Cisplatin and Ce6 loaded polyaniline nanoparticles: An efficient near-infrared light mediated synergistic therapeutic agent

Targeted carbon monoxide delivery combined with chemodynamic, chemotherapeutic and photothermal therapies for enhanced antitumor efficacy

Polydopamine-coated hollow mesoporous copper sulfide loaded with DHA and CO-releasing molecules selectively delivered DHA and CO to tumor cells under 808 nm light irradiation, demonstrating multimodal synergistic antitumor efficacy.

Codelivery of satraplatin and aminopyrrolic receptor with Pluronic F127-based polyaniline nanoparticles with NIR induced release for combined chemotherapy

The acquired drug resistance of the platinum-based drug is a main obstacle in cancer therapy. Herein, an aminopyrrolic receptor 1 was synthesized to sensitize satraplatin for overcoming the drug resistance as well as improving tumor targeted ability. Thus, Pluronic F127-based polyaniline nanoparticles were designed to co-deliver satraplatin and aminopyrrolic receptor 1, which could control the drug release with the Near Infrared laser irradiation (808 nm) due to the polyaniline mediated photothermal conversion. Biological evaluation shows prepared nanoparticles (Pt-ARNPs) exhibited more effective cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 2.7μM) against the tested cancer cell lines under laser irradiation, compared with free satraplatin or treatment without Near-infrared radiation. Moreover, Pt-ARNPs showed comparable cytotoxicity against A549 and A549/cis cells, implying that the combination of satraplatin and aminopyrrolic receptor 1 with nano carrier might be a promising strategy to reduce platinum resistance and improve therapeutic effect in cancer therapy.

Recent Advances of Polyaniline-Based Biomaterials for Phototherapeutic Treatments of Tumors and Bacterial Infections

Conventional treatments fail to completely eradicate tumor or bacterial infections due to their inherent shortcomings. In recent years, photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as an attractive treatment modality that relies on the absorption of photothermal agents (PTAs) at a specific wavelength, thereby transforming the excitation light energy into heat. The advantages of PTT are its high efficacy, specificity, and minimal damage to normal tissues. To this end, various inorganic nanomaterials such as gold nanostructures, carbon nanostructures, and transition metal dichalcogenides have been extensively explored for PTT applications. Subsequently, the focus has shifted to the development of polymeric PTAs, owing to their unique properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, and low toxicity when compared to inorganic PTAs. Among various organic PTAs, polyaniline (PANI) is one of the best-known and earliest-reported organic PTAs. Hence, in this review, we cover the recent advances and progress of PANI-based biomaterials for PTT application in tumors and bacterial infections. The future prospects in this exciting area are also addressed.

Dendritic Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles: A pH-Triggered Autocatalytic Fenton Reaction System with Self-supplied H2O2 for Generation of High Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species

Dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles represent a new biomedical application platform due to their special central radial pore structure for the loading of drugs and functional modification. Herein, we report functionalized dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (DMONs), a pH-triggered Fenton reaction generator (TA/Fe@GOD@DMONs), incorporating natural glucose oxidase (GOD) in the DMONs with tannic acid (TA) grafted using Fe³⁺ on the surface, that have been designed and constructed for efficient tumor ablation with self-supplied H₂O₂ and accelerated conversion of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ by TA. In view of the deficiency of endogenous H₂O₂, the self-supply through the TA/Fe@GOD@DMONs platform represented a high-yielding source of peroxygen. Furthermore, the production of Fe²⁺ induced by TA greatly improved the efficiency of the Fenton reaction resulting in significant tumor inhibition. This new design represents as novel paradigm for the development of autocatalytic Fenton nanosystems for effective treatment of tumors.

A novel versatile yolk-shell nanosystem based on NIR-elevated drug release and GSH depletion-enhanced Fenton-like reaction for synergistic cancer therapy

In this study, a versatile doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded yolk-shell nano-particles (HMCMD) assembled with manganese dioxide (MnO₂) as the core and copper sulfide (HMCuS) as the mesoporous (∼ 6.4 nm) shell, was designed and synthesized. The resulting HMCMD possess excellent photothermal conversion efficiency. The DOX release from the yolk-shell nanoparticles could be promoted by laser irradiation, which increased the chemotherapy of DOX. Meanwhile, Mn²⁺ could be released from the HMCMD through a redox reaction between MnO₂ and abundant glutathione (GSH) in tumor cells. The released Mn²⁺ could promote the decomposition of the intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by Fenton-like reaction to generate the highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH), thus exhibiting the effective chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Additionally, the efficiency of Mn²⁺-mediated CDT could be effectively enhanced by NIR irradiation. Further modification of polyethylene glycol (PEG) would improve the water solubility of the HMCMD to promote the uptake by MCF-7 cells. Hence, the HMCMD with synergistic effects of chemotherapy and chemodynamic/photothermal therapy would provide an alternative strategy in antitumor research.

Reactive oxygen species mediated theranostics using a Fenton reaction activable lipo-polymersome

Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis has been widely studied by researchers through various means. Among them, the singlet oxygen produced by the Fenton reaction is particularly effective in killing tumor cells. Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) takes advantage of the spatial-temporal control of ROS production, the design of the Fenton reaction in an ingenious way is still a question worth exploring. Herein, we have designed and prepared a succinic peroxide-filled Fenton reaction activable Pt/Fe₃O₄@SP-PLGA lipo-polymersome that displays ROS mediated chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The therapeutic element, ˙OH, is generated under NIR irradiation/tumor acidic pH environment through engineering the reaction between succinic peroxide (SP) and iron oxide. Instead of using single endogenous H₂O₂ or even encapsulation, the conjugation with SP in the Pt/Fe₃O₄@SP-PLGA lipo-polymersome provides a more stable, high-yielding peroxygen source. The results also showed that after the addition of cisplatin, the amount of ROS production increased significantly. The proof-of-concept design of the Fenton reaction activable Pt/Fe₃O₄@SP-PLGA lipo-polymersome with enhanced ROS-generation characteristics provides a general approach to afford potent ROS-mediated cancer therapy.