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Behrooznia Z, Nourmohammadi J, Mohammadi Z, Shabani F, Mashhadi R. "Biological evaluation of 3D-Printed chitosan-based scaffolds for tissue engineering". Carbohydr Res 2025; 551:109416. [PMID: 39977977 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial capabilities, making it a good candidate for tissue engineering. 3D printing has revolutionized biomaterial fabrication owing to its precision, customization, and ability to create complex structures. This article aims to provide an overview of the current advances in 3D printing techniques for fabricating scaffolds based on chitosan and its derivatives. It also describes various printing methods, including extrusion bioprinting technique, inkjet bioprinting, stereolithography, digital light processing, and indirect 3D printing for controlling porosity, mechanical strength, and biological characteristics of chitosan scaffolds for a variety of tissues, like bone, vascular, cardiac, cartilage, and skin. This review also examines the biological properties of 3D-printed chitosan scaffolds. The advancements in biological performance and 3D printing technology indicate a promising future for developing flexible, customized scaffolds consisting of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Behrooznia
- College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jhamak Nourmohammadi
- College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Mohammadi
- College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shabani
- College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahele Mashhadi
- College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Sun J, Chen C, Zhang B, Yao C, Zhang Y. Advances in 3D-printed scaffold technologies for bone defect repair: materials, biomechanics, and clinical prospects. Biomed Eng Online 2025; 24:51. [PMID: 40301861 PMCID: PMC12042599 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-025-01381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/01/2025] Open
Abstract
The treatment of large bone defects remains a significant clinical challenge due to the limitations of current grafting techniques, including donor site morbidity, restricted availability, and suboptimal integration. Recent advances in 3D bioprinting technology have enabled the fabrication of structurally and functionally optimized scaffolds that closely mimic native bone tissue architecture. This review comprehensively examines the latest developments in 3D-printed scaffolds for bone regeneration, focusing on three critical aspects: (1) material selection and composite design encompassing metallic; (2) structural optimization with hierarchical porosity (macro/micro/nano-scale) and biomechanical properties tailored; (3) biological functionalization through growth factor delivery, cell seeding strategies and surface modifications. We critically analyze scaffold performance metrics from different research applications, while discussing current translational barriers, including vascular network establishment, mechanical stability under load-bearing conditions, and manufacturing scalability. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on innovative approaches such as 4D dynamic scaffolds, smart biomaterials with stimuli-responsive properties, and the integration of artificial intelligence for patient-specific design optimization. These technological advancements collectively offer unprecedented opportunities to address unmet clinical needs in complex bone reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Liu A, Wang C, Zhao Z, Zhu R, Deng S, Zhang S, Ghorbani F, Ying T, Yi C, Li D. Progress of porous tantalum surface-modified biomaterial coatings in bone tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2025; 36:26. [PMID: 40042692 PMCID: PMC11882692 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-025-06871-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/09/2025]
Abstract
Tantalum (Ta) metal has emerged as a prominent material within the realm of bone tissue engineering, owing to its favorable biocompatibility, commendable mechanical attributes, and notable biological properties such as osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and angiogenic potential. However, as clinical applications have expanded, Ta implants have unveiled a spectrum of limitations. Consequently, porous tantalum (PTa) has garnered escalating interest, attributable to its unique microstructural attributes, tunable mechanical characteristics, and inherent biocompatibility. Various methodologies have been proposed to modify the surface of PTa, with the aim of accelerating and enhancing osseous integration while fostering more robust osseointegration. Strategic surface modifications have the potential to augment the inherent advantages of PTa, thereby offering diverse avenues for exploration within the realm of surface effects on PTa. This review elucidates the ongoing research endeavors concerning diverse biomaterial coatings applied to PTa surfaces in the context of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Sitong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Farnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ting Ying
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chengqing Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dejian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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Ngau SM, Cheah KH, Wong VL, Khiew PS, Lim SS. 3D-printed poly(ethylene) glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)-chitosan-nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds: Structural characterization and cellular response. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 296:139652. [PMID: 39793825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.139652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2024] [Revised: 12/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
Polymer-based scaffolds with bioactive materials offer great potential in bone tissue engineering. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) scaffolds fabricated via liquid crystal display 3D printing technique lack inherent osteoconductivity. To improve such properties, chitosan of 10 and 20 wt% and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) (3-10 wt%) were incorporated into PEGDA scaffolds. nHA, synthesized via wet chemical precipitation, had a particle size of 28 nm and exhibited low crystallinity, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. PEGDA-chitosan-nHA scaffolds underwent post-curing and 70 % ethanol leaching treatment. The presence of chitosan and nHA in the composite scaffolds was confirmed by their characteristic peaks. TGA analyses further verified nHA content correlating to the intended amount. The scaffolds featured interconnected pores ranging from 2891 to 3382 μm and porosities between 35 and 56 %. The swelling percentage and compressive modulus were reported at ~71-93 % and 0.52-1.18 MPa, respectively. Notably, PEGDA-chitosan-nHA scaffolds showed enhanced in vitro efficacy than pure PEGDA scaffolds, by promoting better MG63 cell adhesion (p < 0.05), higher proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, particularly in scaffolds with 20 wt% chitosan across all incubation periods in cell proliferation and early osteoblast differentiation studies. These findings suggest that PEGDA-chitosan-nHA scaffolds have promising potential for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannen Marcus Ngau
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kean How Cheah
- School of Aerospace, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, China
| | - Voon Loong Wong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900 Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Poi Sim Khiew
- Centre of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew Shee Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Khaki N, Sharifi E, Solati-Hashjin M, Abolfathi N. Influence of scaffold geometry on the degradation rate of 3D printed polylactic acid bone scaffold. J Biomater Appl 2025; 39:734-747. [PMID: 39631369 DOI: 10.1177/08853282241297767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Fabricating scaffolds using three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging approach in tissue engineering (TE), where filaments with a controlled arrangement are printed. Using fused deposition modeling in bone replacement enables the simulation of bone structure. However, the microenvironment created by the scaffold must meet specific requirements. These requirements aim to create an environment that promotes adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and cell migration. One of the challenges in creating polylactic acid scaffolds is controlling the degradation rate to match the target tissue. This study investigates the degradation of scaffolds with different geometries and the relationship between scaffolds' geometry and degradation rate. These scaffolds are made of polylactic acid and prepared using 3D printing. The lattice geometry was exposed to acidic media with varying pH levels for 1 month, and pH2 was selected for all geometries for further investigation. The five selected geometries were then immersed in the desired acid for 2 months, and measurements were taken for wet weight, dry weight, morphology, molecular weight, and crystallinity during degradation. The results showed that the hexagonal sample had a 1.5% increase in wet weight, and the gyroid sample had a 1.2% increase, indicating that the wavy shapes had a higher fluid-holding capacity. The degradation analysis indicated that the hexagonal geometry had accelerated degradation compared to the other geometries. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that filament separation not only results in rapid cooling and prevents the recovery of the crystalline arrangement but also increases the surface area to volume ratio, allowing for more acid penetration and faster degradation. Finally, mechanical properties and in vitro evaluation were assessed for three selected geometries. On the 60th day, the hexagonal scaffold had the highest elastic modulus value of 105 ± 0.45 MPa, while the gyroid scaffold had the lowest value of 58.8 ± 0.40 MPa. The lattice scaffold had the highest amount of cell attachment, with 210.88 ± 0.35 cells surviving after 24 hours and 94.01 ± 0.18 cells surviving after 72 hours. These high viability rates indicate that the three scaffolds with the selected geometries are suitable for promoting cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Khaki
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emad Sharifi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology(Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology(Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabiolah Abolfathi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology(Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Furtado ASA, Cunha MHS, Sousa LMR, Brito GC, Verde TFCL, Filgueiras LA, Sobral-Silva LA, Santana MV, Sousa GF, Santos FEP, Mendes AN, Figueredo-Silva J, Maia Filho ALM, Marciano FR, Vasconcellos LMR, Lobo AO. 3D-Printed PCL-Based Scaffolds with High Nanosized Synthetic Smectic Clay Content: Fabrication, Mechanical Properties, and Biological Evaluation for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Nanomedicine 2025; 20:53-69. [PMID: 39781289 PMCID: PMC11708205 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s497539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025] Open
Abstract
Background The 3D printing of macro- and mesoporous biomimetic grafts composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) infused with nanosized synthetic smectic clay is a promising innovation in biomaterials for bone tissue engineering (BTE). The main challenge lies in achieving a uniform distribution of nanoceramics across low to high concentrations within the polymer matrix while preserving mechanical properties and biological performance essential for successful osseointegration. Methods This study utilized 3D printing to fabricate PCL scaffolds enriched with nanosized synthetic smectic clay (LAP) to evaluate its effects on structural, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and degradative properties, with a focus on in vitro biological performance and non-toxicity. Scaffolds were created with varying proportions of PCL and LAP. Comprehensive characterization included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical testing, swelling analysis, and degradation studies. Biological performance was assessed through MTT assays (cell viability), alkaline phosphatase activity, histological analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, highlighting the scaffolds' biocompatibility and potential applications in regenerative medicine. Results The developed inks demonstrated excellent injectability, and the 3D-printed PCL/LAP scaffolds exhibited a microporous and rough structure, good structural fidelity, low degradability, thermal stability, and sufficient mechanical strength across all formulations. Intrinsic properties of the scaffolds revealed no cytotoxicity while enhancing bioactivity and promoting in vitro mineralization when cultured with mesenchymal stem cells in all analyzed groups. Notably, the high concentration of LAP within the PCL matrices did not induce in vitro cytotoxicity but rather stimulated in vitro mineralization and differentiation. Conclusion This study demonstrated the feasibility of 3D printing PCL/LAP scaffolds with high concentrations of nanoceramics. Both in vitro and in vivo assays validated the regenerative potential of these scaffolds, emphasizing their efficacy as a promising approach for developing advanced biomimetic grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S A Furtado
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Manuel H S Cunha
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Luciana M R Sousa
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Brito
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Thiago F C L Verde
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Livia Alves Filgueiras
- Laboratory of Innovation in Science and Technology, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Sobral-Silva
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Moisés V Santana
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Sousa
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson N Mendes
- Laboratory of Innovation in Science and Technology, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda R Marciano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Luana M R Vasconcellos
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson O Lobo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
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Menichetti A, Mordini D, Montalti M. Penetration of Microplastics and Nanoparticles Through Skin: Effects of Size, Shape, and Surface Chemistry. J Xenobiot 2024; 15:6. [PMID: 39846538 PMCID: PMC11755607 DOI: 10.3390/jox15010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2025] Open
Abstract
Skin represents an effective barrier against the penetration of external agents into the human body. Nevertheless, recent research has shown that small particles, especially in the nanosized range, can not only penetrate through the skin but also work as vectors to transport active molecules such as contrast agents or drugs. This knowledge has opened new perspectives on nanomedicine and controlled drug delivery. On the other hand, micro- and nanoplastics represent a form of emerging pollutants, and their concentration in the environment has been reported to drastically increase in the last years. The possible penetration of these particles through the skin has become a major concern for human health. If the actual primary toxicity of these materials is still debated, their possible role in the transport of toxic molecules through the skin, originating as secondary toxicity, is surely alarming. In this review paper, we analyze and critically discuss the most recent scientific publications to underline how these two processes, (i) the controlled delivery of bioactive molecules by micro- and nano-structures and (ii) the unwanted and uncontrolled penetration of toxic species through the skin mediated by micro- and nanoparticles, are deeply related and their efficiency is strongly affected by the nature, size, and shape of the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Menichetti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.)
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Dario Campana, 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy
| | - Dario Mordini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.)
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Dario Campana, 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy
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Zhang Y, Xu T, Li T, Chen H, Xu G, Hu W, Li Y, Dong Y, Liu Z, Han B. A three-phase strategy of bionic drug reservoir scaffold by 3D printing and layer-by-layer modification for chronic relapse management in traumatic osteomyelitis. Mater Today Bio 2024; 29:101356. [PMID: 39687799 PMCID: PMC11648807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 11/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel three-phase strategy for osteomyelitis treatment, structured into three distinct phases: the "strong antimicrobial" phase, the "monitoring and osteogenesis" phase and the "bone repair" phase. To implement this staged therapeutic strategy, we engineered a bionic drug reservoir scaffold carrying a dual-drug combination of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and simvastatin (SV). The scaffold integrated a bilayer gel drug-carrying structure, based on an induced membrane and combined with a 3D-printed rigid bone graft using a layer-by-layer modification strategy. The mechanical strength of the composite scaffold (73.40 ± 22.44 MPa) is comparable to that of cancellous bone. This scaffold enables controlled, sequential drug release through a spatial structure design and nanoparticle drug-carrying strategy. AMPs are released rapidly, with the release efficiency of 74.90 ± 8.19 % at 14 days (pH = 7.2), thus enabling rapid antimicrobial therapy. Meanwhile, SV is released over a prolonged period, with a release efficiency of 98.98 ± 0.05 % over 40 days in vitro simulations, promoting sustained osteogenesis and facilitating the treatment of intracellular infections by activating macrophage extracellular traps (METs). The antimicrobial, osteogenic and immunomodulatory effects of the scaffolds were verified through in vitro and in vivo experiments. It was demonstrated that composite scaffolds were able to combat the chronic recurrence of osteomyelitis after debridement, by providing rapid sterilization, stimulating METs formation, and supporting osteogenic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Tieshu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hening Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Guangzhe Xu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yongting Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yue Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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Łuczak JW, Palusińska M, Matak D, Pietrzak D, Nakielski P, Lewicki S, Grodzik M, Szymański Ł. The Future of Bone Repair: Emerging Technologies and Biomaterials in Bone Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:12766. [PMID: 39684476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252312766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone defects and fractures present significant clinical challenges, particularly in orthopedic and maxillofacial applications. While minor bone defects may be capable of healing naturally, those of a critical size necessitate intervention through the use of implants or grafts. The utilization of traditional methodologies, encompassing autografts and allografts, is constrained by several factors. These include the potential for donor site morbidity, the restricted availability of suitable donors, and the possibility of immune rejection. This has prompted extensive research in the field of bone tissue engineering to develop advanced synthetic and bio-derived materials that can support bone regeneration. The optimal bone substitute must achieve a balance between biocompatibility, bioresorbability, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity while simultaneously providing mechanical support during the healing process. Recent innovations include the utilization of three-dimensional printing, nanotechnology, and bioactive coatings to create scaffolds that mimic the structure of natural bone and enhance cell proliferation and differentiation. Notwithstanding the advancements above, challenges remain in optimizing the controlled release of growth factors and adapting materials to various clinical contexts. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in bone substitute materials, focusing on their biological mechanisms, design considerations, and clinical applications. It explores the role of emerging technologies, such as additive manufacturing and stem cell-based therapies, in advancing the field. Future research highlights the need for multidisciplinary collaboration and rigorous testing to develop advanced bone graft substitutes, improving outcomes and quality of life for patients with complex defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Weronika Łuczak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, Bldg. 23, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Palusińska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Damian Matak
- European Biomedical Institute, 05-410 Jozefów, Poland
| | - Damian Pietrzak
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Nakielski
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Lewicki
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Pl. Żelaznej Bramy 10, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, Bldg. 23, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szymański
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
- European Biomedical Institute, 05-410 Jozefów, Poland
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10
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Omigbodun FT, Oladapo BI. Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Degradation Control of Poly(Lactic) Acid/Hydroxyapatite/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Advanced Bone Tissue Engineering Application. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:651. [PMID: 39590223 PMCID: PMC11592037 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the enhancement of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix using calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAP) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for developing composite scaffolds aimed at bone regeneration applications. The PLA composites were fabricated through solvent evaporation and melt extrusion and characterized by various techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical testing. The incorporation of cHAP and rGO significantly improved the thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the PLA matrix. Mechanical testing revealed that adding 10% cHAP and varying amounts of rGO (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%) enhanced tensile and compressive strengths, with the highest improvements observed at 0.5% rGO content. Thermal analysis showed increased thermal stability with higher degradation temperatures for the composites. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the effective integration of cHAP and rGO into the PLA matrix with characteristic peaks of the fillers identified in the composite spectra. In vitro, degraded action tests in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 over 12 months indicated that composites with higher rGO content exhibited lower mass loss and better mechanical stability. Furthermore, finite element analysis (FEA) simulations were performed to validate the experimental results, demonstrating a strong correlation between simulated and experimental compressive strengths. This novel approach demonstrates the potential of PLA/cHAP/rGO composites in creating effective and biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering, providing a comprehensive analysis of the synergistic effects of cHAP and rGO on the PLA matrix and offering a promising material for bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis T. Omigbodun
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- The Manufacturing Technology Centre, Coventry CV7 9JU, UK
| | - Bankole I. Oladapo
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK;
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11
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Shalimov A, Tashkinov M, Terekhina K, Elenskaya N, Vindokurov I, Silbersсhmidt VV. Crack propagation in TPMS scaffolds under monotonic axial load: Effect of morphology. Med Eng Phys 2024; 132:104235. [PMID: 39428133 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2024.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, the mechanical behaviour and failure of porous additively manufactured (AM) polylactide (PLA) scaffolds based on the triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) is investigated using numerical calculations of their unit cells and representative volumes. The strain-amplification factor is chosen as the main parameter, and the most critical locations for failure of different types of scaffold structures are evaluated. The results obtained are presented in comparison with a multiple-crack-growth algorithm using the extended finite element method (XFEM), underpinned by the experimentally obtained fracture properties of PLA. The effect of morphology of TPMS structures on the pre-critical, critical and post-critical behaviours of scaffolds under monotonic loading regimes is assessed. The results provide an understanding of the fracture behaviour and main risk points for crack initiation in structures of AM-PLA scaffolds based on typical commonly used types of TPMS, as well as the influence of structure type and external load on this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Shalimov
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Ave., 29, Perm, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Tashkinov
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Ave., 29, Perm, Russia
| | - Ksenia Terekhina
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Ave., 29, Perm, Russia
| | - Nataliya Elenskaya
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Ave., 29, Perm, Russia
| | - Ilia Vindokurov
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Ave., 29, Perm, Russia
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12
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Podgórski R, Wojasiński M, Małolepszy A, Jaroszewicz J, Ciach T. Fabrication of 3D-Printed Scaffolds with Multiscale Porosity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29186-29204. [PMID: 39005818 PMCID: PMC11238315 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
3D printing is a promising technique for producing bone implants, but there is still a need to adjust efficiency, facilitate production, and improve biocompatibility. Porous materials have a proven positive effect on the regeneration of bone tissue, but their production is associated with numerous limitations. In this work, we described a simple method of producing polymer or polymer-ceramic filaments for 3D-printing scaffolds by adding micrometer-scale porous structures on scaffold surfaces. Scaffolds included polycaprolactone (PCL) as the primary polymer, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) as the ceramic filler, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a porogen. The pressurized filament extrusion gave flexible filaments composed of PCL, β-TCP, and PEG, which are ready to use in fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers. Washing of 3D-printed scaffolds in ethanol solution removed PEG and revealed a microporous structure and ceramic particles on the scaffold's surfaces. Furthermore, 3D-printed materials exhibit good printing precision, no cytotoxic properties, and highly impact MG63 cell alignment. Although combining PCL, PEG, and β-TCP is quite popular, the presented method allows the production of porous scaffolds with a well-organized structure without advanced equipment, and the produced filaments can be used to 3D print scaffolds on a simple commercially available 3D printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Podgórski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wojasiński
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Małolepszy
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, CEZAMAT, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Drakoulas G, Gortsas T, Polyzos E, Tsinopoulos S, Pyl L, Polyzos D. An explainable machine learning-based probabilistic framework for the design of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:987-1012. [PMID: 38416219 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Recently, 3D-printed biodegradable scaffolds have shown great potential for bone repair in critical-size fractures. The differentiation of the cells on a scaffold is impacted among other factors by the surface deformation of the scaffold due to mechanical loading and the wall shear stresses imposed by the interstitial fluid flow. These factors are in turn significantly affected by the material properties, the geometry of the scaffold, as well as the loading and flow conditions. In this work, a numerical framework is proposed to study the influence of these factors on the expected osteochondral cell differentiation. The considered scaffold is rectangular with a 0/90 lay-down pattern and a four-layered strut made of polylactic acid with a 5% steel particle content. The distribution of the different types of cells on the scaffold surface is estimated through a scalar stimulus, calculated by using a mechanobioregulatory model. To reduce the simulation time for the computation of the stimulus, a probabilistic machine learning (ML)-based reduced-order model (ROM) is proposed. Then, a sensitivity analysis is performed using the Shapley additive explanations to examine the contribution of the various parameters to the framework stimulus predictions. In a final step, a multiobjective optimization procedure is implemented using genetic algorithms and the ROM, aiming to identify the material parameters and loading conditions that maximize the percentage of surface area populated by bone cells while minimizing the area corresponding to the other types of cells and the resorption condition. The results of the performed analysis highlight the potential of using ROMs for the scaffold design, by dramatically reducing the simulation time while enabling the efficient implementation of sensitivity analysis and optimization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Drakoulas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece.
| | - Theodore Gortsas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 26334, Patras, Greece.
| | - Efstratios Polyzos
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephanos Tsinopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 26334, Patras, Greece
| | - Lincy Pyl
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Demosthenes Polyzos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece
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14
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Aleynik DY, Zhivtscov OP, Yudin VV, Kovylin RS, Komarov RN, Charykova IN, Linkova DD, Rubtsova YP, Guseva MS, Vasyagina TI, Morozov AG, Chesnokov SA, Egorikhina MN. Specifics of Porous Polymer and Xenogeneic Matrices and of Bone Tissue Regeneration Related to Their Implantation into an Experimental Rabbit Defect. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1165. [PMID: 38675083 PMCID: PMC11054212 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper provides a study of two bone substitutes: a hybrid porous polymer and an osteoplastic matrix based on a bovine-derived xenograft. Both materials are porous, but their pore characteristics are different. The osteoplastic matrix has pores of 300-600 µm and the hybrid polymer has smaller pores, generally of 6-20 µm, but with some pores up to 100 µm across. SEM data confirmed the porometry results and demonstrated the different structures of the materials. Therefore, both materials were characterized by an interconnected porous structure and provided conditions for the adhesion and vital activity of human ASCs in vitro. In an experimental model of rabbit shin bone defect, it was shown that, during the 6-month observation period, neither of the materials caused negative reactions in the experimental animals. By the end of the observation period, restoration of the defects in animals in both groups was completed, and elements of both materials were preserved in the defect areas. Data from morphological examinations and CT data demonstrated that the rate of rabbit bone tissue regeneration with the hybrid polymer was comparable to that with the osteoplastic matrix. Therefore, the hybrid polymer has good potential for use in further research and improvement in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ya. Aleynik
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Oleg P. Zhivtscov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Vladimir V. Yudin
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia (A.G.M.)
| | - Roman S. Kovylin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia (A.G.M.)
| | - Roman N. Komarov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Irina N. Charykova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Daria D. Linkova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Yulia P. Rubtsova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Maria S. Guseva
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Tatyana I. Vasyagina
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Alexander G. Morozov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia (A.G.M.)
| | - Sergey A. Chesnokov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia (A.G.M.)
| | - Marfa N. Egorikhina
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Minin and Pozharsky Square 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia; (D.Y.A.); (O.P.Z.); (V.V.Y.); (R.N.K.); (I.N.C.); (D.D.L.); (Y.P.R.); (M.S.G.); (T.I.V.); (S.A.C.)
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15
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Liu Q, Wei F, Coathup M, Shen W, Wu D. Effect of Porosity and Pore Shape on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Additively Manufactured Bone Scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301111. [PMID: 37689976 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of porosity and pore shape on the biological and mechanical behavior of additively manufactured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE). Polylactic acid scaffolds with varying porosity levels (15-78%) and pore shapes, including regular (rectangular pores), gyroid, and diamond (triply periodic minimal surfaces) structures, are fabricated by fused filament fabrication. Murine-derived macrophages and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) are seeded onto the scaffolds. The compressive behavior and surface morphology of the scaffolds are characterized. The results show that scaffolds with 15%, 30%, and 45% porosity display the highest rate of macrophage and hBMSC growth. Gyroid and diamond scaffolds exhibit a higher rate of macrophage proliferation, while diamond scaffolds exhibit a higher rate of hBMSC proliferation. Additionally, gyroid and diamond scaffolds exhibit better compressive behavior compared to regular scaffolds. Of particular note, diamond scaffolds have the highest compressive modulus and strength. Surface morphology characterization indicates that the surface roughness of diamond and gyroid scaffolds is greater than that of regular scaffolds at the same porosity level, which is beneficial for cell attachment and proliferation. This study provides valuable insights into porosity and pore shape selection for additively manufactured scaffolds in BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Fei Wei
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Dazhong Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
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16
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Mushtaq Alam M, Sugail M, Kannan S. Development, Physiochemical characterization, Mechanical and Finite element analysis of 3D printed Polylactide-β-TCP/α-Al 2O 3 composite. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 147:106161. [PMID: 37801964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, material extrusion (MEX) technique is utilized to develop 3D printed models based on reinforcing β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite in polylactide (PLA) matrix. β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite has been synthesized through co-precipitation method and the phase content of β-Ca3(PO4)2 and α-Al2O3 components are respectively determined as 64 and 36 wt%. The resultant β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite mixed with PLA at various weight ratios were extruded as filaments and subsequently 3D printed into definite shapes for the physiochemical, morphological and mechanical evaluation. 3D printed bodies that comprise 5 wt % β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite yielded an increasing tensile, compressive and flexural strength in the corresponding order of ∼15, ∼15 and 22% than 3D printed pure PLA. Further, the Representative volume element (RVE) unit cells developed based on the various investigated compositions of PLA-β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 were subjected to mechanical evaluation through Finite element analysis (FEA) under both static and dynamic loading conditions on ASTM standard specimens. The results from experimental and FEA analysis demonstrated good uniformity that confirmed the reinforcement of 5 wt % β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 in PLA matrix as an optimum combination to yield better mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mushtaq Alam
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605 014, India
| | - Mohamed Sugail
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605 014, India
| | - S Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605 014, India.
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17
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Ribeiro MEA, Huaman NRC, Folly MM, Gomez JGC, Sánchez Rodríguez RJ. A potential hybrid nanocomposite of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and fullerene for bone tissue regeneration and sustained drug release against bone infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126531. [PMID: 37634778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing a multifunctional biomaterial for bone filling and local antibiotic therapy is a complex challenge for bone tissue engineering. Hybrid nanocomposites of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBHV) with nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), fullerene (C60), and vancomycin (VC) were produced by injection. Fullerene was successfully impregnated with VC, as seen in FTIR. The crystallinity degree of PHBHV was slightly reduced in the presence of C60 and VC (64.3 versus 60.8 %), due to the plasticizing effect of these particles. It also resulted in a decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg), observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Dense PHBHV/nHA/C60/VC had a flexural elastic modulus 29 % higher than PHBHV, as a result of the good interface between PHBHV, C60, and nHA - particles of high elastic modulus. Dense disks released 25.03 ± 4.27 % of VC for 14 days, which demonstrated its potential to be an alternative treatment to bone infections. Porous scaffolds of PHBHV/nHA/C60/VC were 3D printed with a porosity of 50 % and porous size of 467 ± 70 μm, and had compression elastic modulus of 0.022 GPa, being a promising material to trabecular bone replacement. The plasticizing effect of C60 improved the printability of the material. The hybrid nanocomposite was non-cytotoxic and showed good ability in adhering macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda Araújo Ribeiro
- Advanced Materials Laboratory - LAMAV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28015-620 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcio Manhães Folly
- Animal Health Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rubén J Sánchez Rodríguez
- Advanced Materials Laboratory - LAMAV, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28015-620 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Ren Y, Ma C, Yu Y, Yang D, Zhang L, Wang H, Sun L. Poly(l-lactic acid)-based double-layer composite scaffold for bone tissue repair. Regen Biomater 2023; 11:rbad093. [PMID: 38173766 PMCID: PMC10761204 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone defect is a serious threat to human health. Osteopractic total flavone (OTF) extracted from Rhizoma Drynariae has the effects of promoting bone formation. Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) has the function of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Therefore, combining OTF and PNS with poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) to prepare scaffolds containing PNS in the outer layer and OTF in the inner layer is a feasible solution to rapidly remove blood stasis and continue to promote bone formation. In addition, degradation rate of the scaffold can affect the release time of two drugs. Adding Mg particles in outer layer can control the degradation rate of the scaffold and the drug release. Therefore, a double-layer drug-loaded PLLA scaffold containing OTF in the inner layer, PNS and Mg particles in the outer layer was prepared and characterized to verify its feasibility. The experimental results showed that the scaffold can realize the rapid release of PNS and the continuous release of OTF. With the increase of Mg content, the drug release rate became faster. Animal experiments showed that the scaffold containing 5% Mg particles could effectively promote the formation of new bone in the bone defect of male New Zealand white rabbits, and the area and density of new bone formed were much better than those in the control group. These results demonstrated that the double-layer drug-loaded scaffold had good ability to promote bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Ren
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, China
| | - Chunyang Ma
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Department of Science and Education, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, China
| | - Huitao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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19
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Zhou J, See CW, Sreenivasamurthy S, Zhu D. Customized Additive Manufacturing in Bone Scaffolds-The Gateway to Precise Bone Defect Treatment. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0239. [PMID: 37818034 PMCID: PMC10561823 DOI: 10.34133/research.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
In the advancing landscape of technology and novel material development, additive manufacturing (AM) is steadily making strides within the biomedical sector. Moving away from traditional, one-size-fits-all implant solutions, the advent of AM technology allows for patient-specific scaffolds that could improve integration and enhance wound healing. These scaffolds, meticulously designed with a myriad of geometries, mechanical properties, and biological responses, are made possible through the vast selection of materials and fabrication methods at our disposal. Recognizing the importance of precision in the treatment of bone defects, which display variability from macroscopic to microscopic scales in each case, a tailored treatment strategy is required. A patient-specific AM bone scaffold perfectly addresses this necessity. This review elucidates the pivotal role that customized AM bone scaffolds play in bone defect treatment, while offering comprehensive guidelines for their customization. This includes aspects such as bone defect imaging, material selection, topography design, and fabrication methodology. Additionally, we propose a cooperative model involving the patient, clinician, and engineer, thereby underscoring the interdisciplinary approach necessary for the effective design and clinical application of these customized AM bone scaffolds. This collaboration promises to usher in a new era of bioactive medical materials, responsive to individualized needs and capable of pushing boundaries in personalized medicine beyond those set by traditional medical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Carmine Wang See
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sai Sreenivasamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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20
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Alonso-Fernández I, Haugen HJ, López-Peña M, González-Cantalapiedra A, Muñoz F. Use of 3D-printed polylactic acid/bioceramic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in preclinical in vivo studies: A systematic review. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:1-21. [PMID: 37454707 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
3D-printed composite scaffolds have emerged as an alternative to deal with existing limitations when facing bone reconstruction. The aim of the study was to systematically review the feasibility of using PLA/bioceramic composite scaffolds manufactured by 3D-printing technologies as bone grafting materials in preclinical in vivo studies. Electronic databases were searched using specific search terms, and thirteen manuscripts were selected after screening. The synthesis of the scaffolds was carried out using mainly extrusion-based techniques. Likewise, hydroxyapatite was the most used bioceramic for synthesizing composites with a PLA matrix. Among the selected studies, seven were conducted in rats and six in rabbits, but the high variability that exists regarding the experimental process made it difficult to compare them. Regarding the results, PLA/Bioceramic composite scaffolds have shown to be biocompatible and mechanically resistant. Preclinical studies elucidated the ability of the scaffolds to be used as bone grafts, allowing bone growing without adverse reactions. In conclusion, PLA/Bioceramics scaffolds have been demonstrated to be a promising alternative for treating bone defects. Nevertheless, more care should be taken when designing and performing in vivo trials, since the lack of standardization of the processes, which prevents the comparison of the results and reduces the quality of the information. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 3D-printed polylactic acid/bioceramic composite scaffolds have emerged as an alternative to deal with existing limitations when facing bone reconstruction. Since preclinical in vivo studies with animal models represent a mandatory step for clinical translation, the present manuscript analyzed and discussed not only those aspects related to the selection of the bioceramic material, the synthesis of the implants and their characterization. But provides a new approach to understand how the design and perform of clinical trials, as well as the selection of the analysis methods, may affect the obtained results, by covering authors' knowledgebase from veterinary medicine to biomaterial science. Thus, this study aims to systematically review the feasibility of using polylactic acid/bioceramic scaffolds as grafting materials in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Alonso-Fernández
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mónica López-Peña
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Cantalapiedra
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando Muñoz
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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21
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Giubilini A, Messori M, Bondioli F, Minetola P, Iuliano L, Nyström G, Maniura-Weber K, Rottmar M, Siqueira G. 3D-Printed Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)-Cellulose-Based Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3961-3971. [PMID: 37589321 PMCID: PMC10498448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
While biomaterials have become indispensable for a wide range of tissue repair strategies, second removal procedures oftentimes needed in the case of non-bio-based and non-bioresorbable scaffolds are associated with significant drawbacks not only for the patient, including the risk of infection, impaired healing, or tissue damage, but also for the healthcare system in terms of cost and resources. New biopolymers are increasingly being investigated in the field of tissue regeneration, but their widespread use is still hampered by limitations regarding mechanical, biological, and functional performance when compared to traditional materials. Therefore, a common strategy to tune and broaden the final properties of biopolymers is through the effect of different reinforcing agents. This research work focused on the fabrication and characterization of a bio-based and bioresorbable composite material obtained by compounding a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) matrix with acetylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The developed biocomposite was further processed to obtain three-dimensional scaffolds by additive manufacturing (AM). The 3D printability of the PHBH-CNC biocomposites was demonstrated by realizing different scaffold geometries, and the results of in vitro cell viability studies provided a clear indication of the cytocompatibility of the biocomposites. Moreover, the CNC content proved to be an important parameter in tuning the different functional properties of the scaffolds. It was demonstrated that the water affinity, surface roughness, and in vitro degradability rate of biocomposites increase with increasing CNC content. Therefore, this tailoring effect of CNC can expand the potential field of use of the PHBH biopolymer, making it an attractive candidate for a variety of tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Giubilini
- Department
of Management and Production Engineering (DIGEP), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
- Integrated
Additive Manufacturing Centre (IAM@PoliTO), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Massimo Messori
- Integrated
Additive Manufacturing Centre (IAM@PoliTO), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Federica Bondioli
- Integrated
Additive Manufacturing Centre (IAM@PoliTO), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Paolo Minetola
- Department
of Management and Production Engineering (DIGEP), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
- Integrated
Additive Manufacturing Centre (IAM@PoliTO), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Luca Iuliano
- Department
of Management and Production Engineering (DIGEP), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
- Integrated
Additive Manufacturing Centre (IAM@PoliTO), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Cellulose
& Wood Materials Laboratory, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and
Technology (Empa), St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rottmar
- Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and
Technology (Empa), St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Cellulose
& Wood Materials Laboratory, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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22
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Zarei M, Sayedain SS, Askarinya A, Sabbaghi M, Alizadeh R. Improving physio-mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed PLA scaffolds via in-situ argon cold plasma treatment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14120. [PMID: 37644122 PMCID: PMC10465552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As a bone tissue engineering material, polylactic acid (PLA) has received significant attention and interest due to its ease of processing and biocompatibility. However, its insufficient mechanical properties and poor wettability are two major drawbacks that limit its extensive use. For this purpose, the present study uses in-situ cold argon plasma treatment coupled with a fused deposition modeling printer to enhance the physio-mechanical and biological behavior of 3D-printed PLA scaffolds. Following plasma treatment, field emission scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the surface of the modified scaffold became rough, and the interlayer bonding was enhanced. This resulted in an improvement in the tensile properties of samples printed in the X, Y, and Z directions, with the enhancement being more significant in the Z direction. Additionally, the root mean square value of PLA scaffolds increased (up to 70-fold) after plasma treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the plasma technique increased the intensity of oxygen-containing bonds, thereby reducing the water contact angle from 92.5° to 42.1°. The in-vitro degradation study also demonstrated that argon plasma treatment resulted in a 77% increase in PLA scaffold degradation rate. Furthermore, the modified scaffold improved the viability, attachment, and proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells. These findings suggest that in-situ argon plasma treatment may be a facile and effective method for improving the properties of 3D-printed parts for bone tissue engineering and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Zarei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, 11155-9466, Iran
| | - Sayed Shahab Sayedain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, 11155-9466, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Askarinya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, 11155-9466, Iran
| | - Mobina Sabbaghi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, 11155-9466, Iran
| | - Reza Alizadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, 11155-9466, Iran.
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23
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Yazdanpanah Z, Sharma NK, Raquin A, Cooper DML, Chen X, Johnston JD. Printing tissue-engineered scaffolds made of polycaprolactone and nano-hydroxyapatite with mechanical properties appropriate for trabecular bone substitutes. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:73. [PMID: 37474951 PMCID: PMC10360269 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone tissue engineering, based on three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, has emerged as a promising approach to treat bone defects using scaffolds. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of porosity and internal structure on the mechanical properties of scaffolds. METHODS We fabricated composite scaffolds (which aimed to replicate trabecular bone) from polycaprolactone (PCL) reinforced with 30% (wt.) nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) by extrusion printing. Scaffolds with various porosities were designed and fabricated with and without an interlayer offset, termed as staggered and lattice structure, respectively. Mechanical compressive testing was performed to determine scaffold elastic modulus and yield strength. Linear regression was used to evaluate mechanical properties as a function of scaffold porosity. RESULTS Different relationships between mechanical properties and porosities were noted for the staggered and lattice structures. For elastic moduli, the two relationships intersected (porosity = 55%) such that the lattice structure exhibited higher moduli with porosity values greater than the intersection point; vice versa for the staggered structure. The lattice structure exhibited higher yield strength at all porosities. Mechanical testing results also indicated elastic moduli and yield strength properties comparable to trabecular bone (elastic moduli: 14-165 MPa; yield strength: 0.9-10 MPa). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study demonstrates that scaffolds printed from PCL/30% (wt.) nHAp with lattice and staggered structure offer promise for treating trabecular bone defects. This study identified the effect of porosity and internal structure on scaffold mechanical properties and provided suggestions for developing scaffolds with mechanical properties for substituting trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yazdanpanah
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Nitin Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alice Raquin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Institut Catholique Des Arts Et Métiers, 85000, La Roche-Sur-Yon, France
| | - David M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James D Johnston
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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24
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Vach Agocsova S, Culenova M, Birova I, Omanikova L, Moncmanova B, Danisovic L, Ziaran S, Bakos D, Alexy P. Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4267. [PMID: 37374451 PMCID: PMC10301242 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a thorough overview of the available resorbable biomaterials appropriate for producing replacements for damaged tissues. In addition, their various properties and application possibilities are discussed as well. Biomaterials are fundamental components in tissue engineering (TE) of scaffolds and play a critical role. They need to exhibit biocompatibility, bioactivity, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, to ensure their ability to function effectively with an appropriate host response. With ongoing research and advancements in biomaterials for medical implants, the objective of this review is to explore recently developed implantable scaffold materials for various tissues. The categorization of biomaterials in this paper includes fossil-based materials (e.g., PCL, PVA, PU, PEG, and PPF), natural or bio-based materials (e.g., HA, PLA, PHB, PHBV, chitosan, fibrin, collagen, starch, and hydrogels), and hybrid biomaterials (e.g., PCL/PLA, PCL/PEG, PLA/PEG, PLA/PHB PCL/collagen, PCL/chitosan, PCL/starch, and PLA/bioceramics). The application of these biomaterials in both hard and soft TE is considered, with a particular focus on their physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Furthermore, the interactions between scaffolds and the host immune system in the context of scaffold-driven tissue regeneration are discussed. Additionally, the article briefly mentions the concept of in situ TE, which leverages the self-renewal capacities of affected tissues and highlights the crucial role played by biopolymer-based scaffolds in this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vach Agocsova
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.V.A.); (B.M.); (D.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Martina Culenova
- Panara a.s., Krskanska 21, 949 05 Nitra, Slovakia; (I.B.); (L.O.)
| | - Ivana Birova
- Panara a.s., Krskanska 21, 949 05 Nitra, Slovakia; (I.B.); (L.O.)
| | - Leona Omanikova
- Panara a.s., Krskanska 21, 949 05 Nitra, Slovakia; (I.B.); (L.O.)
| | - Barbora Moncmanova
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.V.A.); (B.M.); (D.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nabrezie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Piestany, Slovakia; (L.D.); (S.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Ziaran
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nabrezie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Piestany, Slovakia; (L.D.); (S.Z.)
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbova 5, 833 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dusan Bakos
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.V.A.); (B.M.); (D.B.); (P.A.)
- Panara a.s., Krskanska 21, 949 05 Nitra, Slovakia; (I.B.); (L.O.)
| | - Pavol Alexy
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.V.A.); (B.M.); (D.B.); (P.A.)
- Panara a.s., Krskanska 21, 949 05 Nitra, Slovakia; (I.B.); (L.O.)
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25
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Zenobi E, Merco M, Mochi F, Ruspi J, Pecci R, Marchese R, Convertino A, Lisi A, Del Gaudio C, Ledda M. Tailoring the Microarchitectures of 3D Printed Bone-like Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:567. [PMID: 37237637 PMCID: PMC10215619 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Material extrusion (MEX), commonly referred to as fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF), is a versatile and cost-effective technique to fabricate suitable scaffolds for tissue engineering. Driven by a computer-aided design input, specific patterns can be easily collected in an extremely reproducible and repeatable process. Referring to possible skeletal affections, 3D-printed scaffolds can support tissue regeneration of large bone defects with complex geometries, an open major clinical challenge. In this study, polylactic acid scaffolds were printed resembling trabecular bone microarchitecture in order to deal with morphologically biomimetic features to potentially enhance the biological outcome. Three models with different pore sizes (i.e., 500, 600, and 700 µm) were prepared and evaluated by means of micro-computed tomography. The biological assessment was carried out seeding SAOS-2 cells, a bone-like cell model, on the scaffolds, which showed excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoinductivity. The model with larger pores, characterized by improved osteoconductive properties and protein adsorption rate, was further investigated as a potential platform for bone-tissue engineering, evaluating the paracrine activity of human mesenchymal stem cells. The reported findings demonstrate that the designed microarchitecture, better mimicking the natural bone extracellular matrix, favors a greater bioactivity and can be thus regarded as an interesting option for bone-tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Zenobi
- Hypatia Research Consortium, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
- E. Amaldi Foundation, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Merco
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Mochi
- Hypatia Research Consortium, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Ruspi
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pecci
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Marchese
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Fatebenefratelli S. Peter Hospital, Via Cassia, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Convertino
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Lisi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Ledda
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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26
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Altunbek M, Afghah SF, Fallah A, Acar AA, Koc B. Design and 3D Printing of Personalized Hybrid and Gradient Structures for Critical Size Bone Defects. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1873-1885. [PMID: 37071829 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Treating critical-size bone defects with autografts, allografts, or standardized implants is challenging since the healing of the defect area necessitates patient-specific grafts with mechanically and physiologically relevant structures. Three-dimensional (3D) printing using computer-aided design (CAD) is a promising approach for bone tissue engineering applications by producing constructs with customized designs and biomechanical compositions. In this study, we propose 3D printing of personalized and implantable hybrid active scaffolds with a unique architecture and biomaterial composition for critical-size bone defects. The proposed 3D hybrid construct was designed to have a gradient cell-laden poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel, which was surrounded by a porous polycaprolactone (PCL) cage structure to recapitulate the anatomical structure of the defective area. The optimized PCL cage design not only provides improved mechanical properties but also allows the diffusion of nutrients and medium through the scaffold. Three different designs including zigzag, zigzag/spiral, and zigzag/spiral with shifting the zigzag layers were evaluated to find an optimal architecture from a mechanical point of view and permeability that can provide the necessary mechanical strength and oxygen/nutrient diffusion, respectively. Mechanical properties were investigated experimentally and analytically using finite element analysis (FEA), and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to determine the permeability of the structures. A hybrid scaffold was fabricated via 3D printing of the PCL cage structure and a PEG-based bioink comprising a varying number of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The gradient bioink was deposited inside the PCL cage through a microcapillary extrusion to generate a mineralized gradient structure. The zigzag/spiral design for the PCL cage was found to be mechanically strong with sufficient and optimum nutrient/gas axial and radial diffusion while the PEG-based hydrogel provided a biocompatible environment for hBMSC viability, differentiation, and mineralization. This study promises the production of personalized constructs for critical-size bone defects by printing different biomaterials and gradient cells with a hybrid design depending on the need for a donor site for implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Altunbek
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Seyedeh Ferdows Afghah
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ali Fallah
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34906, Turkey
| | - Anil Ahmet Acar
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Koc
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34906, Turkey
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27
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Impact of In-Process Crystallinity of Biodegradable Scaffolds Fabricated by Material Extrusion on the Micro- and Nanosurface Topography, Viability, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061468. [PMID: 36987248 PMCID: PMC10052033 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to affordability, and the ability to parametrically control the vital processing parameters, material extrusion is a widely accepted technology in tissue engineering. Material extrusion offers sufficient control over pore size, geometry, and spatial distribution, and can also yield different levels of in-process crystallinity in the resulting matrix. In this study, an empirical model based on four process parameters—extruder temperature, extrusion speed, layer thickness, and build plate temperature—was used to control the level of in-process crystallinity of polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds. Two sets of scaffolds were fabricated, with low- and high-crystallinity content, and subsequently seeded with human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC). The biochemical activity of hMSC cells was tested by examining the DNA content, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) tests. The results of this 21-day in vitro experiment showed that high level crystallinity scaffolds performed significantly better in terms of cell response. Follow-up tests revealed that the two types of scaffolds were equivalent in terms of hydrophobicity, and module of elasticity. However, detailed examination of their micro- and nanosurface topographic features revealed that the higher crystallinity scaffolds featured pronounced nonuniformity and a larger number of summits per sampling area, which was the main contributor to a significantly better cell response.
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28
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Adhikari J, Roy A, Chanda A, D A G, Thomas S, Ghosh M, Kim J, Saha P. Effects of surface patterning and topography on the cellular functions of tissue engineered scaffolds with special reference to 3D bioprinting. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1236-1269. [PMID: 36644788 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01499h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissue organ exhibits a topography from the nano to micrometer range, and the design of scaffolds has been inspired by the host environment. Modern bioprinting aims to replicate the host tissue environment to mimic the native physiological functions. A detailed discussion on the topographical features controlling cell attachment, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and the effect of geometrical design on the wettability and mechanical properties of the scaffold are presented in this review. Moreover, geometrical pattern-mediated stiffness and pore arrangement variations for guiding cell functions have also been discussed. This review also covers the application of designed patterns, gradients, or topographic modulation on 3D bioprinted structures in fabricating the anisotropic features. Finally, this review accounts for the tissue-specific requirements that can be adopted for topography-motivated enhancement of cellular functions during the fabrication process with a special thrust on bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Adhikari
- School of Advanced Materials, Green Energy and Sensor Systems, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Avinava Roy
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Amit Chanda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Gouripriya D A
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research (JISIASR) Kolkata, JIS University, GP Block, Salt Lake, Sector-5, West Bengal 700091, India.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Manojit Ghosh
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Jinku Kim
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, South Korea.
| | - Prosenjit Saha
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research (JISIASR) Kolkata, JIS University, GP Block, Salt Lake, Sector-5, West Bengal 700091, India.
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29
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Finite element analysis of posterior acetabular column plate and posterior acetabular wall prostheses in treating posterior acetabular fractures. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:94. [PMID: 36774499 PMCID: PMC9922446 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical stability of the posterior acetabular column plate and different posterior acetabular wall prostheses used in treating posterior acetabular fractures with or without comminution. METHODS The unilateral normal ilium was reconstructed, and a model of posterior acetabular wall fracture was established on this basis. The fracture fragment accounted for approximately 40% of the posterior acetabular wall. The posterior acetabular column plate and different posterior acetabular wall prostheses were also designed. Using static and dynamic analysis methods, we observed and compared the changes in the stress and displacement values of different models at different hip joint flexion angles under external forces. RESULTS At different hip flexion angles, the stress of each model mainly fluctuated between 37.98 MPa and 1129.00 MPa, and the displacement mainly fluctuated between 0.076 and 6.955 mm. In the dynamic analysis, the nodal stress‒time curves of the models were nonlinear, and the stress changed sharply during the action time. Most of the nodal displacement‒time curves of the models were relatively smooth, with no dramatic changes in displacement during the action time; additionally, most of the curves were relatively consistent in shape. CONCLUSIONS For simple posterior acetabular wall fractures, we recommend using a posterior acetabular column plate. In the case of comminuted posterior acetabular fractures, we recommend the use of a nonflanked posterior acetabular prosthesis or a biflanked posterior acetabular prosthesis. Regarding the method of acetabular prosthesis design, we propose the concept of "Break up to Make up" as a guide.
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Ansari MAA, Jain PK, Nanda HS. Preparation of 3D printed calcium sulfate filled PLA scaffolds with improved mechanical and degradation properties. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023:1-22. [PMID: 36628582 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2167374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold is one of the key components for tissue engineering application. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has given a new avenue to the scaffolds design to closely mimic the real tissue. However, material selection has always been a challenge in adopting 3D printing for scaffolds fabrication, especially for hard tissue. The fused filament fabrication technique is one of the economical 3D printing technology available today, which can efficiently fabricate scaffolds with its key features. In the present study, a hybrid polymer-ceramic scaffold has been prepared by combining the benefit of synthetic biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and osteoconductive calcium sulphate (CaS), to harness the advantage of both materials. Composite PLA filament with maximum ceramic loading of 40 wt% was investigated for its printability and subsequently scaffolds were 3D printed. The composite filament was extruded at a temperature of 160 °C at a constant speed with an average diameter of 1.66 ± 0.34 mm. PLA-CaS scaffold with ceramic content of 10%, 20%, and 40% was 3D printed with square pore geometry. The developed scaffolds were characterized for their thermal stability, mechanical, morphological, and geometrical accuracy. The mechanical strength was improved by 29% at 20 wt% of CaS. The porosity was found to be 50-60% with an average pore size of 550 µm with well-interconnected pores. The effect of CaS particles on the degradation behaviour of scaffolds was also assessed over an incubation period of 28 days. The CaS particles acted as porogen and improved the surface chemistry for future cellular activity, while accelerating the degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aftab Alam Ansari
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology Lab, Mechanical Engineering Discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.,Fused Filament Fabrication Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Jain
- Fused Filament Fabrication Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Himansu Sekhar Nanda
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology Lab, Mechanical Engineering Discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.,Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Peng W, Liu Y, Wang C. Definition, measurement, and function of pore structure dimensions of bioengineered porous bone tissue materials based on additive manufacturing: A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1081548. [PMID: 36686223 PMCID: PMC9845791 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1081548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioengineered porous bone tissue materials based on additive manufacturing technology have gradually become a research hotspot in bone tissue-related bioengineering. Research on structural design, preparation and processing processes, and performance optimization has been carried out for this material, and further industrial translation and clinical applications have been implemented. However, based on previous studies, there is controversy in the academic community about characterizing the pore structure dimensions of porous materials, with problems in the definition logic and measurement method for specific parameters. In addition, there are significant differences in the specific morphological and functional concepts for the pore structure due to differences in defining the dimensional characterization parameters of the pore structure, leading to some conflicts in perceptions and discussions among researchers. To further clarify the definitions, measurements, and dimensional parameters of porous structures in bioengineered bone materials, this literature review analyzes different dimensional characterization parameters of pore structures of porous materials to provide a theoretical basis for unified definitions and the standardized use of parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,Foshan Orthopedic Implant (Stable) Engineering Technology Research Center, Foshan, China
| | - Yami Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,Foshan Orthopedic Implant (Stable) Engineering Technology Research Center, Foshan, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,*Correspondence: Cheng Wang,
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Li F, Chen X, Liu P. A Review on Three-Dimensional Printed Silicate-Based Bioactive Glass/Biodegradable Medical Synthetic Polymer Composite Scaffolds. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022. [PMID: 36301943 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, tissue engineering scaffolds have turned into the preferred option for the clinical treatment of pathological and traumatic bone defects. In this field, silicate-based bioactive glasses (SBGs) and biodegradable medical synthetic polymers (BMSPs) have attracted a great deal of attention owing to their shared exceptional advantages, like excellent biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and outstanding osteogenesis. Three-dimensional (3D) printed SBG/BMSP scaffolds can not only replicate the mechanical properties and microstructure of natural bone but also degrade in situ after service and end up being replaced by regenerated bone tissue in vivo. This review first consolidates the research efforts in 3D printed SBG/BMSP scaffolds, and then focuses on their composite mechanism. This review may help to provide a fresh perspective for SBG/BMSP composite system in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Li
- Electromechanical Functional Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Electromechanical Functional Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Biomedical Materials, Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Medical Device Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Electromechanical Functional Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Biomedical Materials, Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Medical Device Materials, Shanghai, China
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Bahraminasab M, Doostmohammadi N, Talebi A, Arab S, Alizadeh A, Ghanbari A, Salati A. 3D printed polylactic acid/gelatin-nano-hydroxyapatite/platelet-rich plasma scaffold for critical-sized skull defect regeneration. Biomed Eng Online 2022; 21:86. [PMID: 36503442 PMCID: PMC9743557 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-022-01056-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a capable approach for the fabrication of bone tissue scaffolds. Nevertheless, a purely made scaffold such as polylactic acid (PLA) may suffer from shortcomings and be restricted due to its biological behavior. Gelatin, hydroxyapatite and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have been revealed to be of potential to enhance the osteogenic effect. In this study, it was tried to improve the properties of 3D-printed PLA scaffolds by infilling them with gelatin-nano-hydroxyapatite (PLA/G-nHA) and subsequent coating with PRP. For comparison, bare PLA and PLA/G-nHA scaffolds were also fabricated. The printing accuracy, the scaffold structural characterizations, mechanical properties, degradability behavior, cell adhesion, mineralization, systemic effect of the scaffolds on the liver enzymes, osteocalcin level in blood serum and in vivo bone regeneration capability in rat critical-sized calvaria defect were evaluated. RESULTS High printing accuracy (printing error of < 11%) was obtained for all measured parameters including strut thickness, pore width, scaffold density and porosity%. The highest mean ultimate compression strength (UCS) was associated with PLA/G-nHA/PRP scaffolds, which was 10.95 MPa. A slow degradation rate was observed for all scaffolds. The PLA/G-nHA/PRP had slightly higher degradation rate, possibly due to PRP release, with burst release occurred at week 4. The MTT results showed that PLA/G-nHA/PRP provided the highest cell proliferation at all time points, and the serum biochemistry (ALT and AST level) results indicated no abnormal/toxic influence caused by scaffold biomaterials. Superior cell adhesion and mineralization were obtained for PLA/G-nHA/PRP. Furthermore, all the developed scaffolds showed bone repair capability. The PLA/G-nHA/PRP scaffolds could better support bone regeneration than bare PLA and PLA/G-nHA scaffolds. CONCLUSION The PLA/G-nHA/PRP scaffolds can be considered as potential for hard tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bahraminasab
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nesa Doostmohammadi
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.412475.10000 0001 0506 807XFaculty of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Athar Talebi
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Arab
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Amir Salati
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Zheng L, Huang X, Li C, Li P, Lin Z, Huang S. 3D printed trabeculae conditionally reproduce the mechanical properties of the actual trabeculae - A preliminary study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12101. [PMID: 36544825 PMCID: PMC9761705 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been used to fabricate synthetic trabeculae models and to test mechanical behavior that cannot be recognized in the actual sample, but the extent to which 3D printed trabeculae replicate the mechanical behavior of the actual trabeculae remains to be quantified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 3D printed trabeculae in reproducing the mechanical properties of the corresponding actual trabeculae. Twelve human trabecular cubes (5 × 5 × 5 mm) were scanned by micro-CT to form the trabecular 3D model. Each trabecular 3D model was scaled ×2-, ×3-, ×4- and ×5-fold and then printed twice at a layer thickness of 60 μm using poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The actual trabecular cubes and the 3D-printed trabecular cubes were first compressed under a loading rate of 1 mm/min; another replicated stack of 3D-printed trabecular cubes was compressed under a strain rate of 0.2/min. The results showed that the stiffness of the printed cubes tended to increase, while the strength tended to converge when the magnification increased under the two loading conditions. The strain rate effect was found in the printed cubes. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the mechanical properties between the printed and actual trabeculae can reach up to 0.94, especially under ×3-, ×4- and ×5-fold magnification. In conclusion, 3D printing could be a potential tool to evaluate the mechanical behavior of actual trabecular tissue in vitro and may help in the future to predict the risk of fracture and even personalize the treatment evaluation for osteoporosis and other trabecular bone pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chihung Li
- International College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangmen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jinan University, Jiangmen, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Ziling Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Wang W, Liang X, Zheng K, Ge G, Chen X, Xu Y, Bai J, Pan G, Geng D. Horizon of exosome-mediated bone tissue regeneration: The all-rounder role in biomaterial engineering. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100355. [PMID: 35875196 PMCID: PMC9304878 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone injury repair has always been a tricky problem in clinic, the recent emergence of bone tissue engineering provides a new direction for the repair of bone injury. However, some bone tissue processes fail to achieve satisfactory results mainly due to insufficient vascularization or cellular immune rejection. Exosomes with the ability of vesicle-mediated intercellular signal transmission have gained worldwide attention and can achieve cell-free therapy. Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted by cells, which contain genetic material, lipids, proteins and other substances. It has been found to play the function of material exchange between cells. It is widely used in bone tissue engineering to achieve cell-free therapy because it not only does not produce some immune rejection like cells, but also can play a cell-like function. Exosomes from different sources can bind to scaffolds in various ways and affect osteoblast, angioblast, and macrophage polarization in vivo to promote bone regeneration. This article reviews the recent research progress of exosome-loaded tissue engineering, focusing on the mechanism of exosomes from different sources and the application of exosome-loaded scaffolds in promoting bone regeneration. Finally, the existing deficiencies and challenges, future development directions and prospects are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gaoran Ge
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
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Kumari S, Katiyar S, Darshna, Anand A, Singh D, Singh BN, Mallick SP, Mishra A, Srivastava P. Design strategies for composite matrix and multifunctional polymeric scaffolds with enhanced bioactivity for bone tissue engineering. Front Chem 2022; 10:1051678. [PMID: 36518978 PMCID: PMC9742444 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1051678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, various bioactive material-based scaffolds were investigated and researchers across the globe are actively involved in establishing a potential state-of-the-art for bone tissue engineering applications, wherein several disciplines like clinical medicine, materials science, and biotechnology are involved. The present review article's main aim is to focus on repairing and restoring bone tissue defects by enhancing the bioactivity of fabricated bone tissue scaffolds and providing a suitable microenvironment for the bone cells to fasten the healing process. It deals with the various surface modification strategies and smart composite materials development that are involved in the treatment of bone tissue defects. Orthopaedic researchers and clinicians constantly focus on developing strategies that can naturally imitate not only the bone tissue architecture but also its functional properties to modulate cellular behaviour to facilitate bridging, callus formation and osteogenesis at critical bone defects. This review summarizes the currently available polymeric composite matrices and the methods to improve their bioactivity for bone tissue regeneration effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kumari
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Soumya Katiyar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Darshna
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Aditya Anand
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Divakar Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Bhisham Narayan Singh
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarada Prasanna Mallick
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT BHU, Varanasi, India
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Suttiat K, Wattanutchariya W, Manaspon C. Preparation and Characterization of Porous Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) Scaffold with Polydopamine-Assisted Biomineralization for Bone Regeneration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7756. [PMID: 36363351 PMCID: PMC9658926 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of scaffolds that simultaneously provide porous architectures and osteogenic properties is the major challenge in tissue engineering. Herein, a scaffold with high porosity and well interconnected networks, namely poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT), was fabricated using the gas foaming/ammonium bicarbonate particulate leaching technique. Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA)-assisted biomineralization generated by two-step simple soaking in dopamine solution and 10× SBF-like solution was performed to improve the material's osteogenicity. Highly porous scaffolds available in less organized opened cell structures with diameters ranging from 10 µm to 100 µm and 200 µm to 500 µm were successfully prepared. The well interconnected porous architectures were observed through the whole thickness of the scaffold. The even deposition of the organic-inorganic bioactive mineralized layer composed of PDA and nano-scale hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals on the scaffold surface was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The developed scaffold exhibited high total porosity (84.17 ± 1.29%), a lower surface contact angle (θ = 45.7 ± 5.9°), lower material degradation rate (7.63 ± 2.56%), and a high level of material biocompatibility. The MTT assay and Alizarin Red S staining (ARS) confirmed its osteogenic enhancement property toward human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). These results clarified that the developed porous PLA/PBAT scaffold with PDA-assisted biomineralization exhibited good potential for application as a biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration and hard tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kullapop Suttiat
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wassanai Wattanutchariya
- Advanced Manufacturing and Management Technology Research Center, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chawan Manaspon
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Abbasi-Ravasjani S, Seddiqi H, Moghaddaszadeh A, Ghiasvand ME, Jin J, Oliaei E, Bacabac RG, Klein-Nulend J. Sulfated carboxymethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl κ-carrageenan immobilization on 3D-printed poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds differentially promote pre-osteoblast proliferation and osteogenic activity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:957263. [PMID: 36213076 PMCID: PMC9542643 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.957263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of bioactivity in three-dimensional (3D)-printing of poly-є-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds limits cell-material interactions in bone tissue engineering. This constraint can be overcome by surface-functionalization using glycosaminoglycan-like anionic polysaccharides, e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a plant-based carboxymethylated, unsulfated polysaccharide, and κ-carrageenan, a seaweed-derived sulfated, non-carboxymethylated polysaccharide. The sulfation of CMC and carboxymethylation of κ-carrageenan critically improve their bioactivity. However, whether sulfated carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) and carboxymethyl κ-carrageenan (CM-κ-Car) affect the osteogenic differentiation potential of pre-osteoblasts on 3D-scaffolds is still unknown. Here, we aimed to assess the effects of surface-functionalization by SCMC or CM-κ-Car on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed PCL scaffolds, as well as the osteogenic response of pre-osteoblasts. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were seeded on 3D-printed PCL scaffolds that were functionalized by CM-κ-Car (PCL/CM-κ-Car) or SCMC (PCL/SCMC), cultured up to 28 days. The scaffolds’ physicochemical and mechanical properties and pre-osteoblast function were assessed experimentally and by finite element (FE) modeling. We found that the surface-functionalization by SCMC and CM-κ-Car did not change the scaffold geometry and structure but decreased the elastic modulus. Furthermore, the scaffold surface roughness and hardness increased and the scaffold became more hydrophilic. The FE modeling results implied resilience up to 2% compression strain, which was below the yield stress for all scaffolds. Surface-functionalization by SCMC decreased Runx2 and Dmp1 expression, while surface-functionalization by CM-κ-Car increased Cox2 expression at day 1. Surface-functionalization by SCMC most strongly enhanced pre-osteoblast proliferation and collagen production, while CM-κ-Car most significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization after 28 days. In conclusion, surface-functionalization by SCMC or CM-κ-Car of 3D-printed PCL-scaffolds enhanced pre-osteoblast proliferation and osteogenic activity, likely due to increased surface roughness and hydrophilicity. Surface-functionalization by SCMC most strongly enhanced cell proliferation, while CM-κ-Car most significantly promoted osteogenic activity, suggesting that surface-functionalization by CM-κ-Car may be more promising, especially in the short-term, for in vivo bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Abbasi-Ravasjani
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hadi Seddiqi
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ali Moghaddaszadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jianfeng Jin
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erfan Oliaei
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rommel Gaud Bacabac
- Medical Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jenneke Klein-Nulend,
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Chen M, Tan H, Xu W, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li S, Zhou T, Li J, Niu X. A Self-Healing, Magnetic and Injectable Biopolymer Hydrogel Generated by Dual Cross-Linking for Drug Delivery and Bone Repair. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:159-177. [PMID: 36152907 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels based on various functional biocompatible materials have made rapid progress in the field of bone repair. In this study, a self-healing and injectable polysaccharide-based hydrogel was prepared for bone tissue engineering. The hydrogel was made of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and calcium pre-cross-linked oxidized gellan gum (OGG) cross-linked by the Schiff-base reaction. Meanwhile, magnetic hydroxyapatite/gelatin microspheres (MHGMs) were prepared by the emulsion cross-linking method. The antibacterial drugs, tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) and silver sulfadiazine (AgSD), were embedded into the MHGMs. To improve the mechanical and biological properties of the hydrogels, composite hydrogels were prepared by compounding hydroxyapatite (HAp) and drug-embedded MHGMs. The physical, chemical, mechanical and rheological properties of the composite hydrogels were characterized, as well as in vitro antibacterial tests and biocompatibility assays, respectively. Our results showed that the composite hydrogel with 6% (w/v) HAp and 10 mg/mL MHGMs exhibited good magnetic responsiveness, self-healing and injectability. Compared with the pure hydrogel, the composite hydrogel showed a 38.8% reduction in gelation time (196 to 120 s), a 65.6% decrease in swelling rate (39.4 to 13.6), a 51.9% increase in mass residual after degradation (79.5 to 120.8%), and a 143.7% increase in maximum compressive stress (53.6 to 130.6 KPa). In addition, this composite hydrogel showed good drug retardation properties and antibacterial effects against both S. aureus and E. coli. CCK-8 assay showed that composite hydrogel maintained high cell viability (> 87%) and rapid cell proliferation after 3 days, indicating that this smart hydrogel is expected to be an alternative scaffold for drug delivery and bone regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biopolymer hydrogels have been considered as the promising materials for the treatment of tissue engineering and drug delivery. Injectable hydrogels with and self-healing properties and responsiveness to external stimuli have been extensively investigated as cell scaffolds and bone defects, due to their diversity and prolonged lifetime. Magnetism has also been involved in biomedical applications and played significant roles in targeted drug delivery and anti-cancer therapy. We speculate that development of dual cross-linked hydrogels basing biopolymers with multi-functionalities, such as injectable, self-healing, magnetic and anti-bacterial properties, would greatly broaden the application for bone tissue regeneration and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 409 Room, 338 Building, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huaping Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 409 Room, 338 Building, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Weijie Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 409 Room, 338 Building, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zijia Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 409 Room, 338 Building, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jinglei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 409 Room, 338 Building, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shengke Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 409 Room, 338 Building, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Tianle Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 409 Room, 338 Building, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianliang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 409 Room, 338 Building, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaohong Niu
- Department of Luoli, Nanjing Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
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Medial tibial plateau sustaining higher physiological stress than the lateral plateau: based on 3D printing and finite element method. Biomed Eng Online 2022; 21:68. [PMID: 36114576 PMCID: PMC9482229 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-022-01039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (KOA) accounts for most KOA cases, and increased trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) is one of the pathological changes in the tibial plateau of KOA. How BV/TV changes before and after the menopause and its effects on medial compartment KOA are yet to be clarified. Methods Twenty femurs from twenty 12-week-old rats were included. The operated group underwent ovariectomy (to represent the osteoporosis condition), called the O group, and the non-operated group was the normal control, called the N group. Micro-CT scans of the femoral condyles were acquired 12 weeks after the surgery, and the volume of interest (VOI) of medial-, inter-, and lateral-condyle trabeculae were three-dimensional (3D) printed for uniaxial compression mechanical test and simulated by the finite element (FE) method. Results The results demonstrated that the O group indicated poorer trabecular architecture than the N group in three parts of the femoral condyle, especially in the intercondyle. Within the group, the BV/TV, trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular number (Tb.N) ratios between the medial and lateral condyles were greater than 1 in both N and O groups. The medial condyle trabeculae's mechanical properties were higher than those of the lateral condyle, and this superiority appears to be broadened under osteoporotic conditions. FE modelling well reproduced these mechanical differentiations. Conclusions According to Wolff's law, the higher BV/TV and mechanical properties of the medial femoral condyle may be due to inherent imbalanced loading on the knee component. Alterations in BV/TV and their corresponding mechanical properties may accompany KOA.
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Liu T, Li B, Chen G, Ye X, Zhang Y. Nano tantalum-coated 3D printed porous polylactic acid/beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds with enhanced biological properties for guided bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:371-380. [PMID: 36067849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone defects caused by tumors section, traffic accidents, and surgery remain a challenge in clinical. The drawbacks of traditional autografts and allografts limit their clinical application. 3D printed porous scaffolds have monumental potential to repair bone defects but still cannot effectively promote bone formation. Nano tantalum (Ta) has been reported with effective osteogenesis capability. Herein, we fabricated 3D printed PLA/β-TCP scaffold by using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Ta was doped on the surface of scaffolds utilizing the surface adhesion ability of polydopamine to improve its properties. The constructed PLA/β-TCP/PDA/Ta had good physical properties. In vitro studies demonstrated that the PLA/β-TCP/PDA/Ta scaffolds considerably promote cell proliferation and migration, and it additionally has osteogenic properties. Therefore, Ta doped 3D printed PLA/β-TCP/PDA/Ta scaffold could incontestably improve surface bioactivity and lead to better osteogenesis, which may provide a unique strategy to develop bioactive bespoke implants in orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Trauma Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Binglin Li
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Trauma Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Gang Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xiangling Ye
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Trauma Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong, PR China.
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Rahyussalim AJ, Aprilya D, Handidwiono R, Whulanza Y, Ramahdita G, Kurniawati T. The Use of 3D Polylactic Acid Scaffolds with Hydroxyapatite/Alginate Composite Injection and Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Laminoplasty Spacers in Rabbits. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163292. [PMID: 36015548 PMCID: PMC9416571 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of laminoplasty spacer have been used to fill bone gaps and maintain a widened canal. A 3D scaffold can be used as an alternative spacer to minimize the risk observed in allografts or autografts. This study aims to evaluate the in vivo biocompatibility and tissue−scaffold integration of a polylactic acid (PLA) scaffold with the addition of alginate/hydroxyapatite (HA) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSc) injections. This is an experimental study with a pretest and post-test control group design. A total of 15 laminoplasty rabbit models were divided into five groups with variations in the autograft, PLA, HA/alginate, and MSc scaffold. In general, there were no signs of inflammation in most samples (47%), and there were no samples with areas of necrosis. There were no significant differences in the histopathological results and microstructural assessment between the five groups. This demonstrates that the synthetic scaffolds that we used had a similar tissue reaction and tissue integration profile as the autograft (p > 0.05). We recommend further translational studies in humans so that this biocompatible fabricated scaffold can be used to fill bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jabir Rahyussalim
- Department of Orthopaedic & Traumatology, Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Stem Cell Medical Technology Integrated Service Unit, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Dina Aprilya
- Department of Orthopaedic & Traumatology, Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Raden Handidwiono
- Department of Orthopaedic & Traumatology, Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Yudan Whulanza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Ghiska Ramahdita
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Tri Kurniawati
- Stem Cell Medical Technology Integrated Service Unit, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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Jain P, Kathuria H, Dubey N. Advances in 3D bioprinting of tissues/organs for regenerative medicine and in-vitro models. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121639. [PMID: 35779481 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue/organ shortage is a major medical challenge due to donor scarcity and patient immune rejections. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict or mimic the human disease condition in animal models during preclinical studies because disease phenotype differs between humans and animals. Three-dimensional bioprinting (3DBP) is evolving into an unparalleled multidisciplinary technology for engineering three-dimensional (3D) biological tissue with complex architecture and composition. The technology has emerged as a key driver by precise deposition and assembly of biomaterials with patient's/donor cells. This advancement has aided in the successful fabrication of in vitro models, preclinical implants, and tissue/organs-like structures. Here, we critically reviewed the current state of 3D-bioprinting strategies for regenerative therapy in eight organ systems, including nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal, integumentary, endocrine and exocrine, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary systems. We also focus on the application of 3D bioprinting to fabricated in vitro models to study cancer, infection, drug testing, and safety assessment. The concept of in situ 3D bioprinting is discussed, which is the direct printing of tissues at the injury or defect site for reparative and regenerative therapy. Finally, issues such as scalability, immune response, and regulatory approval are discussed, as well as recently developed tools and technologies such as four-dimensional and convergence bioprinting. In addition, information about clinical trials using 3D printing has been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Himanshu Kathuria
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore; Nusmetic Pte Ltd, Makerspace, I4 Building, 3 Research Link Singapore, 117602, Singapore.
| | - Nileshkumar Dubey
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Optimizing Design Parameters of PLA 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Bone Defect Repair. SURGERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/surgeries3030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current materials used to fill bone defects (ceramics, cement) either lack strength or do not induce bone repair. The use of biodegradable polymers such as PLA may promote patient healing by stimulating the production of new bone in parallel with a controlled degradation of the scaffold. This project aims to determine the design parameters maximising scaffold mechanical performance in such materials. Starting from a base cylindrical model of 10 mm height and of outer and inner diameters of 10 and 4 mm, respectively, 27 scaffolds were designed. Three design parameters were investigated: pore distribution (crosswise, lengthwise, and eccentric), pore shape (triangular, circular, and square), and pore size (surface area of 0.25 mm2, 0.5625 mm2, and 1 mm2). Using the finite element approach, a compressive displacement (0.05 mm/s up to 15% strain) was simulated on the models and the resulting scaffold stiffnesses (N/mm2) were compared. The models presenting good mechanical behaviors were further printed along two orientations: 0° (cylinder sitting on its base) and 90° (cylinder laying on its side). A total of n = 5 specimens were printed with PLA for each of the retained models and experimentally tested using a mechanical testing machine with the same compression parameters. Rigidity and yield strength were evaluated from the experimental curves. Both numerically and experimentally, the highest rigidity was found in the model with circular pore shape, crosswise pore distribution, small pore size (surface area of 0.25 mm2), and a 90° printing orientation. Its average rigidity reached 961 ± 32 MPa from the mechanical testing and 797 MPa from the simulation, with a yield strength of 42 ± 1.5 MPa. The same model with a printing orientation of 0° resulted in an average rigidity of 515 ± 7 MPa with a yield strength of 32 ± 1.6 MPa. Printing orientation and pore size were found to be the most influential design parameters on rigidity. The developed design methodology should accelerate the identification of effective scaffolds for future in vitro and in vivo studies.
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3D Printing of PLLA/Biomineral Composite Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124280. [PMID: 35744339 PMCID: PMC9228366 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is one of the most effective ways to treat bone defects in recent years. However, current highly active bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds are mainly based on the addition of active biological components (such as growth factors) to promote bone repair. High cost, easy inactivation and complex regulatory requirements greatly limit their practical applications. In addition, conventional fabrication methods make it difficult to meet the needs of personalized customization for the macroscopic and internal structure of tissue engineering scaffolds. Herein, this paper proposes to select five natural biominerals (eggshell, pearl, turtle shell, degelatinated deer antler and cuttlebone) with widely available sources, low price and potential osteo-inductive activity as functional particles. Subsequently compounding them into L-polylactic acid (PLLA) biomaterial ink to further explore 3D printing processes of the composite scaffold, and reveal their potential as biomimetic 3D scaffolds for bone tissue repair. The research results of this project provide a new idea for the construction of a 3D scaffold with growth-factor-free biomimetic structure, personalized customization ability and osteo-inductive activity.
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Mairpady A, Mourad AHI, Mozumder MS. Accelerated Discovery of the Polymer Blends for Cartilage Repair through Data-Mining Tools and Machine-Learning Algorithm. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091802. [PMID: 35566970 PMCID: PMC9104973 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In designing successful cartilage substitutes, the selection of scaffold materials plays a central role, among several other important factors. In an empirical approach, the selection of the most appropriate polymer(s) for cartilage repair is an expensive and time-consuming affair, as traditionally it requires numerous trials. Moreover, it is humanly impossible to go through the huge library of literature available on the potential polymer(s) and to correlate the physical, mechanical, and biological properties that might be suitable for cartilage tissue engineering. Hence, the objective of this study is to implement an inverse design approach to predict the best polymer(s)/blend(s) for cartilage repair by using a machine-learning algorithm (i.e., multinomial logistic regression (MNLR)). Initially, a systematic bibliometric analysis on cartilage repair has been performed by using the bibliometrix package in the R program. Then, the database was created by extracting the mechanical properties of the most frequently used polymers/blends from the PoLyInfo library by using data-mining tools. Then, an MNLR algorithm was run by using the mechanical properties of the polymers, which are similar to the cartilages, as the input and the polymer(s)/blends as the predicted output. The MNLR algorithm used in this study predicts polyethylene/polyethylene-graftpoly(maleic anhydride) blend as the best candidate for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Mairpady
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Sayem Mozumder
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- Correspondence:
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Volpini V, Giubilini A, Corsi L, Nobili A, Bondioli F. Characterization of biocompatible scaffolds manufactured by fused filament fabrication of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211485. [PMID: 35425628 PMCID: PMC8984350 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We characterize poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration, manufactured by three-dimensional fused filament fabrication (FFF). PHBH belongs to the class of polyhydroxyalkanoates with interesting biodegradable and biocompatible capabilities, especially attractive for tissue engineering. Equally, FFF stands as a promising manufacturing technology for the production of custom-designed scaffolds. We address thermal, rheological and cytotoxicity properties of PHBH, placing special emphasis on the mechanical response of the printed material in a wide deformation range. Indeed, effective mechanical properties are assessed in both the linear and nonlinear regime. To warrant uniqueness of the material parameters, these are measured directly through digital image correlation, both in tension and compression, while experimental data fitting of finite-element analyses is only adopted for the determination of the second invariant coefficient in the nonlinear regime. Mechanical data are clearly porosity dependent, and they are given for both the cubic and the honeycomb infill pattern. Local strain spikes due to the presence of defects are observed and measured: those falling in the range 70-100% lead to macro-crack development and, ultimately, to failure. Results suggest the significant potential attached to FFF printing of PHBH for customizable medical devices which are biocompatible and mechanically resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Volpini
- Department of Science and Methods in Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Centre En&Tech, Tecnopolo, p.le Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alberto Giubilini
- National Consortium of Material Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Corsi
- Life Science Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Nobili
- Centre En&Tech, Tecnopolo, p.le Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Engineering Enzo Ferrari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Bondioli
- National Consortium of Material Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Rodríguez-Merchán EC. Bone Healing Materials in the Treatment of Recalcitrant Nonunions and Bone Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3352. [PMID: 35328773 PMCID: PMC8952383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The usual treatment for bone defects and recalcitrant nonunions is an autogenous bone graft. However, due to the limitations in obtaining autogenous bone grafts and the morbidity associated with their procurement, various bone healing materials have been developed in recent years. The three main treatment strategies for bone defects and recalcitrant nonunions are synthetic bone graft substitutes (BGS), BGS combined with bioactive molecules, and BGS and stem cells (cell-based constructs). Regarding BGS, numerous biomaterials have been developed to prepare bone tissue engineering scaffolds, including biometals (titanium, iron, magnesium, zinc), bioceramics (hydroxyapatite (HA)), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), biopolymers (collagen, polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL)), and biocomposites (HA/MONs@miR-34a composite coating, Bioglass (BG)-based ABVF-BG (antibiotic-releasing bone void filling) putty). Bone tissue engineering scaffolds are temporary implants that promote tissue ingrowth and new bone regeneration. They have been developed to improve bone healing through appropriate designs in terms of geometric, mechanical, and biological performance. Concerning BGS combined with bioactive molecules, one of the most potent osteoinductive growth factors is bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). In recent years, several natural (collagen, fibrin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, and alginate) and synthetic polymers (polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polylactic-coglycolide, poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), poly-p-dioxanone, and copolymers consisting of glycolide/trimethylene carbonate) have been investigated as potential support materials for bone tissue engineering. Regarding BGS and stem cells (cell-based constructs), the main strategies are bone marrow stromal cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal cells, periosteum-derived stem cells, and 3D bioprinting of hydrogels and cells or bioactive molecules. Currently, significant research is being performed on the biological treatment of recalcitrant nonunions and bone defects, although its use is still far from being generalized. Further research is needed to investigate the efficacy of biological treatments to solve recalcitrant nonunions and bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emérito Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital—IdiPaz, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research—IdiPaz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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PLA/Hydroxyapatite scaffolds exhibit in vitro immunological inertness and promote robust osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells without osteogenic stimuli. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2333. [PMID: 35149687 PMCID: PMC8837663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects stand out as one of the greatest challenges of reconstructive surgery. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) allows for the printing of 3D scaffolds tailored to the morphology and size of bone damage in a patient-specific and high-precision manner. However, FDM still suffers from the lack of materials capable of efficiently supporting osteogenesis. In this study, we developed 3D-printed porous scaffolds composed of polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite (PLA/HA) composites with high ceramic contents (above 20%, w/w) by FDM. The mechanical properties of the PLA/HA scaffolds were compatible with those of trabecular bone. In vitro degradation tests revealed that HA can neutralize the acidification effect caused by PLA degradation, while simultaneously releasing calcium and phosphate ions. Importantly, 3D-printed PLA/HA did not induce the upregulation of activation markers nor the expression of inflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells thus exhibiting no immune-stimulatory properties in vitro. Evaluations using human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) showed that pure PLA scaffolds exerted an osteoconductive effect, whereas PLA/HA scaffolds efficiently induced osteogenic differentiation of MSC even in the absence of any classical osteogenic stimuli. Our findings indicate that 3D-printed PLA scaffolds loaded with high concentrations of HA are most suitable for future applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Shape optimization of orthopedic porous scaffolds to enhance mechanical performance. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 128:105098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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