Magnetic pH-responsive poly(methacrylic acid–co-acrylic acid)-co-polyvinylpyrrolidone magnetic nano-carrier for controlled delivery of fluvastatin

Lipid nanoparticle: advanced drug delivery systems for promotion of angiogenesis in diabetic wounds

Diabetic wound is one of the most challenge in healthcare, requiring innovative approaches to promote efficient healing. In recent years, lipid nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing diabetic wound repair by stimulating angiogenesis. These nanoparticles offer unique advantages, including improved drug stability, targeted delivery, and controlled release, making them promising in enhancing the formation of new blood vessels. In this review, we summarize the emerging advances in the utilization of lipid nanoparticles to deliver angiogenic agents and promote angiogenesis in diabetic wounds. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth exploration of key aspects, including the intricate design and fabrication of lipid nanoparticles, their underlying mechanisms of action, and a comprehensive overview of preclinical studies. Moreover, we address crucial considerations pertaining to safety and the translation of these innovative systems into clinical practice. By synthesizing and analyzing the available knowledge, our review offers valuable insights into the future prospects and challenges associated with utilizing the potential of lipid nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for promoting robust angiogenesis in the intricate process of diabetic wound healing.

Investigation of Folate-Functionalized Magnetic-Gold Nanoparticles Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Liver: In Vitro, In Vivo and Docking Studies

Magnetic nanoparticles used for targeted drug administration present a promising approach in cancer treatment owing to its notable advantages, such as targeted and enhanced encapsulation ability and improved bio protection compared with conventional drug delivery methods. Au shell-iron core nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au) were manufactured by a chemical process, coated with dextran to encapsulate curcumin, and functionalized for precision drug delivery using folic acid to combat liver cancer. Dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, and magnetometry were applied to assess the synthesis of the Fe3O4@Au-DEX-CU-FA compound. The mean size, zeta potential, and polydispersity of Fe3O4@Au-DEX-CU-FA were 63.3 ± 2.33 nm, -68.3 ± 1.78 mV, and 0.041 ± 0.008, respectively. Molecular docking models were created to examine the relationship between Fe3O4@Au-CU and BCL-XL, BAK, and to identify potential binding sites. The loading efficiency and release profile tests examined the medication delivery system's ability. MTT assay was subsequently utilized to determine the optimal dosage and therapeutic efficacy of Fe3O4@Au-DEX-CU-FA on cancer SNU-449 and healthy THLE-2 cell lines. Flow cytometry demonstrated that Fe3O4@Au-DEX-CU-FA effectively induced cancer cell death. Fe3O4@Au-DEX-FA showed a regulated release profile of free curcumin at 37 °C and pH values of 7.4 and 5.4. Real-time PCR revealed increased BAK expression and decreased BCL-XL expression. Nude tumor-bearing mice were used for in vivo experiments. Fe3O4@Au-DEX-CU-FA treatment dramatically reduced the swelling size compared with free CU and control treatments. It also resulted in a longer lifespan, expanded splenocyte proliferation, increased IFN-γ levels, and decreased IL-4 levels. The regular cells showed no cytotoxic effect compared with the cancer type, confirming that Fe3O4@Au-DEX-CU-FA maintained its potent anticancer actions. The data suggests that Fe3O4@Au-DEX-CU-FA possesses a promising potential as a therapeutic agent for combating tumors.

Enhanced oral bioavailability of fluvastatin by using nanosuspensions containing cyclodextrin

BACKGROUND

In this study, fluvastatin (FVT) nanosuspensions containing cyclodextrin were developed to improve oral bioavailability.

METHODS

FVT nanosuspensions containing cyclodextrin were prepared by a high pressure homogenization technique. The nanosuspensions system was then characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD). In addition, in vitro drug release properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were also investigated in detail.

RESULTS

After lyophilization, the nanosuspensions could be redispersed gently and with a narrow particle size distribution, but the particle size has no obvious change. The powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry of FVT nanosuspensions showed that FVT existed in amorphous form in nanosuspensions. In vitro release, FVT nanosuspensions have sustained-release properties. Meanwhile, FVT nanosuspensions could significantly modify the pharmacokinetic profile and increase the bioavailability of FVT by more than 2.4-fold in comparison with the FVT capsules group. In vivo irritation test showed that there was almost no evidence of hemorrhagic mucosal erosion and intestinal villus destruction in rat gastric mucosa.

CONCLUSION

The combination of nanocrystallization and cyclodextrin complexation techniques is a new attempt to formulate poorly water-soluble FVT.

Remote Trice Light, Temperature, and pH-actuation of Switchable Magneto-Plasmonic Nanocarriers for Combinational Photothermal and Controlled/Targeted Chemotherapies

Three magneto-plasmonic nanohybrids were synthesized using Au- and Ag-coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs)-modified dual pH- and temperature-responsive triblock copolymer of poly (butyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) to serve as drug carriers with potential of using in both photothermal and controlled/targeted chemotherapies. The internal superparamagnetic core gives the carriers targeted-delivery characteristics, and surface plasmon resonance-based noble metallic Au/Ag shells give them on-demand photothermal and photo-triggering release properties. To investigate the effect of coating method on the targeting property of synthesized carriers, Au NPs were attached to the magnetic core by 2 different direct/indirect procedures and the properties of the synthesized carriers including swelling ratio and thermal and optical sensitivity and switching were comprehensively investigated in 2 different buffer solutions with pH 5.5 and 7.4 at 37°C. Letrozole was used as a model anticancer drug and its loading and release properties were evaluated for the four nanocarriers. The cytotoxicity of drug-free and letrozole-loaded nanocarriers on normal L929 fibroblast and MDAMB 231 breast cancer cell lines was evaluated in absence/presence of laser radiation. The results revealed that the carriers have the potential of serving as switchable trimodal light/temperature/pH-triggered and targeted/controlled drug delivery platforms for chemophotothermal therapy.

Tunable Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Remote Actuation of Bimetallic Core-Shell Nanoparticle-Coated Stimuli Responsive Polymer for Switchable Chemo-Photothermal Synergistic Cancer Therapy

New dual light/temperature-responsive nanocarriers were synthesized using bimetallic plasmonic Au-Ag and Ag-Au nanoparticles (NPs) as cores of vehicles which subsequently functionalized with an upper critical solubility temperature-based poly acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer for spatiotemporally controlled chemo-photothermal synergistic cancer therapy. The bimetallic cores were assigned to sense wavelengths close to the localized surface plasmon resonance of monometallic NP shell to produce heat which not only can increase the surrounding temperature over the upper critical solubility temperature of polymer to open its valves and promote drug diffusion but also can kill cancerous cells through photothermal effects with increase in environment temperature by nearly 18°C after about 5 min radiation. The bimetallic NPs were shown good reusability even after 5 heating/cooling cycles, and the efficiency of both photothermal/chemotherapic procedures can be modulated by manipulating carrier's concentration and radiation time. In addition, the cytotoxicity of drug-free nanocarriers on normal L929 fibroblast and letrozole-loaded nanocarriers on MDAMB 231 breast-cancer cell lines were investigated in the absence/presence of laser radiation. Finally, the prepared nanocomposites were exhibited switchable on/off drug release in 2 buffered solutions (pH 5.5 and 7.4) with light actuation. The results revealed that the prepared nanocarriers can be served as efficient delivery platforms for remote-control chemophotothermal synergistic cancer therapy.

Biocompatible magnetite nanoparticles synthesized by one-pot reaction with a cell membrane mimetic copolymer

In this paper, a series of random copolymers poly(methacrylic acid -co-2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) P(MAA-co-MPC) were synthesized firstly via RAFT living polymerization. The P(MAA-co-MPC) copolymer side chains bear cell membrane phosphorylcholine zwitterions to endow biocompatibility and carboxylic groups to confer coordination with metal ions. Thus, the copolymer was adopted to modify Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle by a one-pot coprecipitation approach. The effects of the copolymer composition as well as the ratio between the copolymers and iron ions on the performances of the magnetite nanoparticles were researched. The diameters of the nanoparticles could be easily tuned by changing the initial copolymer amount. Moreover, a long-term colloidal stability of magnetite particles was obtained after P(MAA-co-MPC) modification. Biocompatibility of the P(MAA-co-MPC) copolymer coated magnetite nanoparticles was investigated by protein adsorption, in vitro cytotoxicity and cell uptake studies. It was found that the copolymer content of magnetite nanoparticles correlates with its biocompatibility. Excellent biocompatibility could be obtained when the content of the copolymer in the composite nanoparticles reached to 54%.

Nanoparticles incorporating pH-responsive surfactants as a viable approach to improve the intracellular drug delivery

The pH-responsive delivery systems have brought new advances in the field of functional nanodevices and might allow more accurate and controllable delivery of specific cargoes, which is expected to result in promising applications in different clinical therapies. Here we describe a family of chitosan-TPP (tripolyphosphate) nanoparticles (NPs) for intracellular drug delivery, which were designed using two pH-sensitive amino acid-based surfactants from the family N(α),N(ε)-dioctanoyl lysine as bioactive compounds. Low and medium molecular weight chitosan (LMW-CS and MMW-CS, respectively) were used for NP preparation, and it was observed that the size distribution for NPs with LMW-CS were smaller (~168 nm) than that for NPs prepared with MMW-CS (~310 nm). Hemolysis assay demonstrated the pH-dependent biomembrane disruptional capability of the constructed NPs. The nanostructures incorporating the surfactants cause negligible membrane permeabilization at pH7.4. However, at acidic pH, prevailing in endosomes, membrane-destabilizing activity in an erythrocyte lysis assay became evident. When pH decreased to 6.6 and 5.4, hemolytic capability of chitosan NPs increased along with the raise of concentration. Furthermore, studies with cell culture showed that these pH-responsive NPs displayed low cytotoxic effects against 3T3 fibroblasts. The influence of chitosan molecular weight, chitosan to TPP weight ratio, nanoparticle size and nature of the surfactant counterion on the membrane-disruptive properties of nanoparticles was discussed in detail. Altogether, the results achieved here showed that by inserting the lysine-based amphiphiles into chitosan NPs, pH-sensitive membranolytic and potentially endosomolytic nanocarriers were developed, which, therefore, demonstrated ideal feasibility for intracellular drug delivery.