, and Biomedical and Environmental Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154152. [PMID: 34361346 PMCID: PMC8348132 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers are versatile materials that are used in a large number of domains, including biomedical and environmental applications. The fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayers using the layer-by-layer technique is one of the simplest methods to obtain composite functional materials. The properties of the final material can be easily tuned by changing the deposition conditions and the used building blocks. This review presents the main characteristics of polyelectrolyte multilayers, the fabrication methods currently used, and the factors influencing the layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes. The last section of this paper presents some of the most important applications of polyelectrolyte multilayers, with a special focus on biomedical and environmental applications.
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Franco P, De Marco I. The Use of Poly( N-vinyl pyrrolidone) in the Delivery of Drugs: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1114. [PMID: 32414187 PMCID: PMC7285361 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a hydrophilic polymer widely employed as a carrier in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and nutraceutical fields. Up to now, several PVP-based systems have been developed to deliver different active principles, of both natural and synthetic origin. Various formulations and morphologies have been proposed using PVP, including microparticles and nanoparticles, fibers, hydrogels, tablets, and films. Its versatility and peculiar properties make PVP one of the most suitable and promising polymers for the development of new pharmaceutical forms. This review highlights the role of PVP in drug delivery, focusing on the different morphologies proposed for different polymer/active compound formulations. It also provides detailed information on active principles and used technologies, optimized process parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and final applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iolanda De Marco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;
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Kumari P, Bhave M, Doble M. Structural characterization and applications of a novel polysaccharide produced by Azospirillum lipoferum MTCC 2306. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lima AC, Alvarez‐Lorenzo C, Mano JF. Design Advances in Particulate Systems for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1687-723. [PMID: 27332041 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The search for more efficient therapeutic strategies and diagnosis tools is a continuous challenge. Advances in understanding the biological mechanisms behind diseases and tissues regeneration have widened the field of applications of particulate systems. Particles are no more just protective systems for the encapsulated drugs, but they play an active role in the success of the therapy. Moreover, particles have been explored for innovative purposes as templates for cells growth and as diagnostic tools. Until few years ago the most relevant parameters in particles formulation were the chemistry and the size. Currently, it is known that other physical characteristics can remarkably affect the performance of particulate systems. Particles with non-conventional shapes exhibit advantages due to the increasing circulation time in blood stream, less clearance by the immune system and more efficient cell internalization and trafficking. Creation of compartments has been found useful to control drug release, to tune the transport of substances across biological barriers, to supply the target with more than one bioactive agent or even to act as theranostic systems. It is expected that such complex shaped and compartmentalized systems improve the therapeutic outcomes and also the patient's compliance, acting as advanced devices that serve for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of the disease, combining agents of very different features, at the same time. In this review, we overview and analyse the most recent advances in particle shape and compartmentalization and applications of newly designed particulate systems in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Lima
- 3B's Research Group University of Minho AvePark 4806–909, Taipas Guimarães, Portugal ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Carmen Alvarez‐Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group University of Minho AvePark 4806–909, Taipas Guimarães, Portugal ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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Bellini RG, Guimarães AP, Pacheco MAC, Dias DM, Furtado VR, de Alencastro RB, Horta BAC. Association of the anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin with a PAMAM dendrimer. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:34-42. [PMID: 26093506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The association of the anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin (RIF) with a 4th-generation poly(amidoamine) (G4-PAMAM) dendrimer was investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The RIF load capacity was estimated to be around 20 RIF per G4-PAMAM at neutral pH. The complex formed by 20 RIF molecules and the dendrimer (RIF20-PAMAM) was subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at two different pH conditions (neutral and acidic). The complex was found to be significantly more stable in the simulation at neutral pH compared to the simulation at low pH in which the RIF molecules were rapidly and almost simultaneously expelled to the solvent bulk. The high stability of the RIF-PAMAM complex under physiological pH and the rapid release of RIF molecules under acidic medium provide an interesting switch for drug targeting since the Mycobacterium resides within acidic domains of the macrophage. Altogether, these results suggest that, at least in terms of stability and pH-dependent release, PAMAM-like dendrimers may be considered suitable drug delivery systems for RIF and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana P Guimarães
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Marco A C Pacheco
- Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas M Dias
- Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Furtado
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno A C Horta
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Amoli-Diva M, Pourghazi K, Mashhadizadeh MH. Magnetic pH-responsive poly(methacrylic acid–co-acrylic acid)-co-polyvinylpyrrolidone magnetic nano-carrier for controlled delivery of fluvastatin. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 47:281-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Devi MG, Dutta S, Al Hinai AT, Feroz S. Studies on encapsulation of Rifampicin and its release from chitosan-dextran sulfate capsules. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Development and evaluation of pH-sensitive sodium alginate/chitosan microparticles containing the antituberculosis drug rifampicin. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 39:161-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Deshmukh PK, Ramani KP, Singh SS, Tekade AR, Chatap VK, Patil GB, Bari SB. Stimuli-sensitive layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly systems: Targeting and biosensory applications. J Control Release 2013; 166:294-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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de Villiers MM, Otto DP, Strydom SJ, Lvov YM. Introduction to nanocoatings produced by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:701-15. [PMID: 21699936 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the adsorption of oppositely charged colloidal particles ultimately resulted in multilayered polyelectrolyte self-assembly. The inception of layer-by-layer constructed particles facilitated the production of multifunctional, stimuli-responsive carrier systems. An array of synthetic and natural polyelectrolytes, metal oxides and clay nanoparticles is available for the construction of multilayered nanocoats on a multitude of substrates or removable cores. Numerous substrates can be encapsulated utilizing this technique including dyes, enzymes, drugs and cells. Furthermore, the outer surface of the particles presents and ideal platform that can be functionalized with targeting molecules or catalysts. Some processing parameters determining the properties of these successive self-assembly constructs are the surface charge density, coating material concentration, rinsing and drying steps, temperature and ionic strength of the medium. Additionally, the simplicity of the layer-by-layer assembly technique and the availability of established characterization methods, render these constructs extremely versatile in applications of sensing, encapsulation and target- and trigger-responsive drug delivery.
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Ariga K, Lvov YM, Kawakami K, Ji Q, Hill JP. Layer-by-layer self-assembled shells for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:762-71. [PMID: 21510989 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are several requirements for the safe and effective delivery of therapeutic agents for human use. Direct injection of drugs may cause side effects due to their permeation to other, undiseased regions of the body so that concealment and targeting with appropriate materials is a critical consideration in the design of practical drug delivery systems. In particular, carriers with structures which can be flexibly controlled are more useful since functional structure units can be assembled in component-by-component and/or layer-by-layer fashion. In this review, we focus on preparation of layer-by-layer shells directed at drug delivery applications. After a description of the fundamentals of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, recent progress in the field of self-assembled microshells and nanoshells for drug delivery applications are summarized. In addition, concepts developed to solve current difficulties are also described. Encapsulation of insoluble drugs in nanoshells and their delivery can satisfy some of the demands of practical medical use. Thus, aqueous suspensions of insoluble drugs have been subjected to powerful ultrasonic treatment followed by sequential addition of polycations and polyanions to the particle solution leading to assembly of ultra-thin polyelectrolyte shells on the nano-sized drug particles. In another innovative example, stepwise release of drugs from LbL films of mesoporous capsules to the exterior in the absence of external stimuli was demonstrated. It can be regarded as stimuli-free auto-modulated material release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Vani R, Raja SB, Sridevi TS, Savithri K, Devaraj SN, Girija EK, Thamizhavel A, Kalkura SN. Surfactant free rapid synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanorods by a microwave irradiation method for the treatment of bone infection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:285701. [PMID: 21625039 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/28/285701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHAp) rods of size 40-75 nm long and 25 nm wide (resembling bone mineral) were synthesized under microwave irradiation without using any surfactants or modifiers. The surface area and average pore size of the nHAp were found to be 32 m(2) g(-1) and 4 nm, respectively. Rifampicin (RIF) and ciprofloxacin (CPF) loaded nHAp displayed an initial burst followed by controlled release (zero order kinetics). Combination of CPF and RIF loaded nHAp showed enhanced bacterial growth inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) compared to individual agent loaded nHAp and pure nHAp. In addition, decreased bacterial adhesion (90%) was observed on the surface of CPF plus RIF loaded nHAp. The biocompatibility test toward MG63 cells infected with micro-organisms showed better cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) for the combination of CPF and RIF loaded nHAp. The influence on cell viability of infected MG63 cells was attributed to the simultaneous and controlled release of CPF and RIF from nHAp, which prevented the emergence of subpopulations that were resistant to each other. Hence, apart from the issue of the rapid synthesis of nHAp without surfactants or modifiers, the simultaneous and controlled release of dual drugs from nHAp would be a simple, non-toxic and cost-effective method to treat bone infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vani
- Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
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Shukla P, Gupta G, Singodia D, Shukla R, Verma AK, Dwivedi P, Kansal S, Mishra PR. Emerging trend in nano-engineered polyelectrolyte-based surrogate carriers for delivery of bioactives. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:993-1011. [PMID: 20716016 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.510830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In recent decades a new colloidal drug delivery system based on layer-by-layer (LbL) technology has emerged, which offers promising means of delivering bioactive agents, specifically biological macromolecules including peptides and DNA. Nano-engineered capsules specifically fabricated from biocompatible and biodegradable polyelectrolytes (PEs) can provide a better option for encapsulation of cells thereby protecting cells from immunological molecules in the body, and their selective permeability can ensure the survival of encapsulated cells. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review encompasses a strategic approach to fabricate nano-engineered microcapsules through meticulous selection of polyelectrolytes and core materials based on LbL technology. The content of the article provides evidence for its wide array of applications in medical therapeutics, as indicated by the quantity of research and patents in this area. Recent developments and approaches for tuning drug release, biocompatibility and cellular interaction are discussed thoroughly. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review aims to provide an overview on the development of LbL capsules with specific orientation towards drug and macromolecular delivery and its integration with other drug delivery systems, such as liposomes. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Selection of PEs for the fabrication of LbL microcapsules has a profound effect on stability, drug release, biocompatibility and encapsulation efficacy. The release can be easily modulated by varying different physicochemical as well as physiological conditions. Scale-up approaches for the fabrication of LbL microcapsules by means of automation must be considered to improve the possibility of application of LbL microcapsules on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Shukla
- Central Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutis Division, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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