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Liu N, Li M, Pang H, Tiantian T, Li X, Su Y, Jin M, Wu H, Qian C, Sun M. Bioinformatics-driven discovery of silica nanoparticles induces apoptosis and renal damage via the unfolded protein response in NRK-52E cells and rat kidney. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107816. [PMID: 38064850 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are nanomaterials with widespread applications in drug delivery and disease diagnosis. Despite their utility, SiNPs can cause chronic kidney disease, hindering their clinical translation. The molecular mechanisms underlying SiNP-induced renal toxicity are complex and require further investigation. To address this challenge, we employed bioinformatics tools to predict the potential mechanisms underlying renal damage caused by SiNPs. We identified 1627 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1334 downregulated DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network revealed that SiNP-induced renal damage is associated with apoptosis. Subsequently, we verified that SiNPs induced apoptosis in an in vitro model of NRK-52E cells via the unfolded protein response (UPR) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in an in vivo rat model, high-dose SiNP administration via tracheal drip caused hyalinization of the renal tubules, renal interstitial lymphocytic infiltration, and collagen fiber accumulation. Concurrently, we observed an increase in UPR-related protein levels at the onset of renal damage. Thus, our study confirmed that SiNPs induce apoptosis and renal damage through the UPR, adding to the theoretical understanding of SiNP-related kidney damage and offering a potential target for preventing and treating kidney injuries in SiNP clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimeng Liu
- Breast Surgery Department, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Street Xinmin 1, Changchun, China.
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Tian Tiantian
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Yanchi Su
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University, No.2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Minghua Jin
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Street Xinmin 1, Changchun, China.
| | - Chuyue Qian
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Street Xinmin 1, Changchun, China.
| | - Mindan Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Street Xinmin 1, Changchun, China.
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Dey N, Santhiya D, Das A. One‐Pot Synthesis of Doxorubicin‐Bioactive Glass‐Ceramic Hybrid Nanoparticles through a Bio‐Inspired Route for Anti‐Cancer Therapy. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Namit Dey
- Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
- Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
| | - Deenan Santhiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
- Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi-110042 India
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Green Synthesis of a Novel Silver Nanoparticle Conjugated with Thelypteris glandulosolanosa (Raqui-Raqui): Preliminary Characterization and Anticancer Activity. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has had a prominent role in scientific research for industrial and biomedical applications. In this current study, silver nitrate (AgNO3) was reduced and stabilized with an aqueous extract of Thelypteris glandulosolanosa (Raqui-raqui), forming silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-RR). UV-vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were utilized to analyze the structures of AgNPs-RR. The results from this analysis showed a characteristic peak at 420 nm and a mean hydrodynamic size equal to 39.16 nm, while the STEM revealed a size distribution of 6.64–51.00 nm with an average diameter of 31.45 nm. Cellular cytotoxicity assays using MCF-7 (ATCC® HTB-22™, mammary gland breast), A549 (ATCC® CCL-185, lung epithelial carcinoma), and L929 (ATCC® CCL-1, subcutaneous connective tissue of Mus musculus) demonstrated over 42.70% of MCF-7, 59.24% of A549, and 8.80% of L929 cells had cell death after 48 h showing that this nanoparticle is more selective to disrupt neoplastic than non-cancerous cells and may be further developed into an effective strategy for breast and lung cancer treatment. These results demonstrate that the nanoparticle surfaces developed are complex, have lower contact angles, and have excellent scratch and wear resistance.
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Biosynthesis of Silica Nanoparticles Using the Leaf Extract of Punica granatum and Assessment of Its Antibacterial Activities Against Human Pathogens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:5594-5605. [PMID: 35679016 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis is a revolutionary technique with numerous applications in fields, such as agriculture, food processing, and medicine. This study reports that Punica granatum leaf extract is capable of the green and eco-friendly synthesis of silica nanoparticles that provides a simple, cost-effective, and efficient methodology. P. granatum leaf extract was employed as a capping and stabilizing agent for the formation of silica nanoparticles, which were synthesized by a biological method using tetra ethyl ortho silicate. Biosynthesized silica nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All the analyses and characterization determined that the particles were spherical in shape and amorphous in nature with an average size of 12 nm. P. granatum-assisted silica nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activity by a well-diffusion method against two-gram negative bacterial pathogens (E. coli and Salmonella sp.). The antibacterial studies prove that P. granatum-assisted silica nanoparticles have good antibacterial properties. These studies will help us find a new nano-drug or medicine against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Voronin DV, Abalymov AA, Svenskaya YI, Lomova MV. Key Points in Remote-Controlled Drug Delivery: From the Carrier Design to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9149. [PMID: 34502059 PMCID: PMC8430748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased research activity aiming at improved delivery of pharmaceutical molecules indicates the expansion of the field. An efficient therapeutic delivery approach is based on the optimal choice of drug-carrying vehicle, successful targeting, and payload release enabling the site-specific accumulation of the therapeutic molecules. However, designing the formulation endowed with the targeting properties in vitro does not guarantee its selective delivery in vivo. The various biological barriers that the carrier encounters upon intravascular administration should be adequately addressed in its overall design to reduce the off-target effects and unwanted toxicity in vivo and thereby enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the payload. Here, we discuss the main parameters of remote-controlled drug delivery systems: (i) key principles of the carrier selection; (ii) the most significant physiological barriers and limitations associated with the drug delivery; (iii) major concepts for its targeting and cargo release stimulation by external stimuli in vivo. The clinical translation for drug delivery systems is also described along with the main challenges, key parameters, and examples of successfully translated drug delivery platforms. The essential steps on the way from drug delivery system design to clinical trials are summarized, arranged, and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V. Voronin
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya St. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.A.A.); (Y.I.S.); (M.V.L.)
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, National University of Oil and Gas “Gubkin University”, Leninsky Prospekt 65, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatolii A. Abalymov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya St. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.A.A.); (Y.I.S.); (M.V.L.)
| | - Yulia I. Svenskaya
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya St. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.A.A.); (Y.I.S.); (M.V.L.)
| | - Maria V. Lomova
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya St. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.A.A.); (Y.I.S.); (M.V.L.)
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Sun L, Sogo Y, Wang X, Ito A. Biosafety of mesoporous silica nanoparticles: a combined experimental and literature study. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:102. [PMID: 34406531 PMCID: PMC8373747 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica (MS) particles have been explored for various healthcare applications, but universal data about their safety and/or toxicity are yet to be well-established for clinical purposes. Information about general toxicity of hollow MS (HMS) particles and about immunotoxicity of MS particles are significantly lacked. Therefore, acute toxicity and immunotoxicity of HMS particles were experimentally evaluated. A systematic and objective literature study was parallelly performed to analyze the published in vivo toxicity of MS particles. Lethal acute toxicity of MS particles is likely to arise from their physical action after intravenous and intraperitoneal administrations, and only rarely observed after subcutaneous administration. No clear relationship was identified between physicochemical properties of MS particles and lethality as well as maximum tolerated dose with some exceptions. At sub-lethal doses, MS particles tend to accumulate mainly in lung, liver, and spleen. The HMS particles showed lower inflammation-inducing ability than polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and almost the same allergy-inducing ability as Alum. Finally, the universal lowest observed adverse effect levels were determined as 0.45, 0.81, and 4.1 mg/kg (human equivalent dose) for intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous administration of MS particles, respectively. These results could be helpful for determining an appropriate MS particle dose in clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Sun
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yu Sogo
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Xiupeng Wang
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ito
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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Tonbul H, Sahin A, Tavukcuoglu E, Ultav G, Akbas S, Aktas Y, Esendaglı G, Capan Y. Folic acid decoration of mesoporous silica nanoparticles to increase cellular uptake and cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin in human breast cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vyas M, Simbo DA, Mursalin M, Mishra V, Bashary R, Khatik GL. Drug Delivery Approaches for Doxorubicin in the Management of Cancers. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666191216114950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim:
We aimed to review the drug delivery approaches including a novel drug delivery
system of doxorubicin as an important anticancer drug.
Background:
Doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used against breast, uterine, ovarian, lung and cervical
cancer. It is listed among the essential medicines by WHO and is thus a very important drug
that can be used to fight against cancer. Despite its effectiveness, the use of the drug is limited due
to its dose-dependent toxicity. Several studies based on the DOX have suggested the need for
novel drug delivery formulations in the treatment of malignant and cancerous diseases due to its
cytotoxic nature.
Objectives:
This review focuses on the different formulations of DOX which is a useful drug in the
management of cancers, but associated with toxicity thus these approaches found applicability in
the reduction of its toxicity.
Methods:
We searched the scientific database using cancer, DOX, and different formulations as
the keywords. Here in only peer-reviewed research articles collected which were useful to our
current work.
Results:
This study is based on an examination of the recent advancements of its novel drug delivery
formulations. DOX hydrochloride is the first liposomal anticancer drug, administered via
the intravenous route, and also clinically approved for the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias,
and solid tumors. DOX is prepared into a liposomal formulation that contains polyethylene glycol
(PEG) layer around DOX containing liposome made by pegylation process. DOX also formulated
in nano-formulations which is also discussed herein led to reduced toxicity and increased efficacy.
Conclusion:
In the review, we described the significance of DOX in the form of different delivery
approaches in the management of cancers with a reduction in the associated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Vyas
- Department of Ayurveda, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India
| | - Daniel A. Simbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India
| | - Mohd. Mursalin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India
| | - Roqia Bashary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Gopal L. Khatik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India
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Mishra A, Pandey VK, Shankar BS, Melo JS. Spray drying as an efficient route for synthesis of silica nanoparticles-sodium alginate biohybrid drug carrier of doxorubicin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 197:111445. [PMID: 33166931 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrids (a combination of biological material and inorganic nanoparticles) offer a number of advantages like improved functionality over conventional materials.Thus, to understand the practical application of biohybrids as drug carriers, a biohybrid drug carrier of colloidal silica nanoparticles (NP)-sodium alginate loaded with doxorubicin (Dox-biohybrid) was synthesized by evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) using spray drying technique. Further, the morphology, size and interactions between various components of the biohybrid were studied through SEM, DLS and FTIR techniques. The drug loading efficiency, release profile, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of Dox-biohybrid was investigated and compared with free Dox. The drug loading efficiencies of Dox-biohybrid, Dox-silica NP and Dox-sodium alginate were 93.7 %, 96.4 % and 88.3 % respectively. In vitro release study showed a slow release of entrapped Dox from Dox-biohybrid as compared to other carriers. This release was also pH-responsive with significantly higher cumulative drug release at pH 5.5 (cancer microenvironment) in comparison to pH 7.4 (physiological conditions). The empty biohybrid carrier did not show cytotoxicity to normal mouse lymphocytes upto a concentration of 25 μg/mL which was used further. The uptake of Dox from Dox-biohybrid by A549 cells was more than 2fold as compared to uptake from free Dox. in vitro viability assay revealed that treatment of lung carcinoma A549 cells with Dox-biohybrid resulted in 50 % loss of cell viability at 500 nM, compared to only 12 % loss with free Dox. Thus, we report the synthesis of a novel biohybrid drug delivery system by means of spray drying process that has promising applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Mishra
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
| | - Vipul K Pandey
- Radiation Biology and Health Safety Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
| | - Bhavani S Shankar
- Radiation Biology and Health Safety Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
| | - Jose S Melo
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
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Wei QY, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Recent Progress of Nanocarrier-Based Therapy for Solid Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102783. [PMID: 32998391 PMCID: PMC7600685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy is still an important option of cancer treatment, but it has poor cell selectivity, severe side effects, and drug resistance. Utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) to improve the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs has been highlighted in recent years. Nanotechnology dramatically changed the face of oncology by high loading capacity, less toxicity, targeted delivery of drugs, increased uptake to target sites, and optimized pharmacokinetic patterns of traditional drugs. At present, research is being envisaged in the field of novel nano-pharmaceutical design, such as liposome, polymer NPs, bio-NPs, and inorganic NPs, so as to make chemotherapy effective and long-lasting. Till now, a number of studies have been conducted using a wide range of nanocarriers for the treatment of solid tumors including lung, breast, pancreas, brain, and liver. To provide a reference for the further application of chemodrug-loaded nanoformulations, this review gives an overview of the recent development of nanocarriers, and the updated status of their use in the treatment of several solid tumors.
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Gera M, Kim N, Ghosh M, Sharma N, Huynh DL, Chandimali N, Koh H, Zhang JJ, Kang TY, Park YH, Kwon T, Jeong DK. Synthesis and evaluation of the antiproliferative efficacy of BRM270 phytocomposite nanoparticles against human hepatoma cancer cell lines. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 97:166-176. [PMID: 30678901 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BRM270 is the most leading phytochemical extract that possesses potent anticancer properties. A major challenge associated with this drug is its low bioavailability and thus requires high dosages for cancer treatment. Here, we report the novel nano-synthesis of phyto-composite, BRM270 for the first time by mechanical milling method with specific modifications for enhanced cytotoxicity against HepG2 human hepatoma cancer cells. Unlike free BRM270 and other phytomedicines, BRM270 nanoparticles (BRM270 NPs) are well-dispersed and small sized (23 to 70 nm) which is believed to greatly enhanced cellular uptake. Furthermore, the acidic tumor microenvironment attracts BRM270 NPs enhancing targeted therapy while leaving normal cells less affected. The comparative cytotoxicity analysis using MTT assay among the three treatment groups, such as free BRM270, BRM270 NPs, and doxorubicin demonstrated that BRM270 NPs induced greater cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells with an effective drug concentration of 12 μg/ml. From FACS analysis, we observed an apoptotic cell death of 44.4% at BRM270 NPs treated cells while only 12.5% found in the free BRM270 treated cells. Further, the comparative relative expression profiling of the candidate genes were showed significant (p < 0.05) down-regulation of IL6, BCL2, p53, and MMP9 in the BRM270 NPs treated cells, compared to the free BRM270 and doxorubicin. Indeed, the genes, CASPASE 9 and BAX have shown significant (p < 0.05) upregulation in cells treated with BRM270 NPs as compared to counter treatment groups. The investigation of the signal pathways and protein-protein network associations were also carried out to elucidate the functional insights underlying anti-cancer potential of BRM270 NPs in HepG2 cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that these uniquely engineered BRM270 NPs effectively enter into the cancer cells due to its acidic microenvironment thereby inducing apoptosis and regulate the cell-proliferation in-vitro at extremely low dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeta Gera
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-Do 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Nameun Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-Do 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Do Luong Huynh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-Do 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Nisansala Chandimali
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-Do 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Koh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-Do 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiao Jiao Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-Do 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Kang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-Do 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Taeho Kwon
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-Do 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-Do 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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