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Souza APC, Neves JG, Navarro da Rocha D, Lopes CC, Moraes ÂM, Correr-Sobrinho L, Correr AB. Chitosan/Xanthan membrane containing hydroxyapatite/Graphene oxide nanocomposite for guided bone regeneration. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105464. [PMID: 36209591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a chitosan-xanthan (CX) membrane associated with Hydroxyapatite (HA) and different concentrations of graphene oxide (GO). METHODOLOGY The CX complex was associated with the hydroxyapatite-graphene oxide (HAGO) nanocomposite in different concentrations. The experimental groups were:1) CX; 2) Chitosan-Xanthan/Hydroxyapatite (CXHA); 3) Chitosan-Xanthan/Hydroxyapatite-Graphene Oxide 0.5% (CXHAGO 0.5%); 4) CXHAGO 1.0%; 5) CXHAGO 1.5%. The membranes characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Contact angle, Tensile Strength, in vitro Bioactivity and the in vitro Cell viability (MTT test). The data was submitted to the Normality and Homogeneity tests. In vitro Indirect Cytotoxicity assay data was statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Tensile Strength and Contact Angle data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the characteristic bands of the CX polymeric complex, the phosphate bands related to HA, and the presence of GO. SEM images demonstrated the non-porous and homogeneous surface of membranes. The contact angle test showed the hydrophilic characteristic of all membranes (p > 0.05). CX showed tensile strength significantly higher than other membranes. The apatite deposition was observed in all membranes after performing the bioactivity test. The cell viability of CXHAGO 1.0% and CXHAGO 1.5% was significantly higher than CX. CONCLUSION The addition of HAGO reduced the mechanical strength of membranes, but improved its cell viability. It demonstrated the potential of CXHAGO membranes to be used in guided bone regeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana P C Souza
- Department of Restorative Dentistry- Dental Materials Area, Piracicaba Dental School. State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, S.P., Brazil.
| | - José G Neves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry- Dental Materials Area, Piracicaba Dental School. State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, S.P., Brazil.
| | - Daniel Navarro da Rocha
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering- IME, Rio de Janeiro, R.J., Brazil; Department of Bioengineering, R-Crio Criogenia S.A., Campinas, S.P., Brazil
| | - Camila C Lopes
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering- IME, Rio de Janeiro, R.J., Brazil
| | - Ângela M Moraes
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lourenço Correr-Sobrinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry- Dental Materials Area, Piracicaba Dental School. State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, S.P., Brazil
| | - Américo Bortolazzo Correr
- Department of Restorative Dentistry- Dental Materials Area, Piracicaba Dental School. State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, S.P., Brazil
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Lv B, Wu J, Xiong Y, Xie X, Lin Z, Mi B, Liu G. Functionalized multidimensional biomaterials for bone microenvironment engineering applications: Focus on osteoimmunomodulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1023231. [PMID: 36406210 PMCID: PMC9672076 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1023231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As bone biology develops, it is gradually recognized that bone regeneration is a pathophysiological process that requires the simultaneous participation of multiple systems. With the introduction of osteoimmunology, the interplay between the immune system and the musculoskeletal diseases has been the conceptual framework for a thorough understanding of both systems and the advancement of osteoimmunomodulaty biomaterials. Various therapeutic strategies which include intervention of the surface characteristics or the local delivery systems with the incorporation of bioactive molecules have been applied to create an ideal bone microenvironment for bone tissue regeneration. Our review systematically summarized the current research that is being undertaken in the field of osteoimmunomodulaty bone biomaterials on a case-by-case basis, aiming to inspire more extensive research and promote clinical conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Prylutska SV, Franskevych DV, Yemets AI. Cellular Biological and Molecular Genetic Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials in Plants. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Novel Whitlockite/Alginate/C60 Fullerene Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Properties for Medical Application. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Bardajee GR, Sharifi M, Torkamani H, Vancaeyzeele C. Synthesis of magnetic multi walled carbon nanotubes hydrogel nanocomposite based on poly (acrylic acid) grafted onto salep and its application in the drug delivery of tetracyceline hydrochloride. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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任 义, 黄 若, 王 存, 马 亚, 李 晓. [Advantages and challenges of carbon nanotubes as bone repair materials]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2021; 35:271-277. [PMID: 33719233 PMCID: PMC8171765 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202009073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
With the in-depth research on bone repair process, and the progress in bone repair materials preparation and characterization, a variety of artificial bone substitutes have been fully developed in the treatment of bone related diseases such as bone defects. However, the current various natural or synthetic biomaterials are still unable to achieve the structure and properties of natural bone. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have provided a new direction for the development of new materials in the field of bone repair due to their excellent structural stability, mechanical properties, and functional group modifiability. Moreover, CNTs and their composites have broad prospects in the design of bone repair materials and as drug delivery carriers. This paper describes the advantages of CNTs related to bone tissue regeneration from the aspects of morphology, chemistry, mechanics, electromagnetism, and biosafety, as well as the application of CNTs in drug delivery carriers and reinforcement components of scaffold materials. In addition, the potential problems and prospects of CNTs in bone regenerative medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- 义行 任
- 保定市第四中心医院骨科(河北保定 072350)Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding Hebei, 072350, P.R.China
| | - 若愚 黄
- 保定市第四中心医院骨科(河北保定 072350)Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding Hebei, 072350, P.R.China
| | - 存阳 王
- 保定市第四中心医院骨科(河北保定 072350)Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding Hebei, 072350, P.R.China
| | - 亚洁 马
- 保定市第四中心医院骨科(河北保定 072350)Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding Hebei, 072350, P.R.China
| | - 晓明 李
- 保定市第四中心医院骨科(河北保定 072350)Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding Hebei, 072350, P.R.China
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Zare H, Ahmadi S, Ghasemi A, Ghanbari M, Rabiee N, Bagherzadeh M, Karimi M, Webster TJ, Hamblin MR, Mostafavi E. Carbon Nanotubes: Smart Drug/Gene Delivery Carriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1681-1706. [PMID: 33688185 PMCID: PMC7936533 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s299448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (such as their high surface to volume ratios, enhanced conductivity and strength, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, optical properties, etc.) have led to their consideration to serve as novel drug and gene delivery carriers. CNTs are effectively taken up by many different cell types through several mechanisms. CNTs have acted as carriers of anticancer molecules (including docetaxel (DTX), doxorubicin (DOX), methotrexate (MTX), paclitaxel (PTX), and gemcitabine (GEM)), anti-inflammatory drugs, osteogenic dexamethasone (DEX) steroids, etc. In addition, the unique optical properties of CNTs have led to their use in a number of platforms for improved photo-therapy. Further, the easy surface functionalization of CNTs has prompted their use to deliver different genes, such as plasmid DNA (PDNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) as gene delivery vectors for various diseases such as cancers. However, despite all of these promises, the most important continuous concerns raised by scientists reside in CNT nanotoxicology and the environmental effects of CNTs, mostly because of their non-biodegradable state. Despite a lack of widespread FDA approval, CNTs have been studied for decades and plenty of in vivo and in vitro reports have been published, which are reviewed here. Lastly, this review covers the future research necessary for the field of CNT medicine to grow even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Zare
- Advances Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Ghanbari
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MA, Iran
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, MA, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, MA, Iran
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Jyoti J, Kiran A, Sandhu M, Kumar A, Singh BP, Kumar N. Improved nanomechanical and in-vitro biocompatibility of graphene oxide-carbon nanotube hydroxyapatite hybrid composites by synergistic effect. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 117:104376. [PMID: 33618240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is an attractive bio-material for new bone growth process, hard tissue repair, bioactivity, osteoblast adhesion and proliferation due to its physicochemical resembles natural apatite. The intrinsic brittleness and poor mechanical properties of HAP restrict it for potential clinical applications. This problem is undertaken by exploiting the unique properties of carbon nanofillers (carbon nanotube (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), graphene oxide-carbon nanotube (GCNTs) hybrid) which are used as reinforcement for preparing the carbon nanofillers based HAP composites. The nanomechanical and in-vitro biocompatibility of carbon nanofiller reinforced HAP composites have been studied. Carbon nanofiller reinforced HAP composites led to an improvement in nanomechanical and biocompatibility properties. The nanoindentation hardness and elastic modulus of GCNTs-HAP composites are significantly higher than other carbon nanofiller reinforced composites and pristine HAP powder. The in-vitro cytotoxicity of the prepared carbon nanofillers reinforced HAP composites is examined using MTT-assay on the MDCK cell line. The prepared GCNTs-HAP composites containing 2% of GCNTs nanofiller show higher cell viability, improved compatibility, and superior one cell proliferation induction than the other carbon nanofillers and HAP. These findings will provide the new prospects for utilizing the GO and its hybrid in HAP composites in bone repair, regeneration, augmentation and implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Jyoti
- School of Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagr, 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kiran
- School of Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagr, 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Manjit Sandhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagr, 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagr, 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Bhanu Pratap Singh
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Navin Kumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagr, 140001, Punjab, India.
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9
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Modeling of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Binding to Nitric Oxide Synthase and Guanylate Cyclase Molecular Structures. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-020-09859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Single-walled carbon nanotubes loaded hydroxyapatite-alginate beads with enhanced mechanical properties and sustained drug release ability. Prog Biomater 2020; 9:1-14. [PMID: 32002771 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-020-00127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) containing biomaterial with enhanced mechanical properties for the potential orthopedic application were synthesized and investigated. X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis were indications of the formation of calcium-deficient (Ca/P = 1.65) hydroxyapatite (HA) with a small carbonate content under influence of microwave irradiation. The investigated mechanical properties (maximal relative deformation, compressive strength and Young's modulus) of SWCNT loaded HA-alginate composites confirm their dependence on SWCNTs content. The compressive strength of HA-alginate-SWCNT and the HA-alginate control (202 and 159 MPa, respectively) lies within the values characteristic for the cortical bone. The addition of 0.5% SWCNT, in relation to the content of HA, increases the Young's modulus of the HA-alginate-SWCNT (645 MPa) compared to the SWCNT-free HA-alginate sample (563 MPa), and enhances the material shape stability in simulated physiological conditions. Structural modeling of HA-alginate-SWCNT system showed, that physical adsorption of SWCNT into HA-alginate occurs by forming triple complexes stabilized by solvophobic/van der Waals interactions and H-bonds. The high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated the influence of SWCNTs on the sustained anaesthesinum drug (used as a model drug) release (456 h against 408 h for SWCNT-free sample). Cell culture assay confirmed biocompatibility and stimulation of osteoblast proliferation of 0.05% and 0.5% SWCNT-containing composites during a 3-day cultivation. All these facts may suggest the potential possibility of using the SWCNT-containing materials, based on HA and alginate, for bone tissue engineering.
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Khatun B, Baishya P, Ramteke A, Maji TK. Study of the complexation of structurally modified curcumin with hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin and its effect on anticancer activity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at modifying curcumin to curcumin pyrazole and complexing it with HPβCD employing a simple protocol to improve curcumin's chemical–physical properties and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bably Khatun
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tezpur University
- Napaam
- Tezpur
- India
| | - Pitambar Baishya
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology
- Tezpur University
- Napaam
- Tezpur
- India
| | - Anand Ramteke
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology
- Tezpur University
- Napaam
- Tezpur
- India
| | - T. K. Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tezpur University
- Napaam
- Tezpur
- India
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12
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C60 fullerene loaded hydroxyapatite-chitosan beads as a promising system for prolonged drug release. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Pei B, Wang W, Dunne N, Li X. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering: Superiority, Concerns, Current Advancements, and Prospects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1501. [PMID: 31652533 PMCID: PMC6835716 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With advances in bone tissue regeneration and engineering technology, various biomaterials as artificial bone substitutes have been widely developed and innovated for the treatment of bone defects or diseases. However, there are no available natural and synthetic biomaterials replicating the natural bone structure and properties under physiological conditions. The characteristic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them an ideal candidate for developing innovative biomimetic materials in the bone biomedical field. Indeed, CNT-based materials and their composites possess the promising potential to revolutionize the design and integration of bone scaffolds or implants, as well as drug therapeutic systems. This review summarizes the unique physicochemical and biomedical properties of CNTs as structural biomaterials and reinforcing agents for bone repair as well as provides coverage of recent concerns and advancements in CNT-based materials and composites for bone tissue regeneration and engineering. Moreover, this review discusses the research progress in the design and development of novel CNT-based delivery systems in the field of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Pei
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Nicholas Dunne
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Raphey VR, Henna TK, Nivitha KP, Mufeedha P, Sabu C, Pramod K. Advanced biomedical applications of carbon nanotube. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 100:616-630. [PMID: 30948098 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With advances in nanotechnology, the applications of nanomaterial are developing widely and greatly. The characteristic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them the most selective candidate for various multi-functional applications. The greater surface area of the CNTs in addition to the capability to manipulate the surfaces and dimensions has provided greater potential for this nanomaterial. The CNTs possess greater potential for applications in biomedicine due to their vital electrical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The unique properties of CNT are exploited for numerous applications in the biomedical field. They are useful in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. They form novel carrier systems which are also capable of site-specific delivery of therapeutic agents. In addition, CNTs are of potential application in biosensing. Many recently reported advanced systems of CNT could be exploited for their immense potential in biomedicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Raphey
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - T K Henna
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - K P Nivitha
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - P Mufeedha
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Chinnu Sabu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - K Pramod
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India.
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